Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 3 2018 06 14 160 167 EN Imaneh Abasi Department of Clinical Psychology, Taleghani Educational Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Behrouz Dolatshahi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shirin Farazmand Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abbas Pourshahbaz Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shima Tamanaeefar Department of Clinical Psychology, Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital, Tehran, Iran. 2016 07 18 Objective: According to the transdiagnostic view, emotion regulation strategies are common among emotional disorders. Despite the vast majority of studies demonstrating the common role of emotion regulation strategies in emotional disorders including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD), distinct functions of these strategies are largely unknown. So, the aim of the present study was to assess the distinct and shared use of emotion regulation strategies in individuals with GAD and SAD symptoms. Method: Participants were recruited from a community sample of Tehran using purposive sampling method. The sample (N = 346) consisted of 269 nonclinical individuals, 47 individuals with generalized anxiety symptoms, and 30 individuals with social anxiety symptoms. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants and they were asked to fill in a series of self -report questionnaires including BDI-II, GAD-IV, SIAS, DERS, EQ, ACS, and RRS. Data were analyzed by discriminant function analysis using SPSS-23. Results: Findings revealed significant differences between the 3 groups in non-acceptance, focusing, shifting, brooding, and decentering (P<0.01). Results of discriminant function analysis showed 2 functions: the first accounted for 87.4% of the variance (Wilk`s Lambda = 0.81, df = 10, P<0.01, χ2 = 70.06), and the second for 12.6% of the variance (Wilk`s Lambda = 0.97, df = 4, P<0.05, χ2 = 9.43) of between group variability. Non-acceptance and focusing discriminated GAD and SAD the most. Conclusion: The findings of the present study support both splitter and lumper approaches as there were some emotion regulation strategies common between GAD and SAD, including shifting, decentering, and brooding. However, some of them were distinct, such as focusing and non-acceptance. Nevertheless, there are still inconsistencies in research about the findings, and thus examining the pathways may illuminate these findings. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/743 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/743/733

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 3 2018 06 14 222 226 EN Farnaz Zahei Avval Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Niloufar Mahmoudi Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Abolfazl Nosrati Tirkani Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Lida Jarahi Department of Community Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Daryoush Hamidi Alamdari Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Seyed Alireza Sadjadi Department of Community Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2017 04 22 Objective: Schizophrenia is a disease with unknown etiology. There is evidence suggesting that oxidative damage occurs in schizophrenia. Oxidative damage may arouse from imbalance between oxidant and anti-oxidant factors in cellular and tissue environment. Although it may not be the primary cause, it can worsen the disease and may be a reason of poor response to therapy in these patients. The present study aimed at evaluating the pro-oxidant antioxidant balance (PAB) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum of schizophrenia patients. PAB is an assay to determine the pro-oxidant load and antioxidant capacity in a single measurement. Method: In this cross- sectional study, patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia, who referred to a psychiatry university hospital (Ibn-e-Sina Hospital) affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, were enrolled. Patients' demographic characteristics and laboratory data were recorded from patients’ files. Serum PAB and TAC were measured using a special PAB assay and commercial kit, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Results: A total of 84 individuals (42 schizophrenia cases and 42 healthy controls) participated in this study. Controls were age and sex-matched with the patients’ group. The mean TAC in the patient and control groups was 0.49±0.04 and 0.51±0.04 nmol/L, respectively (p = 0.16). PAB was higher in patients’ group than in controls (127.36±36.44 vs. 118.93±52.34 HK), however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). The change was correlated with the chronicity of the disease. Conclusion: Pro-oxidant antioxidant balance was elevated in serum of patients with schizophrenia. These data suggested the occurrence of oxidative stress during the progression of the disease. Lower antioxidant capacity might suggest that patients with schizophrenia could be more susceptible to oxidative stress damage. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1032 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1032/742

