Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 2 2018 04 23 84 93 EN Massimiliano Buoli Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. Alice Caldiroli Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. Marta Serati Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. Giulia Orsenigo Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. Elisabetta Caletti Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. 2016 11 06 Objective: Purposes of the present study were to assess the social cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and to detect if some clinical variables (particularly age at onset) are predictive of general/social cognitive deficit in schizophrenia patients. Method: Thirty-five clinically stabilized schizophrenia outpatients were assessed by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and by Torralva’s social cognition battery. Binary logistic models were performed to find an eventual association between continuous clinical variables and cognitive test failures. The total sample was divided in groups according to dichotomous variables (gender, diagnostic subtypes and type of abuse) and the presence of cognitive deficits was compared between groups by χ2 tests. Results: An earlier age at onset was found to be predictive of frontal cognitive impairment (Tower of London p=0.038, OR=0.702). Female gender was more probably associated with mistakes at MET-HV (χ2= 4.80, p=0.05, phi=0.40) and HOTEL tests (χ2= 5.25, p=0.04, phi=0.4) than male one. Cannabis abusers showed more frequently deficits on verbal fluency (χ2= 9.35, p=0.04, phi=0.52) and executive functioning (Tower of London) (χ2= 11.67, p=0.02, phi=0.58) than alcohol/cocaine ones. Conclusion: Female patients with an early age at onset and cannabis abuse seem to have the worst general and social cognitive profile among patients suffering from schizophrenia https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/857 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/857/722

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 2 2018 04 23 142 147 EN Padideh Ghaeli Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Shahhatami School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teheran, Iran. Mojtaba Mojtahed Zade Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mostafa Mohammadi Director of Intensive Care Section, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Arbabi Director of Neuropsychiatry Section of Iranian Psychiatry Association, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2017 01 28 Objective: Delirium is a clinical syndrome associated with multiple short- and long-term complications; therefore, prevention is an essential part of its management. This study was conducted to review the effective non-pharmacological interventions that can reduce the incidence or duration of delirium in critically ill patients. Method: A search was made in PubMed, Scopus, Psych INFO and Google Scholar databases without any time constraints. The information available was collected and sorted, and a secondary study of narrative review was done. The views of specialists on this topic were received via email and included in the texts and recommendations. Discussion: Delirium is a common, costly and potentially damaging illness in patients who are staying in hospitals, especially older patients in ICU. Thus, preventing delirium could be one of the most effective methods in preventing the complications. The present study aimed at conducting a review-validity study to generate a general view on the activities which might be effective in preventing delirium in patients.  https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/947 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/947/730

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 2 2018 04 23 154 159 EN Hoda Doos Ali Vand Department of Clinical Psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Banafsheh Gharraee Department of Clinical Psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Ali-Asghar Asgharnejad Farid Department of Clinical Psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Mir Farhad Ghaleh Bandi Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Mojtaba Habibi Department of Health Psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences 2017 01 13 Objective: Similar cognitive and behavioral factors underlie and perpetuate insomnia and emotional disorders. This brief case report aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Unified Protocol (UP), a transdiagnostic treatment designed to target emotional disorders in treating comorbid insomnia. Method: The patient was a 32-year-old male, who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for chronic insomnia, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. After 3 baseline weeks, the patient underwent 14 sessions of UP and was retested after a 1-month follow-up. Consensus Sleep Diary (CSD), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were completed during baseline, treatment, and follow-up. Results: The treatment led to improvements in sleep onset latency, time awake after sleep onset, terminal awakenings, sleep quality, and insomnia severity. These gains were maintained at 1-month follow-up. Conclusion: UP is effective in improving different symptoms of chronic insomnia. Controlled clinical studies with more cases are required to investigate the effects of UP in the treatment of insomnia. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/939 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/939/732

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 2 2018 04 23 94 102 EN Ahmad Ali Noorbala Professor of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hassan Rafiey Associate Professor, Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. kodakyar Ave., daneshjo Blvd.,Evin,Post code: : 1985713834 Fardin Alipour Ph.D of social work, Assistant Professor, Social Welfare Management Research Center; Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Amir Moghanibashi-Mansourieh Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2017 11 09 Objective: Nowadays stress and tensions are among the most important factors affecting health. Identifying the stressors and their determinants provides substantial information for understanding the health of the community. Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on citizens over 18 years who were living in all 22 districts of Tehran in 2017. The participants were selected using multistage cluster sampling method. The research tool was a checklist that evaluated various factors. Different statistical tests, such as descriptive tests and logistic regression, were used for data analysis. Results: Of the participants, 82.7% experienced at least 1severe stress during the past year. In the last year, 45.6% of the participants had at least 1severe economic stress, 32.3% had at least 1severe family-related stress, 28.8% had at least 1severe health-related stress, and 25.7% experienced at least 1severe future-related stress. The most common psychosocial stressors experienced in the last year were concerns about personal/family future (53.7%), concerns about the financial and economic future (47.1%), and the high cost of living (41.7%). However, the most severe stresses were due to the participants’ concerns about family health (14.4%), personal/family futures (13.2%), and financial and economic future (12.7%). Furthermore, health status, subjective socio-economic status, and age were the most important predictors of severe stress experiences. Conclusion: It is necessary to take actions to reduce the prevalence of common severe stresses. In addition, psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, and social workers need to provide stress management interventions carefully to their patients. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1225 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1225/723

