Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 1 2 2006 06 15 46 53 Shahin Akhondzadeh Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Khosro Afkham Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 17 Traditionally, schizophrenia was considered to be a severe psychiatric disorder, with a chronic course and an unfavorable outcome. Throughout history, there has been incidence of schizophrenia, roughly one percent of the population, consistently, in every culture. It is generally acknowledged that schizophrenia has multifactorial etiology, with multiple susceptibility genes interacting with environmental insults to yield a range of phenotypes in the schizophrenia spectrum. The discovery of antipsychotics in the 1950s revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia and focused on the positive symptoms. By the 1960s, however, it became evident that the reduction in positive symptoms did not lead to recovery from schizophrenia and did not significantly improve the functional outcome. The advent of the novel antipsychotics during the last 15 years represents a significant improvement over the effectiveness of conventional antipsychotics. These agents are, however, not a magic bullet and bear their own side effects, such as weight gain, diabetes, hyperprolactinemia, and QTc prolongation. Nevertheless, at this point, they seem to be more effective and safer than the conventional antipsychotics. Moreover, advances in the treatment of schizophrenia have been and continue to be urgently needed. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/404 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/404/399

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 1 2 2006 06 15 54 58 Firoozeh Raisi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marzieh Tavakoli Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Ali Nasehi Iran Helal Institute of Applied Science &Technology 2015 10 17 Objective: The fact that some antidepressants with strong effects on serotonin reuptake blockade fail to relieve obsessive-compulsive symptoms has caused growing interest in investigating noradrenergic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) . In light of the above, we undertook a trial to investigate whether the combination of citalopram with nortriptyline is more effective in treating obsessive-compulsive symptoms than citalopram alone. Method: 40 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for OCD were included in the study. Patients were allocated in a random fashion: 20 patients to citalopram 40mg /day plus nortriptyline 50mg /day, and 20 patients to citalopram 40mg /day plus placebo. Results: Both protocols significantly decreased the scores of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) over the trial period, but the combination of citalopram and nortriptyline showed a significant superiority over citalopram alone in the treatment of OCD. Conclusion: As this study indicates, nortriptyline improves the efficacy of citalopram. In addition, a rapid onset of action is one of the advantages of this combination. This study supports further investigation of the noradrenergic– serotonergic hypothesis in OCD. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/405 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/405/400

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 1 2 2006 06 15 59 64 Hamid Reza Pouretemad Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Hamid Reza Naghavi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Malekafzali Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ali Noorbala Department of Psychiatry, Hafez Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Harutiun Davidian Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ghanizadeh Department of Psychiatry, Hafez Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran National Research Center for Medical Sciences of Iran S. Abbas Bagheri Yazdi Mental Health Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Rahgozar Department of statistics and Computer, Social Welfare and Rehabilitation University, Tehran, Iran Javad Alaghebandrad Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Homayoun Amini Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Emran Mohammad Razzaghi Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bita Mesgarpour National Research Center for Medical Sciences of Iran S. Nasir Ghaemi Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rollins school of Public Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA 2015 10 17 Objective: To study the prevalence and demographic characteristics of mood disorders among Iranian adults. Method: In this cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study (age > 18) in Iran, 25180 individuals were selected through a randomized cluster sampling method for a diagnosis using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). They were then interviewed at home by 250 trained clinical psychologists. Results: The estimated lifetime prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Minor Depressive Disorder (mDD) were 3.1% and 0.3% respectively. Also, the estimated lifetime prevalence of Bipolar Mood disorder (BMD) type I and type II were 0.1% and 0.7% respectively. The current prevalence of MDD, mDD, BMD-I, and BMD-II were 1.8%, 0.2%, 0.04%, and 0.3% respectively. Mood disorders were associated with female gender, lower education, being married, being middle-aged, living in cities, and not being a homemaker. Conclusion: The prevalence of mood disorders was lower among Iranian adults than reported in Western studies, and a number of demographic associations differed from those reported in Western studies. Important cultural differences in the nature or manifestation of depression are implied by these results. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/406 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/406/401

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 1 2 2006 06 15 65 69 S. Mahmoud Mirzamani Departemnt of psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Karaminia Departemnt of psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Esfandiar Azad-Marzabadi Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran S. Hossein Salimi Departemnt of psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran S. Ali Hosseini-Sangtrashani Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences,b Tehran, Iran 2015 10 17 Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between marital satisfaction with psychological health in women whose husbands had either suffered from psychiatric problems or been exposed to chemical warfare during Iraq-Iran imposed war. Method: Participants were selected from the war-affected women in Mazandaran province in north of Iran whose husbands had either suffered from a psychiatric problem (psychiatric group) or had been exposed to chemical warfare (chemical group) during Iran-Iraq war (each consisted of 52 women). Women were requested to fill in The Evaluation & Nurturing Relationship Issues Communication and Happiness(ENRICH) questionnaire, Symptom Check List 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) as well as a demograhic form. Results: We found significant negative relationships between SCL-90-R scores and the marital satisfaction scores in both groups. The results failed to indicate significant differences between the two groups on marital satisfaction and demograhic characteristics such as age, number of children, handicapped percentage, and educational level. conclusion: it seems that wives whose husbands had either psychiatric problems or had been exposed to chemical warfare, suffered from diverse psychological problems and medical ailments. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/407 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/407/402