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 3 2018 06 14 227 229 EN Atefeh zandifar Imam Hossein Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rahim Badrfam Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2018 03 13 Objective: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been the most widely used psychopharmacological agents prescribed for depression worldwide. Some adverse effects of SSRI drugs on central nervous system are insomnia and bruxism. These drugs also affect sleep. Quetiapine is used as adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). It is a low- dose dibenzothiazepine with more potent 5-HT2 than D2 receptor-blocking properties that can be used to manage bruxism because of its antagonist effect on the 5-HT2 receptor. Cases: The cases were 5 patients who have recently been treated with SSRIs and presented with bruxism. Low- dose quetiapine (between 25 and 50 mg daily) was prescribed for the patients, and after a few days, they reported no bruxism and continued taking the medication. Conclusion: We found that quetiapine can improve bruxism and mandibular dystonia, which are side effects of SSRIs. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1351 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1351/743

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 3 2018 06 14 168 174 EN Zahra Zanjani Department of Psychology, School of Medical, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Hamid Yaghubi Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. MohammadReza shaeiri Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Gholami Fesharaki Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 2017 08 06 Objective: In recent years, many researchers have been searching for effective cognitive factors in the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). One of the scales designed to measure this characteristic is the contamination cognition scale (CCS) that evaluates 2 dimensions: overestimating the likelihood and severity of contamination. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of CCS. Method: The study population of this descriptive psychometric study included students of Shahed University. A total of 490 students were selected via cluster sampling and completed the CCS. CCS was translated and back- translated before given to the students. The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ) and the Padua Inventory (PI) were used. To assess the evidence for the validity of the scale, the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used. The gathered data were analyzed by SPSS-22 and Amos-22 software. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that one-factor model did not have adequate fitness (RMSEA>.05). Therefore, to explore the factors of this scale, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used, and it revealed 3 factors (public equipment, food, and restroom) for each of the dimensions (likelihood and severity). CFA by AMOS-22 confirmed the three-factor model (GFI, CFI, and NFI>.95; RMSEA<.05). Furthermore, the results supported criteria validity of CCS with the PI total score (0.56- 0.47, p<0.001) and PI-contamination subscale (0.71-0.75, p<0.001). Also, the correlation between CCS and responsibility/threat subscale of the OBQ was significant (0.47- 0.49, p<0.001) The Cronbach’s alpha for likelihood dimensions total was 0.93 and it was 0.94 for severity dimension total. The composite reliability was 0.95 for the likelihood dimension and 0.96 for severity dimension of CCS. Also, the test-retest reliability after a 4-week interval was confirmed (likelihood: r = 0.78; severity: r = 0.81, p<.001). Conclusion: The results indicated that one-factor model of CCS did not have adequate fitness, but three-factor model was confirmed in both dimensions (likelihood and severity). According to the results of the present study, the reliability and validity of the Persian version of CCS were acceptable.     https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1164 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1164/734

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 3 2018 06 14 175 183 EN Fatemeh Ghandi Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Amir Sadeghi Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterological Disorder Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases ,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Bakhtyari Department of Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. saeed imani Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Abdi Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterological Disorder Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases ,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Shahab Banihashem Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2017 07 16 Objective: Irritable bowel syndrome is a common gastrointestinal disorder. The perception of stress and GI-specific anxiety play a key role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The present study aims at comparing the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy with emotion regulation on the quality of life and severity in patients IBS. Method: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in 3 phases: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. Follow-up was performed 2 months after the last intervention. The study population consisted of 24 IBS patients who were randomly selected according to Rome-IV Criteria and were then divided into 3 eight-member groups: (1) mindfulness-based stress reduction, (2) emotion regulation, and (3) control group. IBS-QOL34 and IBS-SSS were administered as assessment tools to all the 3 groups. The experimental groups were subjected to MBSR and ER psychotherapy, while the control group received no psychological intervention. After the 2-month follow-up, the 3 groups were evaluated again. Results: The results revealed that MBSR improved the quality of life of IBS patients and dicreased severity of their condition. The findings of between and within subjects design revealed that the difference between MBSR and control groups was significant in IBS at follow-up (p = 0.01). Conclusion: MBSR could be considered as a new, effective, and stable method in psychotherapy, in irritable bowel syndrome. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1141 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1141/735

