Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 67 74 EN Maryam Mahmoodi Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehnar, Iran Reza Moloodi‎ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ata Ghaderi‎ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Zahra babai‎ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zeinab Saleh‎ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Haniye Alasti‎ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farnush Naghashian‎ Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehnar, Iran Zinat Mohammadpour‎ Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehnar, Iran 2016 05 30 Objective: The aim of this study was to provide norms of Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) for undergraduate women in Iran. Materials and Methods: ‎Undergraduate women (N = 516) completed the EDE-Q, CIA, and the Binge Eating Scale (BES). Results: Average score, standard deviation, and percentile rank of EDE-Q and its subscale as well ‎as CIA were reported. In addition, the frequency of key eating disordered behaviors was ‎presented. Both EDE-Q and CIA demonstrated strong internal consistency. In addition to the ‎significant correlation between the EDE-Q and CIA (0.59), they both showed a moderate to ‎strong correlation with the BES (r = 0.33 to 0.61). The EDE-Q and CIA successfully ‎differentiated underweight, normal weight, and overweight women. Moreover, women who ‎reported higher level of restraint or regular binge eating episodes obtained higher score on the ‎CIA than women who did not have such behaviors across the same period. Conclusion: This study provided ‎preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the EDE-Q and CIA. ‎The obtained norms for the EDE-Q and the CIA are helpful in clinical practice and intercultural ‎studies of eating disorders.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/700 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/700/562

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 128 132 EN Saxby Pridmore Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Stephane Auchincloss Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Jamshid Ahmadi Substance Abuse Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2016 06 01 2016 06 01 Objective: The aim of this study was to better understand the triggers of suicide, particularly among the ‎ancient Greek and Persian soldiers and commanders.‎ Method: ‎‘Herodotus: The Histories’ is a history of the rulers and soldiery who participated in the ‎Greco-Persian wars (492-449 BCE). A new translation (2013) of this manuscript was studied. ‎Accounts of suicide were collected and collated, with descriptions of circumstances, ‎methods, and probable triggers.‎ Results: Nine accounts of suicide were identified. Eight of these were named individuals (4 Greeks ‎and 4 Persians); of whom, seven were male. Only one (not the female) appeared to act in ‎response to a mental disorder. Other triggers of suicide included guilt, avoidance of ‎dishonour/ punishment and altruism. Cutting/ stabbing was the most common method; others ‎included hanging, jumping, poison, and burning (the single female).‎ Conclusion: While soldiers at a time of war do not reflect the general community, they are nevertheless ‎members of their society. Thus, this evidence demonstrates that suicide triggered by ‎burdensome circumstances (in addition to mental disorder) was known to the Greek and ‎Persian people more than two millennia ago.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/713 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/713/561

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 75 81 EN Zahra Ramezani Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Changiz Rahimi Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Nourollah Mohammadi Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2016 05 30 Objective: Recent studies have emphasized the important role of cognitive beliefs in etiology and ‎maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD has different subtypes, but the ‎specific role of cognitive beliefs in OCD symptomatology is not clear. The aim of the current ‎study was to determine whether the cognitive factors proposed by Obsessive Compulsive ‎Cognitions Working Group (OCCWG) could specifically predict subtypes of OCD.‎ Method: The question was investigated in a sample of 208 university students (mean age = 21, SD = 1.6). ‎The target population was selected by cluster sampling. All participants completed two ‎questionnaires including Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) and Obsessive Compulsive ‎Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression ‎analysis.‎ Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that “responsibility/ threat over estimation” was a significant ‎predictor of obsessive and compulsive behaviors and predicted washing, checking, obsessing, ‎hoarding, and neutralizing subtypes of OCD. Furthermore, “perfectionism and intolerance of ‎uncertainty” was the most significant predictor of ordering and hoarding while ‎‎“importance/ control of thought” predicted ordering only.‎ Conclusion: This study found evidence in support of Salkovskis’ cognitive theory about the central role of ‎inflated responsibility beliefs in developing different subtypes of OCD. Besides, the results ‎revealed those other cognitive beliefs had less important role in the development of OCD ‎symptoms. ‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/701 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/701/553

