Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 67 74 EN Maryam Mahmoodi Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehnar, Iran Reza Moloodi‎ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ata Ghaderi‎ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Zahra babai‎ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zeinab Saleh‎ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Haniye Alasti‎ Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farnush Naghashian‎ Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehnar, Iran Zinat Mohammadpour‎ Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehnar, Iran 2016 05 30 Objective: The aim of this study was to provide norms of Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) for undergraduate women in Iran. Materials and Methods: ‎Undergraduate women (N = 516) completed the EDE-Q, CIA, and the Binge Eating Scale (BES). Results: Average score, standard deviation, and percentile rank of EDE-Q and its subscale as well ‎as CIA were reported. In addition, the frequency of key eating disordered behaviors was ‎presented. Both EDE-Q and CIA demonstrated strong internal consistency. In addition to the ‎significant correlation between the EDE-Q and CIA (0.59), they both showed a moderate to ‎strong correlation with the BES (r = 0.33 to 0.61). The EDE-Q and CIA successfully ‎differentiated underweight, normal weight, and overweight women. Moreover, women who ‎reported higher level of restraint or regular binge eating episodes obtained higher score on the ‎CIA than women who did not have such behaviors across the same period. Conclusion: This study provided ‎preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the EDE-Q and CIA. ‎The obtained norms for the EDE-Q and the CIA are helpful in clinical practice and intercultural ‎studies of eating disorders.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/700 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/700/562

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 128 132 EN Saxby Pridmore Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Stephane Auchincloss Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Jamshid Ahmadi Substance Abuse Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2016 06 01 2016 06 01 Objective: The aim of this study was to better understand the triggers of suicide, particularly among the ‎ancient Greek and Persian soldiers and commanders.‎ Method: ‎‘Herodotus: The Histories’ is a history of the rulers and soldiery who participated in the ‎Greco-Persian wars (492-449 BCE). A new translation (2013) of this manuscript was studied. ‎Accounts of suicide were collected and collated, with descriptions of circumstances, ‎methods, and probable triggers.‎ Results: Nine accounts of suicide were identified. Eight of these were named individuals (4 Greeks ‎and 4 Persians); of whom, seven were male. Only one (not the female) appeared to act in ‎response to a mental disorder. Other triggers of suicide included guilt, avoidance of ‎dishonour/ punishment and altruism. Cutting/ stabbing was the most common method; others ‎included hanging, jumping, poison, and burning (the single female).‎ Conclusion: While soldiers at a time of war do not reflect the general community, they are nevertheless ‎members of their society. Thus, this evidence demonstrates that suicide triggered by ‎burdensome circumstances (in addition to mental disorder) was known to the Greek and ‎Persian people more than two millennia ago.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/713 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/713/561

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 75 81 EN Zahra Ramezani Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Changiz Rahimi Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Nourollah Mohammadi Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2016 05 30 Objective: Recent studies have emphasized the important role of cognitive beliefs in etiology and ‎maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD has different subtypes, but the ‎specific role of cognitive beliefs in OCD symptomatology is not clear. The aim of the current ‎study was to determine whether the cognitive factors proposed by Obsessive Compulsive ‎Cognitions Working Group (OCCWG) could specifically predict subtypes of OCD.‎ Method: The question was investigated in a sample of 208 university students (mean age = 21, SD = 1.6). ‎The target population was selected by cluster sampling. All participants completed two ‎questionnaires including Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) and Obsessive Compulsive ‎Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression ‎analysis.‎ Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that “responsibility/ threat over estimation” was a significant ‎predictor of obsessive and compulsive behaviors and predicted washing, checking, obsessing, ‎hoarding, and neutralizing subtypes of OCD. Furthermore, “perfectionism and intolerance of ‎uncertainty” was the most significant predictor of ordering and hoarding while ‎‎“importance/ control of thought” predicted ordering only.‎ Conclusion: This study found evidence in support of Salkovskis’ cognitive theory about the central role of ‎inflated responsibility beliefs in developing different subtypes of OCD. Besides, the results ‎revealed those other cognitive beliefs had less important role in the development of OCD ‎symptoms. ‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/701 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/701/553

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 82 86 EN Abdul-Aziz Aflakseir Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad-Saleh Mohammad-‎Abadi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2016 05 30 Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the prediction of depression on a group of ‎Iranian older adults based on components of health locus of control.‎ Method: Sixty-six men and 42 women over the age of 55 were recruited from the retirement ‎clubs in Shiraz, using convenience sampling. The participants completed the research ‎questionnaires including the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the ‎Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC).‎ Results: The findings on health locus of control revealed that the highest score was on internal ‎locus of control followed by God, powerful others and chance. The mean score on ‎depression was on a normal range. Multiple regression analysis showed that two ‎independent variables including internal control (ß = -.32, p < 0.01) and God control ‎‎(ß = -.20, = p < 0.03) significantly predicted depression. The other components of ‎health locus of control such as chance and powerful others as well as age did not ‎predict depression. Findings also revealed that the independents variables explained ‎‎26% of the total variance of depression (R2 = .26, p <0.001).‎ Conclusion: This study provides more support for the application of theory of health locus of ‎control on depression.‎‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/702 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/702/555

