Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 20 4 2025 09 14 560 568 Maryam Salmanian Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Amir-Hassan Bordbari Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Nazanin Mousavi Department of Social Science, Faculty of Psychology, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. Shima Tamannaeifar Department of Clinical Psychology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hasan Golzar Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran Melika Amiri Department of Psychology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Kargar-Soleimanabad Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Aghil Mollaei Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Seyyed Muhammad Mahdi Mahdavinoor Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 2025 05 07 2025 08 13 Background: Conduct disorder is one of the most common disorders of childhood and adolescence. This disorder imposes high costs for the individual, family and community. Understanding the risk factors associated with conduct disorder can portray a comprehensive picture of it. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors related with conduct disorder. Methods: We included meta-analyses that reported one or more risk factors of conduct disorder. We searched PubMed and Scopus until June 25, 2024. Two authors assessed the quality of the included studies independently using the ROBIS.  Two authors also extracted relevant data independently. Results: We found 9 articles that met the inclusion criteria, from which information of 13 meta-analyses was extracted. The risk factors identified by the meta-analyses were as follows: severe psychiatric disorders in parents, postnatal exposure to second-hand smoke, atopic dermatitis , being children of alcoholics, prenatal alcohol exposure, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, and overweight/obesity. Conclusions: Drawing on 13 meta-analyses, this study provides a comprehensive synthesis of the risk factors associated with conduct disorder. The findings can inform policymakers and healthcare professionals for developing targeted interventions, such as public health campaigns and support programs for at-risk families, in order to mitigate these risks. Furthermore, this study highlights the gaps in the existing literature, including the reliance on older studies and methodological limitations, paving the way for future research to address these shortcomings and strengthen the evidence base. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/4222