Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 133 139 EN Hamid Zarrabipoor Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Tehrani-Doost Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran.Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Shahrivar Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran.Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: This study evaluated the theory of mind (ToM) in adolescents diagnosed with bipolar disorder ‎‎(BD) during their euthymic period compared to a typically developing (TD) group.‎ Method: The BD group consisted of thirty 11-18 year old inpatients in euthymic phase. The TD ‎group included 30 age, gender, and IQ matched volunteer students. To assess the diagnosis and ‎comorbid disorders, we performed the semi-structured interview of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders ‎and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) for the BD adolescents. To ‎evaluate the severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mania, Conner's ‎Parent Rating Scale-Revised version (CPRS-R), and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were ‎used, respectively. Ravens Progressive Matrices was conducted to evaluate intellectual ability in ‎the both groups. Happe Strange Stories test was performed to assess ToM in the participants. Data were ‎analyzed using the independent t-test, analysis of covariance, and Pearson Correlation analysis.‎ Results: The two groups did not show any differences in comprehending the stories; however, the BD ‎group’s mentalizing scores were significantly weaker than the TD group (p<0.05).‎‎ Conclusion: The ToM impairments in adolescents with BD may be explained as a trait marker which may lead ‎to continuation of social problems even during remission‏.‏ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/771 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/771/563

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 198 200 EN Hashem Heshmati Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat ‎Heydariyeh, Iran.‎ Nasser Behnampour Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.‎ Samira Arabameri Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.‎ Samane Khajavi Department of Management, Golestan Payam e Nour University, Gorgan, Iran. Nooshin Kohan Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran‎. 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: One of the most important goals of marriage is the will to attain marital satisfaction. Marital ‎satisfaction is of prime importance and has the highest effect on the stability and failure of the ‎marriage. This study aimed to investigate marital satisfaction in the women who referred to ‎Gorgan Health centers.‎ Method: This was a descriptive-analytical study conducted in Gorgan. Two hundred seventy married ‎women who referred to health centers were selected using multi stage sampling method. ‎Data were collected using a reliable and valid questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 18.‎ Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.39 ± 9.25 years. Marital satisfaction was in semi-desirable and desirable level in 66.3% and 33.7% of the participants, respectively. A significant ‎relationship was found between marital satisfaction and educational level of the participants (P<0.0001 χ2 = 32.09), educational level of the husband (P = 0.002 χ2 = 19.44), and occupation ‎of the husband (P<0.0001 χ2 = 19.17.‎ Conclusion: Marital satisfaction of the participants was in desirable level. We recommend offering an ‎appropriate intervention to promote marital satisfaction particularly based on the mentioned ‎variables. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/776 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/776/569

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 140 146 EN Parvaneh‏ ‏ Mohammadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavior science, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran‎. Abbas Pourshahbaz Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavior science, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran‎. Maryam Kami Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavior science, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran‎. Mahdi Mazidi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavior science, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran‎. Imaneh Abasi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavior science, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran‎. 2015 12 26 Objective: Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders in the general ‎population. Several studies suggest that anxiety sensitivity is a vulnerability factor in generalized ‎anxiety severity. However, some other studies suggest that negative repetitive thinking and ‎experiential avoidance as response factors can explain this relationship. Therefore, this study ‎aimed to investigate the mediating role of experiential avoidance and negative repetitive thinking ‎in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and generalized anxiety severity.‎ Method: This was a cross-sectional and correlational study. A sample of 475 university students was ‎selected through stratified sampling method. The participants completed Anxiety Sensitivity ‎Inventory-3, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire, and ‎Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, multiple ‎regression analysis and path analysis.‎ Results: The results revealed a positive relationship between anxiety sensitivity, particularly cognitive ‎anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, repetitive thinking and generalized anxiety severity. In ‎addition, findings showed that repetitive thinking, but not experiential avoidance, fully mediated ‎the relationship between cognitive anxiety sensitivity and generalized anxiety severity. α Level ‎was p<0.005.‎ Conclusion: Consistent with the trans-diagnostic hypothesis, anxiety sensitivity predicts generalized anxiety‏ ‏severity, but its effect is due to the generating repetitive negative thought.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/585 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/585/564

