Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 8 2 2013 06 15 61 7 Ahmad Ghanizadeh Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Amir Bazrafshan Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ali Firoozabadi Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranResearch Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Gholamreza Dehbozorgi Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: This is a parallel, three group, randomized, controlled clinical trial, with outcomes evaluated up to three months after randomization for children and adolescents with chronic nail biting. The current study investigates the efficacy of habit reversal training (HRT) and compares its effect with object manipulation training (OMT) considering the limitations of the current literature . Method: Ninety one children and adolescents with nail biting were randomly allocated to one of the three groups. The three groups were HRT (n=30), OMT (n=30), and wait-list or control group (n=31). The mean length of nail was considered as the main outcome  Results: The mean length of the nails after one month in HRT and OMT groups increased compared to the waiting list group (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). In long term, both OMT and HRT increased the mean length of nails (P<0.01), but HRT was more effective than OMT (P<0.021). The parent-reported frequency of nail biting did show similar results as to the mean lengt  of nails assessment in long term. The number of children who completely stopped nail biting in HRT and OMT groups during three months was 8 and 7, respectively. This number was zero during one month for the wait-list group . Conclusion: This trial showed that HRT is more effective than wait-list and OMT in increasing the mean length of nails of children and adolescents in long terms. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/190 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/190/186

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 8 2 2013 06 15 68 72 Alireza Agha Yousefi Associate Professor of Psychology Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran Kambiz Mozaffari Associate Professor of Surgical Pathology Laboratory,Tehran University of Medical Science. Tehran. Iran Nasim Sharif Psychology specialist, Payam-e- Noor University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Sepasi Cardiovascular Laboratory Shaheed Rajaie Hospital, Tehran. Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: Having a good quality of life has always been desirable for humans, and the concept of a good life and the ways of achieving it have become important over the years. Personal wellbeing is the mental component of quality of life. Thus, the current study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the ‘‘Personal Well-Being Index- Cognitive Disability’’ on mentally retarded students. Method: 200 mentally retarded students in north districts of Tehran (districts 1, 2 and 3) were selected by systematic random sampling. The collected data using Personal Well-Being Index- Cognitive Disability was analyzed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for internal consistency and linear multivariate regression for construct validity. Results: Results confirmed the reliability and validity for the Personal Well-Being Index- Cognitive Disability in mentally retarded students of exceptional schools. Studying the internal consistency of seven items showed that all the items were correlated with the total score and their scores averages were similar to each other. This indicates that the test’s questions have reliability with regard to evaluation of a common feature and results showed Personal Well-Being Index- Cognitive Disability had the most extensive coverage of construct validity . Conclusion: Personal Well-Being Index- Cognitive Disability scale could be applied to measure personal wellbeing in mentally retarded students. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/188 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/188/184

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 8 2 2013 06 15 73 9 Elham Ranjbar Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh Sabet Kasaei Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. Iran Minoo Mohammad-Shirazi Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. Iran Javad Nasrollahzadeh Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. Iran Bahram Rashidkhani Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. Iran Jamal Shams Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science. Tehran. Iran Seyed-Ali Mostafavi Psychiatry and psychology Research Center- Department of psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. Iran Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and psychology Research Center- Department of psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: Major depression is a mood disorder that causes changes in physical activity, appetite, sleep and weight. Regarding the role of zinc in the pathology of depression, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of zinc supplementation in the treatment of this disease. Methods: This study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Forty four patients with major depression were randomly assigned to groups receiving zinc supplementation and placebo. Patients in Zinc group received daily supplementation with 25 mg zinc adjunct to antidepressant; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), while the patients in placebo group received placebo with antidepressants (SSRIs) for twelve weeks. Severity of depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory at baseline and was repeated at the sixth and twelfth weeks. ANOVA with repeated measure was used to compare and track the changes during the study . Results: The mean score of Beck test decreased significantly in the zinc supplemen  group at the end of week 6 (P<0.01) and 12 (P<0.001) compared to the baseline. The mean score of Beck Depression Inventory reduced significantly compared to the placebo group at the end of 12th week (P<0.05) Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that zinc supplementation together with SSRIs antidepressant drug improves major depressive disorders more effectively in patients with placebo plus antidepressants (SSRIs). https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/186 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/186/182

