Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 10 4 2016 02 06 214 224 EN Seyyede Zohreh Ziatabar Ahmadi Department of Speech & Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shohreh Jalaie Biostatistics Division, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Ashayeri Department of Rehabilitation Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 12 23 Objective: Theory of mind (ToM) or mindreading is an aspect of social cognition that evaluates mental states and beliefs of oneself and others. Validity and reliability are very important criteria when evaluating standard tests; and without them, these tests are not usable. The aim of this study was to systematically review the validity and reliability of published English comprehensive ToM tests developed for normal preschool children. Method: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed interface), Web of Science, Science direct, PsycINFO, and also evidence base Medicine (The Cochrane Library) databases from 1990 to June 2015. Search strategy was Latin transcription of ‘Theory of Mind’ AND test AND children. Also, we manually studied the reference lists of all final searched articles and carried out a search of their references. Inclusion criteria were as follows: Valid and reliable diagnostic ToM tests published from 1990 to June 2015 for normal preschool children; and exclusion criteria were as follows: the studies that only used ToM tests and single tasks (false belief tasks) for ToM assessment and/or had no description about structure, validity or reliability of their tests. Methodological quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Result: In primary searching, we found 1237 articles in total databases. After removing duplicates and applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 11 tests for this systematic review. Conclusion: There were a few valid, reliable and comprehensive ToM tests for normal preschool children. However, we had limitations concerning the included articles. The defined ToM tests were different in populations, tasks, mode of presentations, scoring, mode of responses, times and other variables. Also, they had various validities and reliabilities. Therefore, it is recommended that the researchers and clinicians select the ToM tests according to their psychometric characteristics, validity and reliability. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/573 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/573/520

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 10 4 2016 02 06 285 287 EN Maryam Salmanian Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aabbas Ali Keshtkar‎ Department of Epidemiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh‏ ‏Asadian-koohestani‎ Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Salman Alavi‎ Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Neda Sepasi‎ Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 12 24 Background: The global burden of conduct disorder is a major public health concern. Although there are different reports on the prevalence of conduct disorder in different Middle Eastern countries, to date, no research has reviewed them. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the literature and present the prevalence of conduct disorder among children and adolescents in Middle Eastern countries. Methods: Those cross-sectional studies with any type of random or non-random sampling, which described the prevalence of conduct disorder prior to age of 18, for at least one gender in the general or school-based populations who resided in Middle Eastern countries were included in this review. The scientific databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR), Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), and Grey Literature including conference proceedings, and hand searching of key journals were searched from 1995 to the end of 2014. Two reviewers assessed the quality of the included studies independently and extracted the relevant data. Discussion: This review provided a picture of different frequencies of conduct disorder in Middle Eastern countries and analyzed the sources of heterogeneity. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/582 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/582/532

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 10 4 2016 02 06 288 292 EN Sourav Das Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehardun-248016, India Manju Saini Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehardun-248016, India Mohan Dhyani Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehardun-248016, India Ravi Gupta Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehardun-248016, India 2015 12 24 A young patient who presented with headache followed by positive and negative symptoms of psychosis and mutism was sent for the MRI of brain. MRI revealed a lipoma in the quardrigeminal area. We hypothesized that the neuro-vascular encasement of structures located at the upper dorsal midbrain by the lipoma caused the symptoms. A review of the current literature of quadrigeminal lipoma cases with presenting symptoms is provided. Lipoma in quardrigeminal area could give rise to symptoms of psychosis. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/583 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/583/531

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 10 4 2016 02 06 233 238 EN Ali Sahraian Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Hafez Hospital, Shiraz, Iran Department of Psychiatry, Hafez Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ahmad Ghanizadeh Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Hafez Hospital, Shiraz, Iran Department of Psychiatry, Hafez Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Department of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Seyed Hamzeh Hashemi Department of Psychiatry, Hafez Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Laaya Ahmadzadeh Department of Psychiatry, Hafez Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2015 12 23 Objective: Violence imposed on wives by their inpatient psychiatric husbands has not been studied yet. The current study surveyed the rates and predictors of violence committed by inpatient psychiatric husbands towards their wives. Methods: A convenient sample of wives of 209 married male psychiatric inpatients completed a self-reported questionnaire. They were asked about physical, emotional, social and economic abuse. Results: More than 80% of the husbands socially abused their wives; 73.0% of the wives had been regularly beaten by their husbands; the rate for humiliation was 77.2%; and only 14.1% of the wives reported that their sexual relationship with their husbands is with desire. Conclusion: There is a dramatic high rate of different types of abuse toward wives by their inpatient psychiatric husbands. They are commonly victimized by their husbands. Moreover, different types of violence always co-occur.  Future studies should consider this important issue which is unfortunately an ignored research area. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/575 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/575/528