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 1 2 2006 06 15 70 75 Irandokht Asadi Sadeghi Azar Faculty of Nursing and Obstetrician, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Promila Vasudeva Department of Psychology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India 2015 10 17 Objective: Paid employment has become increasingly very important in the lives of women, as the rapid social changes in different classes of the Iranian Society affects roles and positions of women with great changes at a rapid pace. Hardiness as a predicting factor for mental health is selected in this study to evaluation the effects of employment on the women. Method: 250 employed married and 250 unemployed married women were selected by stratified convenience sampling. Subjects aged 24–41 years; were from the lower, middle, and upper socioeconomic status groups; with a level of education of 102 grades and higher; and had at least one school-going child. The Personal View Survey (PVS), was used to collect data. Results: The results showed that Professional employed married women scored significantly higher on hardiness and three of its dimensions (commitment, control, and challenge) than the unemployed. Among employed married women, professionals scored significantly higher on hardiness and the control dimension l than non-professionals. Professional and non-professional employed women did not differ significantly on commitment and challenge. Non-professional employed and unemployed women did not differ significantly on the scores of hardiness. Conclusion: Paid employment increases hardiness in the professional, employed women. Status of work is an important factor for creation of positive effects of working in women. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/408 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/408/403

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 1 2 2006 06 15 76 80 Elham Gholampoor Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mahdi Bina Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Javad Mahmoudi-gharaei Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran S. Sajad Mousavi Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Artesch University of Medical sciences,Tehran, Iran Saeideh Eisar Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2015 10 17 Objective: Reports of the prevalence of PTSD has been variable between 28-70% after the earthquake disaster in the city of Bam, among children. Several studies in adults have shown a high comorbidity of anxiety disorders as well. In this study we evaluated the frequency of PTSD and anxiety symptoms among adolescents in the period of 7-9 months after a large scale disaster (Bam earthquake). Method: In an epidemiologic study, we evaluated the PTSD and the severity of general symptoms of anxiety in adolescent survivors of Bam earthquake who had been directly exposed to the traumatic event. We used DSM-IV criteria and Posttraumatic Stress Scale (PSS) for PTSD diagnosis and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale for evaluation of the anxiety symptoms. Results: 284 adolescents at the ages of 11 to 18 with a mean age of 14.8 (SD=2.1) were recruited. 45.1% had PTSD and there were no statistical differences between boys and girls for PTSD symptoms. The girls had more anxiety symptoms than the boys. Conclusion: One half of the adolescent survivors of Bam earthquake had post traumatic stress disorder. The girls had more anxiety symptoms. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/409 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/409/404

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 1 2 2006 06 15 81 83 Parviz Bahadoran Psychiatric Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Ali Firoozabadi Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 2015 10 17 Objective: As psychiatrists or psychotherapists, many of us may have had contact with people by e-mail and/or through online ‘chat rooms’. These people may write to us about their various problems, especially in their interpersonal relationships; discuss their queries about conflicts with their spouse, partner, and friends; or complained of low self-esteem and problems at work. In this article, we will try to discuss certain considerations and opinions about the possibility of insight-oriented psychotherapy in the domain of ‘virtual reality'. Method: This study was based on clinical observation of the first Two cases of ‘Cyberanalysis’ were described. The management of transference and countertransference, the analysis of defenses in this context, and possible reasons for success and failure of each case were discussed. Results: We have witnessed the formation of a transferential relationship between the ‘client’ and the therapists after a matter of months. One of the client had a satisfactory outcome and the other represented a therapeutic failure. Conclusion: This type of psychotherapy may provide a novel opportunity for therapists to move toward the internal world of the patient Compared to ‘real world’ therapies. This modality of therapy also has itlocale="en_US">Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mitra Hakim Shooshtari Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rasoul Shirmohammadi Sosfadi Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fahimeh Saeed Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fereshteh Jalai Institute of Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran. Aida Farsham Clinical Psychology, Day center in Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza Bidaki Department of Psychiatry, Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.And Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 2017 06 03 Objective: This study was conducted to recognize the problems of living with a sibling with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to improve their quality of life. Method: A total of 30 participants were selected among the 4-to11- year-old siblings of children who had referred to Tehran Psychiatric Institute due to autism spectrum disorder. For the control group, 30 children aged 4 to11years old who were the siblings of patients with chronic diseases referring to Pediatric Clinic of Rasoul-e Akram (PBUH) hospital were selected. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARS-2) was filled out for patients and siblings participating in the study and Child Behavior Checklist was completed by their parents. Results: The mean age of the patients in this study was 4.46 ± 9.66 years (range: 1.5-22 years), and the mean age in the healthy children was 2.54 ± 8.18 years (range: 4-11 years). The mean scores of anxiety/depression, withdrawn/depressed, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, and rule-breaking behavior subscale of CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist) were not significantly different between groups. Aggressive behavior was the only subscale that showed such difference (p = 0.008). Externalizing problems in children who had siblings with ASD was higher than children who had siblings with physical illness. In a group in which a sibling had ASD, sisters were more anxious/ depressed than brothers. Conclusion: Due to various psychological and social problems t