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 8 2 2013 06 15 80 5 Tahereh Pashaei Department of Health education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Addiction Research Center, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran. Omran M Razaghi Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Rahimi Foroushani Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics school of public of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Ghazi Tabatabaei Department of Health and social Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran Maryam Moeeni Department of Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran Nigel E Turner Social Epidemiological Research & Problem Gambling Institute of Ontario Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toranto, Canada Vandad Sharifi Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Davoud Shojaeizadeh Department of Health education and Promotion ,School of Public Health ,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran , Iran Addiction Research Center, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: Inventory Drug-Taking Situations (IDTS) is a universal instrument used to determine high-risk situations resulting in drug abuse. The aim of this study was to translate this questionnaire to Farsi, and to assess its validity and reliability by applying it to Iranian drug users. Methods: As a psychometric study, 300 drug users participated in a treatment program in National Center of Addiction Studies filled in a version of Inventory of Drug Taking Situations. We assessed face and content validity, internal consistency, and reliability based on the completed questionnaires, using test-retest method and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Internal consistency analysis confirmed that all subscales of IDTS were reliable (Cronbach alpha was ranging from 0.7 to 0.81). Analyses indicated that each of the subscales was unifactorial; however, unpleasant emotions had a second eigenvalue that was nearly large enough to be a second factor. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the fit of the data to the original version of IDTS. Based on goodness of fit indices, we found that all factors were fitted (χ2/df=1.43, GFI=0.98, RMSEA=0.038). The test-retest reliability was satisfactory(r>0.6). Conclusion: The Farsi version of Inventory of Drug Taking Situations was shown to be a valid and reliable instrument to apply in clinical and research settings in Iran. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/184 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/184/180

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 8 2 2013 06 15 86 91 Shima Sahraian Genetics Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Babashams Monoclonal antibody Research,Avicenna Research Institute,Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) Tehran-Iran Pouria Reza-Soltani IT Group, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Najmabadi Genetics Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kimia Kahrizi Genetics Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sahel Hemmati Gorgani Psychiatric Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: Several studies have implicated the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in treatment outcomes of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in patients with major depression. The aim of this study was to examine the association between polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and citalopram effectiveness in Iranian patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: The sample consisted of 104 patients, with Fars ethnic background, who were diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Beck Depression inventory was used to evaluate the severity of the symptoms during the follow-up, and to determine clinical response of the patients at 4th and 8th week, respectively. Results: Our results showed a correlation between the genotype and response to antidepressant drug citalopram, (odds ratios for L/S and L/L were 3.90 (95 percent CI: 1.29- 11.80) and 1.90 (95 percent CI: 0.72-5.08), respectively). Conclusion: In conclusion, our results reveal that genetic variation of serotonin transporter is involved in clinical remission of major depressive episodes in Iranian patients after citalopram treatment. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/182 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/182/178