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 10 4 2016 02 06 239 245 EN Farshid Shamsaei Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran Fatemeh Cheraghi Chronic Diseases (home care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran Saied Bashirian Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2015 12 24 Objective: The aim of this study ‎was to determine the prevalence ‎of the burden reported by family ‎caregivers of Patients with ‎schizophrenia.‎ Methods: This cross sectional ‎study involved face-to-face ‎interviews with family caregivers ‎of patients with schizophrenia. ‎Using convenience sampling, ‎‎225 caregivers were selected ‎from Farshchian psychiatry ‎Hospital in Hamadan, Iran from ‎July to September 2012. ‎Measures included patients and ‎caregivers’ demographic ‎variables and caregivers’ burden ‎using the Zarit Burden Interview ‎‎(ZBI). Data were analyzed by ‎SPSS-18 with Pearson ‎correlation and t-test.‎ Results: Using the ZBI, we found ‎that 7.6% of the caregivers ‎experienced “no to low” burden, ‎‎23.5% “mild to moderate”, 41.8% ‎‎“moderate to severe” and 27.1% ‎‎“severe” burden. The mean ‎average score of the responses ‎to ZBI was 51.73 (SD: ± 18.23). ‎The level of burden experienced ‎was significantly associated with ‎age, gender, and educational ‎level, relation to care recipient, ‎caregiving duration and duration ‎of schizophrenia illness.‎ Conclusion:‎‏ ‏Mental health ‎professionals need to develop ‎more innovative programs for ‎families of schizophrenic ‎patients. Furthermore, as a ‎replacement for supporting the ‎families and easing their ‎burdens, it may be more ‎effective to include them in the ‎health care team by assigning ‎specific tasks and providing the ‎required resources to them to ‎perform such tasks. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/576 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/576/529

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 10 4 2016 02 06 225 232 EN Fahimeh Mianji Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Yousef Semnani Department of Psychiatry, ImamHossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 12 23 Zār is the term used to describe a form of spirit possession common in northern African, eastern African, and some Middle-Eastern societies. Although these regions share some cultural similarities arising from their history of slavery, in these places, zār varies in prevalence, clinical characteristics, and social context. Based on a selective review of the literature, this paper looks at the place of zār spirit possession in both DSM-IV and DSM-V; it also examines how zār is manifested in Iran and in African countries including Sudan, Ethiopia, and Egypt; and it aims to provide practical information to mental health clinicians so that they can better understand how this cultural concept is practiced by Iranians and Middle Eastern and African immigrants living near the Persian Gulf coast. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/574 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/574/536

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 10 4 2016 02 06 278 284 EN Saeid Doaei Student’s Research Committee, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Gholamalizadeh Food Security Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Mohammad Hassan Entezari Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2015 12 24 Objective: Nutrition in childhood has an important role in current and adulthood health. Recent studies have shown that the mother’s lifestyle has an important role in the methods used by mother to feed child. This paper aimed to investigate the association between mother’s weight efficacy lifestyle with feeding practices in children aged 3- 6 years. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study which was carried out in 30 primary schools of Rasht (Iran) in 2012, 165 mothers with children aged 3-6 years were participated. Mothers reported their own and their child’s demographics. Aspects of mother’s weight efficacy lifestyle and mother’s control practices were assessed using Weight Efficacy Lifestyle (WEL) questionnaire and Comprehensive Feeding Practices questionnaire (CFPQ) respectively. Height and weight of mothers participated in the study were measured. The role of mother’s weight efficacy in predicting child’s feeding practices was assessed using linear regression. Results: Results showed that mother’s weight efficacy was related to child feeding practices. The mothers with similar weight efficacy lifestyle applied similar methods in child nutrition. Mothers with better weight efficacy used more encourage balance and variety, environmental control, child involvement and less emotion regulation using foods. Conclusion:‎‏ ‏‎ The result of the ‎study showed that maternal ‎lifestyle was associated with ‎child feeding practices.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/581 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/581/533