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 82 86 EN Abdul-Aziz Aflakseir Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad-Saleh Mohammad-‎Abadi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2016 05 30 Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the prediction of depression on a group of ‎Iranian older adults based on components of health locus of control.‎ Method: Sixty-six men and 42 women over the age of 55 were recruited from the retirement ‎clubs in Shiraz, using convenience sampling. The participants completed the research ‎questionnaires including the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the ‎Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC).‎ Results: The findings on health locus of control revealed that the highest score was on internal ‎locus of control followed by God, powerful others and chance. The mean score on ‎depression was on a normal range. Multiple regression analysis showed that two ‎independent variables including internal control (ß = -.32, p < 0.01) and God control ‎‎(ß = -.20, = p < 0.03) significantly predicted depression. The other components of ‎health locus of control such as chance and powerful others as well as age did not ‎predict depression. Findings also revealed that the independents variables explained ‎‎26% of the total variance of depression (R2 = .26, p <0.001).‎ Conclusion: This study provides more support for the application of theory of health locus of ‎control on depression.‎‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/702 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/702/555

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 87 98 EN Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nastaran Ahmadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranYazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Maryam Salmanian Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Asadian- koohestani Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ghanizadeh Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ali Alavi Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ayyoub Malek Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Saeed Dastgiri Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Fatemeh Moharreri Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Paria Hebrani Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Soroor Arman Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Javad Khoshhal Dastjerdi Department of Geography, Geographic Sciences and Planning Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Ali Motavallian Deputy of Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 05 30 2016 05 30 Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in ‎children and adolescents in five provinces of Iran: Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad.‎ Method: In the present study, we selected 9,636 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years through ‎multistage cluster random sampling method from Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. ‎We instructed the clinical psychologists to complete the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ‎‎(SDQ) for the participants, and those who received a high score on SDQ, completed the Persian ‎version of Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). We used descriptive ‎analysis and 95% confidence interval to investigate the relationship between scores of the K-‎SADS questionnaire and demographic factors‏. ‏We used one-way ANOVA to test the significant ‎differences among the disorders according to sex, age and province of residence.‎‎ Results: Based on the results, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (4.45%) had the highest prevalence of psychiatric ‎disorders in the five provinces and substance abuse and alcohol abuse (0%) had the lowest ‎prevalence. In addition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had the most ‎prevalence in boys (5.03%) and ODD had the most prevalence in ‎girls (4.05%). Among the three age groups, 6 to 9 year olds had the highest rates of ADHD ‎‎(5.69%); 10 to 14 and 15 to 18 year olds had the highest rates of ODD (4.32% and 4.37% ‎respectively). Among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia.‎ Conclusion: The current study revealed that the overall frequency of psychiatric disorders based on Kiddie-‎SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was higher than a similar study. Moreover, in ‎this study, among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia. Therefore, these percentage ‎of psychiatric disorders in Iran lead us toward a greater use of consultation and mental health ‎services‏. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/704 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/704/556

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 99 103 EN Banafsheh Aliabadi Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rozita Davari-Ashtiani Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojgan Khademi Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fariba Arabgol Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 05 31 2016 05 31 Objective: The aim of this study was to compare creativity in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity ‎disorder. Method: This was an analytic and descriptive study. Participants were 33 children aged 7-12 years selected from a ‎child and adolescent psychiatric clinic at Imam Hossein hospital (Tehran, Iran), who were diagnosed with ‎ADHD by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. They met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD and had ‎no comorbidity according to K-SADS (Kiddi-Scadule for Affective disorders and Schizophrenia). They ‎were requested not to take any medication. They took the Figural TTCT (Torrance Test of Creativity ‎Thinking) and Raven Intelligence test after using medicatig HA as an independent variable in the analysis, the avoidance dimension of social anxiety was no longer associated with the severity of adult ADHD symptoms, whereas self-esteem together with HA (particularly “anticipatory worry and pessimism” [HA-1], and “asthenia and fatigability” [HA-4]) predicted. Conclusion: Findings of the present study shows that although the symptom severity of social anxiety is associated with the severity of ADHD symptoms among inpatients with AUD, among dimensions of social anxiety, the avoidance dimension plays a main role in this relationship. Also, while the self-esteem partially mediates this relationship, HA seems to have a full mediator effect on this relationship. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2019 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2019/1008

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 3 2021 06 02 290 294 Behzad Damari Department of Governance and Health, Neuroscience Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hossein Asgardoon Department of Governance and Health, Neuroscience Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Iranian Student Society for Immunodeficiencies, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Vandad Sharifi Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Hajebi Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Psychiatric Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 07 09 Objective: A national program on providing comprehensive social and mental health services, entitled “SERAJ”, was developed and piloted in three districts of Iran. The present study aims to thoroughly explain the educational needs for implementing the provision of comprehensive mental and social health services in districts of Iran (SERAJ). Method: In this study, we have interviewed service providers, held focused group discussions (FGDs) and used the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) model for analyzing the duties of the service providers. Results: To implement SERAJ, Mental and Social Health Professionals and Healthcare professionals should be trained on various contents in the fields of mental health, social health, and addiction to provide ‎primary care services in Iran. Such training materials and schedules are necessary for providing secondary, and community action care ‎services as well. Conclusion: The educational program resulting from this study should be piloted and after removing the barriers and solving the limitations, it should be expanded throughout the country. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1846 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1846/974