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 2 2018 04 23 103 110 EN Malihe Farahani West Tehran Branch-Azad University, Department of Psychology Seyyed Salman Alavi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahmood Mirzamani Bafghi Department of Psychology, College of Education and Psychology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran. Soudeh Esmaeeli Alamooti Department of Psychology, Allame Tabatabaee University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammadreza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 09 11 Objective: Problematic internet use is an important social problem among adolescents and has become a global health issue. This study identified predictors and patterns of problematic internet use among adult students. Method: In this study, 400 students were recruited using stratified sampling technique. Participants were selected among students from 4 universities in Tehran and Karaj, Iran, during 2016 and 2017. Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - Third Edition (MCMI-III), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID-I), and semi-structured interview were used to diagnose internet addiction. Then, the association between main psychiatric disorders and internet addiction was surveyed. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 software by performing descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis methods. P- Values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: After controlling the demographic variables, it was found that narcissistic personality disorder, obsessive- compulsive personality disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorders, depression, and phobia could increase the odds ratio (OR) of internet addiction by 2.1, 1.1, 2.6, 1.1, 2.2 and 2.5-folds, respectively (p-value<0.05), however, other psychiatric or personality disorders did not have a significant effect on the equation. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that some mental disorders affect internet addiction. Considering the sensitivity and importance of the cyberspace, it is necessary to evaluate mental disorders that correlate with internet addiction. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1196 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1196/725

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 2 2018 04 23 111 118 EN Zahra Shahrivar Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ronak Mihan Psychiatry Faculty, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Javad Mahmoudi-Gharaei Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alia Shakiba Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa Hosseini Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2017 08 06 Objective: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in adulthood, and it is associated with different high- risk behaviors, particularly substance use. Evidence suggests a high prevalence of ADHD in adults who take methamphetamine (METH). This study aimed at comparing functional level, quality of life, and psychiatric comorbidities in METH users with and without adult ADHD (A-ADHD). Method: In this cross-sectional study, 134 patients who had a history of METH use (at least once in lifetime) were selected from among inpatient and outpatient referrals to a psychiatric hospital. DIVA was performed for those who were positive on the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales–Self-Report-Screening Version (CAARS-SR-SV). The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief (WHOQoL-BREF) were used to assess the participants’ level of functioning and quality of life, respectively. Psychiatric comorbidities including substance use disorders were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-Axis I (SCID-I). Results: Among the METH users, 10.4% were diagnosed as having A-ADHD. A-ADHD was more prevalent among female METH users than males. The hyperactive-impulsive and combined types were more common than the inattentive type. Opiates and cannabis were the most commonly abused drugs by the 2 groups, while sedative-hypnotic use was significantly higher in the individuals with A-ADHD. Substance-induced mood disorder was the most prevalent comorbidity in the 2 groups and was higher in those with A-ADHD. quality of life and the GAF scores were significantly lower in those with A-ADHD and duration of METH use was higher Compared to the METH users without A-ADHD, (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study provided some preliminary findings supporting the prevalence of Adult ADHD among METH users and its negative impacts on their global functioning and quality of life. To provide more effective intervention for METH users, detection and treatment of those with A-ADHD can be of clinical value. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1163 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1163/726

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 2 2018 04 23 119 127 EN Saeed Vaghee School of Nursing and Midwifery, Evidence Based Care Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, many. This part of the study includes 100 patients with anxiety/mood disorders and 291 healthy individuals. All participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15) and Screening for Somatic symptom disorders 7(SOMS-7). Data were analyzed by Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient, factor analysis, independent t test, and discriminant analysis using SPSS-20 software. Results: Reliability coefficient based on Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92 and 0.94 (clinical vs. healthy sample). Validity index of the SOMS according to correlation between factor 1 and 2 with PHQ somatic subscale was. 51 and. 59, respectively. Score of 15.5 as cut-off point was accompanied with sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 66%. Factor analysis extracted 2 factors in patients and 4 factors in healthy population. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that the Persian version of SOMS-7 has appropriate reliability and validity for the assessment of somatic symptoms disorder and evaluation of treatment effects in these patients. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1075 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1075/748