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 10 4 2016 02 06 89 95 Susan Afghah University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran. Iran Morteza Aghahasani Infectious and Tropical Disease specialist, NPH, hygienic deputy of Medical Sciences University of Ghom Iran Morteza Noori-Khajavi University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran. Iran Emytis Tavakoli University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran. Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: Studying suicide can be of assistance to prepare the ground for the adoption of effective preventative measures. In the present study, our aim was an in-depth review of suicide epidemiology in the city of Sari, in the northern part of Iran. Our focus was on geo-demographic and other risk factors affecting the frequency of suicide in order to demonstrate populations with greater risk of suicide for future preventive and protective measures. Method: In a prospective study, during a one year period, a descriptive semi-structured questionnaire was used to conduct interviews with subjects who attempted suicide and referred to one of the four major trauma and emergency centers in the city of Sari, or with the relatives of those who completed their attempt. Convenience sampling method was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-20 software. Multivariate tests were based on χ2 values. Logistic regression was performed estimating the effect of risk -factors. Results: In this study, 228 suicide a tempters were enrolled; of whom, 78.5% were female; 28.5% of all the attempts resulted in death. The odds of suicide completion were significantly increased in the following cases: married status (OR: 3.49; 95% CI 2.82,4.53), illiteracy (OR:2.71;95%CI 2.10,3.64), presence of comorbid physical illness (OR:2.22;95%CI 1.64,3.21), history of previous suicide attempt (OR:2.03; 95%CI 1.56,2.81), and age over 50 (OR: 2.01, 95% CI 1.14,3.05). Suicide outcome estimated worst in the married illiterate atte mpters. The leading method of use was suicide by burn (SBB). Conclusion: The variety observed in the regional distribution of suicide risk factors calls for more non-discriminatory attention and adoption of precautionary, preventative and protective measures for each section of the society accordingly. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/110 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/110/106

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 9 2 2014 06 15 96 109 Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili Department for Mental Health and Substance Use, Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vandad Sharifi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center and department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Hajebi Mental Health Research Centre, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Radgoodarzi Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mitra Hefazi Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abbas Motevalian Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Iranian Mental Health Survey (IranMHS) was conducted to assess the twelve-month prevalence and severity of psychiatric disorders in the Iranian adult population and to determine the pattern of health care utilization and cost of services. IranMHS is a cross-sectional national household survey with face-to-face interviews as the main data collection method. The study was carried out between January and June 2011. A three-stage probability sampling was applied for the selection of a representative sample from the non-institutionalized population aged 15 to 64. The primary instrument utilized for assessing the prevalence of mental disorders was the Persian version of Composite International Diagnosis Interview, version 2.1. The instruments for assessing the service and cost of mental illness were developed by the research team. The response rate was 86.2%, and a total of 7886 individuals participated in the study. Sampling weights were the joint product of inverse probability of unit selection, non-response weights and post-stratification weights. This paper presents an overview of the study design, fieldwork organization and procedures, weightings and analysis. The strengths and limitations of the study are also discussed. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/108 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/108/104

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 9 2 2014 06 15 110 4 Ali Nazeri Astaneh Department of Psychiatry, University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran Arash Mirabzadeh Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masood Karimloo University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran Omid Rezaei Department of Psychiatry, University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran Farbod Fadai Department of Psychiatry, University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran Neda Alibeigi University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran Robabeh Mazinani Department of Psychiatry, University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran Mercedeh Samiei Department of Psychiatry, University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Khodaei Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Objective: In the present study, we investigated the attitude of psychiatrists who graduated in 2002-2009 towards Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and conventional clinical interview examination (Individual Patient Assessment). Method: We studied 134 psychiatrists graduated; half of whom were examined with conventional clinical interview and the others with OSCE. A questionnaire was prepared by a specialist workgroup to assess the participants’ attitude towards the exams. The questionnaire was initially examined in a pilot study. The findings of the questionnaire were used to assess the graduates’ attitude towards each examination, as well as to compare the examinations. Results: The OSCE group indicated a significantly more positive attitude compared to the conventional group (p = 0.03). Furthermore, the OSCE group believed the role of theoretical knowledge (p = 0.01) and pre-test practice (p = 0.03) to be significantly greater for success compared to the other group. The structure of OSCE wa  reported to be superior to conventional examination in terms of fairness and homogeneity (p = 0.004). First participation in exam (p = 0.04) and ultimate success in the exam (p = 0.009) were predictors of graduates’ attitude. Conclusion: Based on examinees ’attitudes, OSCE may be a more appropriate choice for graduation examinations of psychiatry compared to the conventional clinical interview examination. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/106 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/106/102

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 9 2 2014 06 15 115 7 Yaghoob Vakili North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnord, Iran Banafshe Gharraee Department of Psychiatry, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14