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 3 2021 06 02 295 304 Hossein Gharaati Sotoudeh Department of Psychology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Masoud Aref Nazari Department of Psychology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Malek Mirhashemi Department of Psychology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. 2020 09 05 Objective: The aim of this study was to instruct social cognitive protocol based on life skills and parenting skills to parents with teenagers at substance use risk and also to investigate its effectiveness among teenagers. Method: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up approach with a group in 3 stages of measurement. The statistical population included 70 adolescents at risk of substance abuse who were selected using the available sampling method. The survey consisted of 40 questions about adolescents' life skills in four subscales of self-control skills, assertiveness and saying no skills, decision-making skills, and problem-solving skills, and the reliability of the entire questionnaire was estimated to be 0.98 using the Cronbach's alpha method. In this study, adolescents were first given a test, and after two weeks, their parents learned the social cognitive protocol over a 12-week period and were asked to impart these skills to their adolescents at home. After that, the adolescents gave the same test after the intervention (posttest). Two months after the posttest, the follow-up test was performed without any training. Results: Comparison of the mean of the three stages of measurement showed that the effect of the overall life skills score, according to the value of Wilkes Lambda multivariate test (0.666) with degrees of freedom two and 40, can be rejected as a null hypothesis (P <0.01). In addition, in the subscales of decision-making skills (0.781), problem-solving (0.688), and self-control (0.816), the mean score of the participants in the three measurements was simultaneously different; and in the follow-up stage, the scores were significantly different than the pretest. However, in terms of assertiveness and the skill of saying no, the scores did not differ simultaneously in the three measurements (0.986). Conclusion: These scores show that teaching social cognitive protocol to parents of adolescents who are at risk of substance abuse is effective. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2336 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2336/1009

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 3 2021 06 02 305 311 Elham Hasannia Golestan Psychiatry Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran. Firoozeh Derakhshanpour Golestan Psychiatry Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran. Mohammad Ali Vakili Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Department of Statics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. 2020 04 15 Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin on the quality of sleep in patients undergoing dialysis and to investigate its mechanism for the regulation of total circadian rhythm and salivary levels of cortisol in hemodialysis patients admitted to Pange Azar hospital in Gorgan in winter of 2017. Method: This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Samples were transferred to the laboratory by maintaining the cold chain. Then, the patients were divided into two groups. In a double-blind trial, one group received three mg melatonin and another group received placebo for two weeks at 10 PM. At the end of two weeks, sampling was performed to investigate the salivary level of cortisol under the same conditions. The research instrument was Pittsburgh questionnaire. Data were analyzed before and after intervention using SPSS 16 software. Results: Salivary levels of cortisol decreased significantly after the intervention in the melatonin group (melatonin: 1.40 ± 1.82 and placebo: 4.94 ± 4.43; P = 0.008). Salivary levels of cortisol in the morning after intervention were also lower in the melatonin group, but were not statistically significant (melatonin 3.99 ± 3.45 and placebo: 5.35 ± 4.9; P = 0.93). Also, the difference in salivary levels of cortisol at night and before and after intervention significantly decreased in melatonin group. PSQI difference (interventional dimension) and PSQI (before intervention) were significantly decreased in melatonin group (P = 0.0001). The rate of change in the subscales of sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and sleep disorders in the melatonin group than in the placebo group was significantly higher. Conclusion: Melatonin can be used as a safe and cost-effective treatment to improve sleep quality and can also reduce salivary cortisol increased in hemodialysis patients at night. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2117 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2117/1010

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 3 2021 06 02 312 319 Sedigheh Sadat Moeeni Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza Rastgoo Sisakht Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nasim Vousooghi Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.AND Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Koorosh Kamali Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Firoozeh Raisi Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azarakhsh Mokri Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2020 09 13 Objective: Sexual dysfunction is a side effect of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). Opium Tincture (OT) has been used as a maintenance treatment. This study aimed to determine and compare the trend of sexual function and its related factors during treatment with both drugs. Method: An observational study was designed to measure the blood tests including free and total testosterone, prolactin, and sex hormone-binding globulin and a battery of questionnaires, including demographics and drug use history, in 42 and 53 patients entering MMT and OT treatment before and 1 and 3 months after the treatment. Results: Significant changes in testosterone levels were observed in the MMT but not the OT group. The difference between the two groups was not significant. Neither between nor within changes in the sexual function and premature ejaculation scores were significant (P =0.370& 0.698). Anxiet