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 147 153 EN Sadegh Yoosefee Neuroscience and Neurology Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, ‎Iran. AND Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran ‎University of Medical Sciences ‎‎(IUMS), Tehran, Iran‎. AND Health and Religion Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Esmaeil Shahsavand Ananloo Department of Adult Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of ‎Medical Sciences (TUMS), ‎Tehran, Iran.‎AND Department of Genomic Psychiatry and Behavioral Genomics (DGPBG), Roozbeh ‎Psychiatry Hospital, School of ‎Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), ‎Tehran, Iran. Mohammad-Taghi Joghataei Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran ‎University of Medical Sciences ‎‎(IUMS), Tehran, Iran‎. Morteza Karimipour Molecular Medicine Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran. Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem Department of Neuroscience and addiction studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran ‎University of Medical ‎Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Hoorie Mohaghghegh Department of Neuroscience and addiction studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran ‎University of Medical ‎Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Tehrani-Doost Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, ‎Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Amir-Abbas Rahimi Molecular Medicine Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran. Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky Department of Genetics & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, ‎United States. Maryam Hatami Department of Adult Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of ‎Medical Sciences (TUMS), ‎Tehran, Iran 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: Although the etiology of schizophrenia is unknown, it has a significant genetic component. ‎A number of studies have indicated that neuregulin-1 (NRG1) gene may play a role in the ‎pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this study, we examined whether the rs2439272 of NRG1 ‎is associated with schizophrenia and its negative symptoms in an Iranian population.‎ Method: Rs2439272 was genotyped in 469 participants including 276 unrelated patients with schizophrenia and 193 healthy controls. The association of genetic risk with PANSS, and negative ‎symptoms was examined in the total, male and female samples. COCAPHASE and ‎CLUMP22 programs were used to compare the allele and genotype frequencies, and ‎general linear regression was used to analyze the quantitative dependent variables by the ‎selected variant.‎ Results: In this study, it was revealed that the G allele of rs2439272 might be an allele with the ‎increased risk of developing schizophrenia, especially in the male participants. In addition, ‎significant differences were found between the G allele and GG genotype frequencies and ‎PANSS, and negative symptoms in the total and male participants.‎ Conclusion: Our results supported the association between rs2439272 in NRG1 gene and risk of ‎schizophrenia and its negative symptoms in an Iranian population. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/778 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/778/575

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 154 165 EN Abufazel Hosseininasab Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammadreza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Samira Jouzi Department of Psychology, ‎ Science and Research Branch,‎ Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Esmaeilinasab Department of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Ali Delavar Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: This study aimed to provide a normative study documenting how 114 five-seven year-old non-‎patient Iranian children respond to the Rorschach test. We compared this especial sample to ‎international normative reference values for the Comprehensive System (CS).‎ Method: One hundred fourteen 5- 7- year-old non-patient Iranian children were recruited from public ‎schools. Using five child and adolescent samples from five countries, we compared Iranian ‎Normative Reference Data- based on reference means and standard deviations for each sample.‎ Results: Findings revealed that how the scores in each sample were distributed and how the samples were ‎compared across variables in eight Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) clusters. We reported ‎all descriptive statistics such as reference mean and standard deviation for all variables.‎ Conclusion: Iranian clinicians could rely on country specific or “local norms” when assessing children. We ‎discourage Iranian clinicians to use many CS scores to make nomothetic, score-based inferences ‎about psychopathology in children and adolescents.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/772 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/772/565