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 87 98 EN Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nastaran Ahmadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranYazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Maryam Salmanian Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Asadian- koohestani Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Ghanizadeh Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ali Alavi Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ayyoub Malek Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Saeed Dastgiri Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Fatemeh Moharreri Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Paria Hebrani Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Soroor Arman Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Javad Khoshhal Dastjerdi Department of Geography, Geographic Sciences and Planning Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Ali Motavallian Deputy of Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 05 30 2016 05 30 Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in ‎children and adolescents in five provinces of Iran: Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad.‎ Method: In the present study, we selected 9,636 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years through ‎multistage cluster random sampling method from Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. ‎We instructed the clinical psychologists to complete the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ‎‎(SDQ) for the participants, and those who received a high score on SDQ, completed the Persian ‎version of Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). We used descriptive ‎analysis and 95% confidence interval to investigate the relationship between scores of the K-‎SADS questionnaire and demographic factors‏. ‏We used one-way ANOVA to test the significant ‎differences among the disorders according to sex, age and province of residence.‎‎ Results: Based on the results, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (4.45%) had the highest prevalence of psychiatric ‎disorders in the five provinces and substance abuse and alcohol abuse (0%) had the lowest ‎prevalence. In addition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had the most ‎prevalence in boys (5.03%) and ODD had the most prevalence in ‎girls (4.05%). Among the three age groups, 6 to 9 year olds had the highest rates of ADHD ‎‎(5.69%); 10 to 14 and 15 to 18 year olds had the highest rates of ODD (4.32% and 4.37% ‎respectively). Among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia.‎ Conclusion: The current study revealed that the overall frequency of psychiatric disorders based on Kiddie-‎SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was higher than a similar study. Moreover, in ‎this study, among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia. Therefore, these percentage ‎of psychiatric disorders in Iran lead us toward a greater use of consultation and mental health ‎services‏. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/704 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/704/556

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 99 103 EN Banafsheh Aliabadi Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rozita Davari-Ashtiani Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojgan Khademi Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fariba Arabgol Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 05 31 2016 05 31 Objective: The aim of this study was to compare creativity in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity ‎disorder. Method: This was an analytic and descriptive study. Participants were 33 children aged 7-12 years selected from a ‎child and adolescent psychiatric clinic at Imam Hossein hospital (Tehran, Iran), who were diagnosed with ‎ADHD by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. They met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD and had ‎no comorbidity according to K-SADS (Kiddi-Scadule for Affective disorders and Schizophrenia). They ‎were requested not to take any medication. They took the Figural TTCT (Torrance Test of Creativity ‎Thinking) and Raven Intelligence test after using medication. Thirty-three age and sex-matched children ‎selected from the regional schools were recruited for the control group. They did not have any ‎psychiatric disorders according to K-SADS. The Figural TTCT and Raven Intelligence test were conducted ‎for the controls as well. ‎ Results: No statistically significant difference was found in the intelligence score and the mean±SD of the total ‎score of creativity between children with ADHD (125.2 ± 42.6) and the control group (130.6 ± 47.5) (P ‎value = 0.49). Children with ADHD had worse function in fluency and flexibility items and were not ‎different in originality and elaboration items.‎ Conclusion: The creativity of children with ADHD is not different from that of the control group.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/708 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/708/557