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 4 2018 08 19 274 279 EN Sedigheh Ebrahimi Department of Medical Ethics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Easa Salehi Dehno Department of Medical Ethics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2017 03 02 Objective: In recent years, protecting the rights of hospitalized psychiatric clients became a key issue in relationship-building and collaborative caretaking. Despite its importance, a few researches have been conducted on assessing the attitudes and expectations of clients and nurses about this issue. This study aimed to compare the nurses and psychiatric clients’ attitudes towards rights of hospitalized clients. Method: In this cross sectional descriptive study, 60 nurses, and 100 clients, who were admitted to various wards of a psychiatric hospital in Shiraz, were included. Data were collected using 2 questionnaires that were designed for nurses (22 questions) and patients (29 questions) about the rights of patients. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results revealed that most of nurses (55%) and clients (64%) agreed with active participation of the clients in healthcare decision-making. More than half of the clients agreed with the possibility of refusal/withdrawal of the proposed treatment or leaving the hospital despite medical advice. Only 38.3% of nurses agreed with those rules in some clauses (P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: To protect the rights of mentally ill clients, their family, and the society, we should identify weaknesses and shortcomings of the basic rights of this group and make suggestions for their improvement. A legal bill, which covers the rights of mentally ill clients, could be a turning point for improvement of the quality of care as well as increasing clients' satisfaction. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/983 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/983/749

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 4 2018 08 19 280 287 EN Neda Ezzeddin Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hassan Jahanihashemi Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Roza Zavoshy Department of Nutrition, Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Mostafa Noroozi Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. 2017 03 14 Objective: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a condition which may compromise both maternal and neonatal health. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of PPD and its association with demographic, socioeconomic, obstetric, and household food security status. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in community health centers in west of Tehran. A total of 325 women were selected by stratified sampling method from community health centers. A sociodemographic questionnaire, USDA 18-item questionnaire, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and analytic analyses, such as chi-squared test and logistic regression in SPSS 22. Results: The prevalence of PPD and food insecurity among the studied population was 35.4% and 34.2%, respectively. The results of this study revealed a significant association among PPD  and food insecurity (OR = 6.690, CI  =  3.118-14.353, p<0.001), the levels of economic satisfaction (OR  =  3.419, CI  =  1.241-9.420, P  =  0.017), pregnancy loss (OR  =  1.899, CI  =  1.006-3.582, p  =  0.048), and pregnancy complications (OR  =  1.853, CI  =  1.083-3.170, P  =  0.024). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, household food insecurity may predispose mothers to PPD. Moreover, it was observed that mothers with poor economic satisfaction were more likely to be depressed. Histories of pregnancy loss and pregnancy complications were other risk factors for PPD. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/995 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/995/750

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 4 2018 08 19 288 295 EN Ensiyeh Ghasemian-Shirvan Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran Saba Molavi Shirazi Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran Masoume Aminikhoo Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Mostafa Zarean Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Hamed Ekhtiari Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. 2017 02 13 Objective: Verbal fluency tests (VFTs) are widely used in clinical practice and research to assess executive functions and are highly sensitive to frontal lobe lesions. However, using VFTs in different cultures and languages needs further considerations. The aim of this study was to provide a Persian (Farsi) version of verbal fluency with preliminary normative data. Method: In the first phase, 50 healthy native Persian-speaking individuals completed 1-minute VFT for all 32 letters in Persian to find letters with highest frequency. In the second phase, 100 healthy participants (50 females) were recruited into 5 age groups that were matched by gender and education. Participants were instructed to do 1-minute VFT for the 3 selected letters (phonemic VFT) and 3 categories (animal, supermarket, and fruit) (semantic VFT). For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was performed. Results: In the first phase, 3 letters (Pe standing for /P/, Meem for /M/ and Kaaf for /K/) had the highest frequency in word production (12 in average) and had been chosen for Persian phonemic VFT. Participants were assessed with the 3 selected letters (/P/: 12.28±3.607, /M/: 12.54±3.907, and /K/: 12.48±3.708) and 3 semantic categories (animal: 21.67±5.119, supermarket: 21.19±4.907, and fruit: 19.58±4.439) with 1-minute time limitation for each test. The results showed that education was significantly (p<0.01) associated with the performance in the phonemic but not semantic scores, while age was not correlated with either of the tests. No significant effect of gender was observed. Conclusion: Based on our results, we recommend Persian letters Pe, Meem, and Kaff that have the highest frequency in word production among others to be used for neuropsychological assessments and future studies in the Persian language. This is the same logic behind selecting F, A, and S in the English version. Although the norms obtained in this study are preliminary, these results can be useful in clinical evaluation with considerations about age and educational levels. Moreover, the findings of this study can be used as an initial step for more comprehensive normative studies.   https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/964 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/964/751

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 4 2018 08 19 296 309 EN Tahereh Bahmani Student Research Committee, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Koroush Sayehmiri