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 166 172 EN Sajedeh Hamidian Master of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical ‎Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Abdollah Omidi Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Seyyed Masoud Mousavinasab Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical ‎Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Ghasem Naziri Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: Mindfulness skills are assumed to be related with emotions. Deficits in emotion ‎regulation could lead to development and persistence of mood disorders. Dysthymia and double ‎depression are two chronic types of depression. This chronicity can be attributed to the one’s ‎inability to regulate his/ her mood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of mindfulness-‎based cognitive therapy (MBCT), which is one of the proposed methods for emotion regulation, ‎on depression and the ability of emotion regulation of patients with dysthymia.‎ Method: This clinical trial was conducted on 50 dysthymic and double ‎depressed patients. They were selected through convenience sampling and assigned into ‎intervention and control groups. The control group received only medication, while the MBCT ‎group participated in an eight- session program once a week with each session lasting for two to ‎two and half hours in addition to receiving medication. All the participants filled out Beck ‎Depression Inventory II and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale before and after the ‎program. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software (Version 16) and univariate ‎covariance statistical method.‎ Results: While there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with ‎respect to the demographic characteristics, we observed a statistically significant improvement in ‎the defined variables in post-test of the MBCT group compared to the case group.‎ Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that combining MBCT and pharmacotherapy ‎could cause significant improvement in depression symptoms and increase the patient’s ability to ‎regulate emotion compared to pharmacotherapy alone‎. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/777 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/777/572

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 173 177 EN Roya Najafi-Vosough Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical ‎Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Ali Ghaleiha Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical ‎Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Javad Faradmal Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical ‎Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. AND Modeling of Noncommunicable Disease Research Canter, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Hossein Mahjub Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical ‎Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. AND Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: The aim of this study was to identify prognosis factors associated with recurrence in patients ‎with bipolar disorder.‎‎ Method: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in Hamadan Province, the west of Iran. All ‎patients (n = 400) with bipolar disorder who were hospitalized for the second time or more ‎during April 2008 to September 2014 were included in this study. Ordinal logistic regression ‎analysis was employed to determine the effective factors in each recurrence, and odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained.‎ Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants at the entrance to the study was 34.62 (11.68) years. ‎There was an association between recurrence and type of bipolar disorder (P = 0.033). The ‎OR of recurrence was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.90) for bipolar disorder II; 0.35 (95% CI: 0.13, ‎‎0.92) for the patients‎‏ ‏with college education; 0.39 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.60) for employed ‎patients; 0.55 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.87) for patients who received both drugs and ‎electroconvulsive therapy, and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.23, 2.92) for patients who stopped using ‎drugs. In addition, a non-significant association was found between recurrence and age, sex, ‎marital status, place of residence, season, mood classification and family history of mood ‎disorder.‎ Conclusion: Type of bipolar disorder and cessation of medication were the leading causes of an increase in ‎the relapse of the disease. Furthermore, patients who received both drugs and ‎electroconvulsive therapy had a fewer risk of recurrence.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/773 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/773/566

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 178 184 EN Dushad Ram Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnakata, India. Darshan Mahegowda Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnakata, India.‎ Basavana Gowdappa H Department of Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, MG Road Agrahara, ‎Mysore. 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: Suicide attempt may follow a process right from the inception of the first information about ‎suicide until the act itself. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between ‎perception of suicide prevention with the process of suicide attempt and demographic ‎variables following a suicidal attempt.‎ Method: In this hospital based cross-sectional study, 168 consecutive admitted participants with a ‎suicide attempt were screened, and 109 who met the study criteria were recruited to ‎participate in this study before discharge. They were assessed using the socio-demographic ‎and clinical proforma designed for this study as well as by the Pierce Suicide Intent Scale. To ‎assess the process of suicide attempt and perception of suicide prevention, a 17- item ‎questionnaire was developed and used after rigorous literature search. The Cronbach’s ‎alpha coefficient value of this questionnaire found to be 0.84 in the reliability analysis.‎ Results: Media was the first source of information, and the majority had short duration of ‎preoccupation and interval between making the decision and the actual attempt and the ‎control of emotion during the attempt. A significant positive correlation was observed ‎between the source of the first information and age (p<01), reason for the method used and ‎economic status (p<01), duration since the first information and family history of suicide (p<01). Psychiatric diagnosis had a statistically significant association with the method used (p<01), duration of preoccupation (p<01), preparedness (p<01) and emotional state during ‎the attempt (p<01). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the ‎source of the first information and education (p<01), any psychiatric diagnosis and duration ‎since the first death wish (p<01). On the score of perception about suicide prevention, a ‎significant group difference was observed for marital status, occupation, medical diagnosis, ‎opinion about an attempt, duration since the decision to attempt, and emotional control ‎during the attempt.‎ Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that perception of suicide prevention may vary ‎with the process of suicide attempts and demographic characteristics.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/774 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/774/567

