Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 19 1 2023 12 16 148 154 Natalya Labutina Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia Sergey Polyakov Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia Liudmila Nemtyreva Moscow University for Industry and Finance “Synergy”, Moscow, Russia Alina Shuldishova Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia Olga Gizatullina Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia 2023 07 02 2023 09 02 Objective: Recent studies have utilized innovative techniques to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying social and individual decision-making, aiming to understand how individuals respond to the world. Method: In this review, we summarized current scientific evidence concerning the neural underpinnings of social decision-making and their impact on social behavior. Results: Critical brain regions involved in social cognition and decision-making are integral to the process of social decision-making. Notably, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and temporoparietal junction (TPJ) contribute to the comprehension of others' mental states. Similarly, the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) shows heightened activity when individuals observe faces and movements. On the lateral surface of the brain, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal sulcus (IPS) play a role in social cognition. Furthermore, the medial surface of the brain, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and anterior insula (AI), also participates in social cognition processes. Regarding decision-making, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have illuminated the involvement of a network of brain regions, encompassing the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), ventral striatum (VS), and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Conclusion: Dysfunction in specific subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been linked to various psychiatric conditions. These subregions play pivotal roles in cognitive, emotional, and social processing, and their impairment can contribute to the development and manifestation of psychiatric symptoms. A comprehensive understanding of the unique contributions of these PFC subregions to psychiatric disorders has the potential to inform the development of targeted interventions and treatments for affected individuals. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/3641