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 104 114 EN Mohammadrasoul Khalkhali Department of Psychiatry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Setareh Aram‎ Department of Psychiatry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Homa Zarrabi Department of Psychiatry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Moosa Kafie Department of Psychology, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran Abtin Heidarzadeh Department of Community Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences , Rasht, Iran 2016 05 31 2016 05 31 Objective: Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are frequently used in first-line treatments for patients ‎with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nevertheless, many of these patients do not ‎respond well to initial therapy. The hypothesis of glutamatergic dysfunction in specific ‎brain regions has been proposed in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive ‎disorder. This study was designed to evaluate the possible efficacy of lamotrigine, a ‎glutamatergic agent in Serotonin reuptake inhibitors-resistant patients with obsessive-‎compulsive disorder.‎ Method: This study was a 12-week, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ‎adjunctive fixed-doses of lamotrigine (100 mg) to Serotonin reuptake inhibitors therapy ‎in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eligible subjects who had a total Y-BOCS of 21 or ‎above were randomly assigned to receive adjunctive treatment with either lamotrigine ‎‎(n = 26), or placebo (n = 27). Response to lamotrigine was defined as clinical ‎improvement (>25% decrease in the total Y-BOCS score), which was administered at ‎weeks 0, 8 and 12.‎ Results: At the endpoint (week 12), significant differences were observed in obsession, ‎compulsion, and total Y-BOCS scores comparing lamotrigine to placebo (P = 0.01, ‎‎0.005 and 0.007 respectively). The mean reduction in obsession, compulsion and total ‎scores in lamotrigine group was about 4.15, 4.50 and 8.73, respectively. Similarly, the ‎mean reductions in the placebo group were 2.52, 2.56 and 5.07. Effect sizes for efficacy ‎measures were calculated by Cohen’s d, and it was calculated as 0.54 for the total ‎YBOCS.‎ Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that this augmentation is well tolerated and may be an ‎effective strategy for patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.‎‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/709 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/709/558

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 115 119 EN Seyyed Salman Alavi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fereshteh Jannatifard Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soroush Mohammadi Kalhori Young Researchers and Elite Club, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Ghazal Sepahbodi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad BabaReisi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sahar Sajedi‎ Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojtaba Farshchi‎ Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rasul KhodaKarami‎ Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vahid Hatami Kasvaee‎ Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 06 01 2016 06 01 Objective: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) classified mobile phone addiction disorder under ‎‎"impulse control disorder not elsewhere classified". This study surveyed the ‎diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV-TR for the diagnosis of mobile phone ‎addiction in correspondence with Iranian society and culture.‎ Method: Two hundred fifty students of Tehran universities were entered into this ‎descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. Quota sampling method ‎was used. At first, semi- structured clinical interview (based on DSM-IV-‎TR) was performed for all the cases, and another specialist re-evaluated the ‎interviews. Data were analyzed using content validity, inter-scorer reliability (Kappa coefficient) and test-retest via SPSS18 software. Results: The content validity of the semi- structured clinical interview matched the ‎DSM –IV-TR criteria for behavioral addiction. Moreover, their content was ‎appropriate, and two items, including "SMS pathological use" and "High ‎monthly cost of using the mobile phone” were added to promote its validity. ‎Internal reliability (Kappa) and test –retest reliability were 0.55 and r = 0.4 ‎‎(p<0. 01) respectively.‎ Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that semi- structured diagnostic criteria of ‎DSM-IV-TR are valid and reliable for diagnosing mobile phone addiction, ‎and this instrument is an effective tool to diagnose this disorder.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/711 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/711/559

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 2 2016 06 01 120 127 EN Manijeh Yazdanshenas Ghazwin Deputy of Treatment, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Kavian Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Ahmadloo Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alemeh Jarchi Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shaghayegh Golchin Javadi North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sahar Latifi‎ Deputy of Treatment, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Amir Hossein Tavakoli Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahsa ‎ Ghajarzadeh Deputy of Treatment, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 06 01 2016 06 01 Objective: The determinants of satisfaction of life (SWL) are poorly described among Iranian employed ‎nurses. This study aimed to assess the effect of various factors including age, gender, marital ‎status, depression, anxiety and stress on SWL among Iranian nurses.‎ Method: Employed nurses in three teaching hospitals were invited to participate in this study. Ninety-four ‎nurses (65 women and 29 men) participated in this study. Depression, anxiety, stress scale ‎‎ (DASS-21) was used to measure the related variables. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was ‎used to assess SWL. Multivariate analysis was utilized to examine the relationship between ‎multiple variables. Results: A noticeable proportion of Iranian employed nurses were either dissatisfied or extremely ‎dissatisfied with life (45%). Severe depression was related to lower scores of SWLS (P: 0.001, r ‎‎= -0.32). The similar outcomes were detected between anxiety and stress scales, and SWLS (P: ‎‎0.023, r = -0.23 and P: 0.008, r = -0.27 for anxiety and stress, respectively). Although females ‎were more vulnerable to depression (P: 0.010) and stress (P: 0.013), the overall effect of gender ‎on SWL was insignificant (0.41). Satisfactions with financial power and work environment were ‎associated with higher scores of SWLS (P: 0.030 and 0.042, respectively). Marital status was not ‎related to severity of depression, anxiety, stress and SWLS (P: 0.39, 0.38, 0.80, and 0.61, ‎respectively). ‎ Conclusion: This study revealed that poor satisfaction with financial status and work environment, ‎depression, anxiety and stress are the major determinants of satisfaction with life among Iranian ‎employed nurses.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/712 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/712/560