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 8 2 2013 06 15 92 6 Seyed Mehdi Ahmadi Health Policy Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed-Ali Mostafavi Psychiatry Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sareh Keshavarzi Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health & Nutrition, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Seyed-Mohammad-Ali Kooshesh School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Joulaei Health Policy Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Yaser Sarikhani Health Policy Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Payam Peimani Health Policy Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Seyed Taghi Heydari Department of Biostatistics, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Kamran Bagheri Lankarani Health Policy Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: Malnutrition and depression are highly prevalent in the elderly and can lead to unfavorable outcomes. The aims of the current study were to determine the association between malnutrition and depression and also to find any correlation otory> Objective: We aimed to compare the medical students' attitude towards psychiatry before and after psychiatry clerkship, and to examine the association of choosing psychiatry as a future career with some personal characteristics. Method: In a self-controlled, quasi-experimental study, all of the medical students entering the psychiatry clerkship in three major medical schools of Iran located in Tehran (Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, and Iran University of Medical Sciences) were asked to participate anonymously in the study on the first and the last 3-days of their psychiatry clerkship. From 346 invited 4th-5th year medical students, 225 (65%) completed anonymous self-report questionnaires before and after a 4-week psychiatry clerkship. Results: Positive response to choose psychiatry as a career was seen in 13.3% and 18.3% before and after psychiatry rotation, respectively. However, the difference was not statistically significant; about one-quarter of the students were turned on to psychiatry and 25% were discouraged during the clerkship. Individual pair wise comparisons revealed significant improvements only in two out of 13 measured aspects of psychiatry. Seventeen out of 38 (47.7%) students who identified psychiatry as the career of choice or strong possibility reported that one of their family members or close friends' mental illness had an impact on their choice. Those students who considered psychiatry as the strong possibility claimed that they are more interested in humanities (OR = 2.96; 95% CI: 1.17, 7.49), and playing a musical instrument (OR = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.15, 5.57). Conclusion: It may be concluded that exposure to psychiatry clerkship could influence medical students' opinion about psychiatry positively, or negatively. Personal characteristics and individual interests of students may play an important role in choosing psychiatry as their future career. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/200 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/200/196

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 8 1 2013 03 15 44 50 Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran ; Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Research Center. Abufazel Hosseininasab MSc. Allameh Tabatabaei University Department of Psychology Address: Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Faculty of psychology Ahmad Borjali Allameh Tabatabaei University, Department of Psychology, Tehran, Iran. Amir Ali Mazandarani Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Psychology, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: The aim of this study was to examine reality testing in schizophrenic children and compare it with normal children using minus responses subcomponent in ego impairment index of the Rorschach test. Methods: In a descriptive design, 20 accidentally sampled children, including 10 schizophrenic and 10 normal children, were recruited in to two groups and were compared in terms of reality testing subcomponent of Ego Impairment Index (EII). After initial interview, the Rorschach inkblot test was administered on the two groups, and Distorted Quality responses (FQ-) were calculated. The results were then analyzed by independent ttest and Cohen’s d for effect size . Results: The result of independent t-test revealed that the mean of minus responses in schizophrenic children was significantly higher than that of normal children. In addition, the usefulness of the Rorschach ego impairment index (EII) in evaluating reality testing in schizophrenic children was confirmed. In addition, it was found that defect in reality testing is one of the prominent characteristics of schizophrenic children . Conclusion: The higher minus responses in schizophrenic children indicate that schizophrenic children have weaker functioning in reality testing compared with normal children. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/198 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/198/194

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 8 1 2013 03 15 51 4 Hannan Ebrahimi Medical Student, student research committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Mohammad Ja'far Modabbernia Shafa Hospital, 15 Khordad Ave, Rasht, Iran Alieh Mohammadi Medical Student, student research committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Sina Khajeh Jahromi Medical Student, student research committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Misa Naghdipour General Practitioner, student research committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Hossein Ebrahimi Medical Student, student research committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences 2015 10 14 Objective: Screening is one of the ways to combat Tuberculosis (TB) and should be mostly concentrated on groups showing some symptoms of the disease. Tuberculosis can be transferred from person to person in laboratories, prisons and psychiatry hospitals. The purpose of this study was to survey pulmonary TB in patients with schizophrenia in Rasht. Methods: In this descriptive-cross sectional, Two hundred fifty seven consecutive patients with chronic psychotic disorder hospitalized in psychotic hospitals underwent purified protein derivative (PPD) test. PPD test was done with the unit 5T which was injected subcutaneously on anterior surface and at the top o