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 185 190 EN Seyed Saeed Sadr Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of ‎Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. razieh nayerifard Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of ‎Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. massood namjoo Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 12 07 Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the current factors affecting the choice of ‎psychiatry as a specialty and to detect the main factors in their choice.‎ Method: This descriptive study included 75 first year psychiatry residents in the academic year of ‎‎2014/2015. A Likert-type anonymous questionnaire consisting of academic and ‎demographic data with 43 questions, which evaluated the reason for choosing ‎psychiatry as a specialty, was given to the residents.‎ Results: The participants had a positive opinion about 28 items of the questionnaire, meaning that ‎these items had a positive effect in choosing psychiatry as a specialty (questions with P ‎value less than 0.05 and a positive mean). More than 80% of the residents had a positive ‎opinion about six items of the questionnaire (amount of intellectual challenge, variety of ‎knowledge fields relevant to psychiatry, emphasis on the patient as a whole person, the ‎importance of treating mental illnesses in the future, work pressure and stress of the ‎field during residency and coordinating with the person's life style). The participants ‎had a negative opinion about two items of the questionnaire (questions with a P value ‎less than 0.05 and a negative mean). They included experiencing mental illness ‎personally through relatives or close friends as well as the income in psychiatry. ‎Moreover, 36% of the residents with a more definite opinion mentioned that they chose ‎psychiatry as a specialty because of the limitations in residency exam.‎ Conclusion: Assistants had a positive opinion about most of the questions and this positive attitude ‎seemed to be an important factor in their specialty choice. However, attending to the ‎preventing factors may increase the selection of psychiatry as a specialty.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/565 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/565/568

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 191 197 EN Mandana Nojoumi Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Pharmaceutical ‎Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Padideh Ghaeli Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ‎Tehran, Iran. Samrand Salimi Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Sharifi Research Centre for Intelligent Signal Processing, Tehran, Iran. Firoozeh Raisi Psychiatric and Psychology Research Centre, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of ‎Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2016 08 23 Objective: Because of functional impairment caused by generalized anxiety disorder and due to cognitive side ‎effects of many anti-anxiety agents, in this study we aimed to evaluate the influence of Passion ‎flower standardized extract on reaction time in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.‎ Method: Thirty patients aged 18 to 50 years of age, who were diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder and ‎fulfilled the study criteria, entered this double-blind placebo-controlled study. Reaction time was ‎measured at baseline and after one month of treatment using computerized software. Correct ‎responses, omission and substitution errors and the mean time of correct responses (reaction time) in ‎both visual and auditory tests were collected. The analysis was performed between the two groups ‎and within each group utilizing SPSS PASW- statics, Version 18. P-value less than 0.05 was ‎considered statistically significant.‎ Results: All the participants were initiated on Sertraline 50 mg/day, and the dosage was increased to 100 ‎mg / day after two weeks. Fourteen patients received Pasipy (Passion Flower) 15 drops three times ‎daily and 16 received placebo concurrently. Inter-group comparison proved no significant difference ‎in any of the test items between assortments while a significant decline was observed in auditory ‎omission errors in passion flower group after on month of treatment using intra-group analysis.‎‎ Conclusion: This study noted that passion flower might be suitable as an add-on in the treatment of generalized ‎anxiety disorder with low side effects. Further studies with longer duration are recommended to ‎confirm the results of this study.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/775 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/775/573