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 3 2018 06 14 184 190 EN Mohammad Bagher Saberi Zafarghandi Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamid Khanipour Institute of Educational, Psychological and Social Research, Psychological Studies Group, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Mojtaba Ahmadi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2017 02 26 Objective: Individuals with substance use disorder are not homogeneous as we might regard. Thus, this study was conducted to present a novel classification of substance use disorder based on temperament, addiction severity, and negative emotions. Method: In this correlation study, Temperament and Character Inventory, Addiction Severity Index, Aggression Subscale of MMPI-2, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale, Emotional Schema Questionnaire, and Psychosocial Checklist were used for data collection. Results: The cluster analysis of 324 individuals with substance use disorder explored 4 subtypes. Subgroups were named based on the main features as emotionally distressed, constitutional, nonconformist, and impulsive. Significant differences were found among groups in emotional schemas, history of mental disorder in the family, rate of relapse, and history of imprisonment. Conclusion: It seemed that temperament dimensions, addiction severity, and negative emotional states were valid components in classifying individuals with substance use disorder. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/977 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/977/736

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 3 2018 06 14 191 199 EN Farnaz NasrEesfahani https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2431 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2431/1061

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 17 3 2022 06 19 276 283 EN Mahsa Nahidi Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Naghmeh Mokhber Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada AND Department of Psychiatry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Farideh Sinichi Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Zahra Hatefipour Department of Psychiatry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Parvin Zohorian Sadr Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Maryam Emadzadeh Clinical Research Development Unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Amir Rezaei Ardani Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2021 05 06 Objective: The immediate impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on mental health of affected patients and psychiatric morbidities of these patients has been neglected by researchers. We assessed mental health outcomes and sleep status among inpatients and outpatients with COVID-19 who were initially referred to our COVID-19 clinic in Mashhad, Iran during April-October 2020. Method: In this ethically approved cross-sectional study, 130 patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were referred to outpatient clinics and wards of a referral hospital in Mashhad, Iran were surveyed during April-October 2020. Demographic data were collected after obtaining informed written consent. Validated Persian versions of insomnia severity index (ISI), 9-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), and 7-item generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) and revised impact of event scale (IES-R) were used as main outcome measures (i.e. status of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and event-related distress). Analysis was performed with SPSS using binary logistic regression. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Overall, 65 inpatients and 65 outpatients were surveyed. The two groups did not significantly defer in terms of insomnia and depression severity, but the outpatients showed higher levels of anxiety (52.3% vs. 24.6%, P = 0.005) and distress compared to inpatients (80.0% vs. 64.6%, P < 0.001). Male sex (OR = 0.017, 95%CI = 0.000-0.708, P = 0.032) exhibited independent and inverse association with depression in COVID-19 patients. Being married (OR = 0.102, 95% CI = 0.018-0.567, P = 0.009) was independently and inversely associated with anxiety. Insomnia was independently associated with event-related distress (OR = 7.286, 95%CI = 2.017-26.321, P = 0.002). Only depression was independently associated with insomnia (OR = 49.655, 95%CI = 2.870-859.127, P = 0.007). Conclusion: We found symptoms of psychological distress and anxiety to be more prevalent among outpatients with COVD-19 than inpatients. Insomnia can be a potential risk factor for adverse mental health outcomes in these patients. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2711 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2711/1062

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 17 3 2022 06 19 284 293 Shahram Mohammadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Armita Foroutan Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Akbari Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Maede Shahbahrami Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 2021 05 23 Objective: This study aimed to explore the structural relation of emotional schemas with psychological distress and evaluate the mediating role of resilience and cognitive flexibility in this relationship. Method: Participants were 300 students that voluntarily completed a questionnaire package that included the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS-P), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Then, we utilized the LISREL software for structural equation modeling. Results: Structural equation modeling and path analysis revealed the direct effects of adaptive and maladaptive emotional schemas on psychological distress. The results indicated that maladaptive emotional schemas indirectly affected psychological distress via resilience and cognitive flexibility (P < 0.01). In contrast, adaptive emotional schemas indirectly affected psychological distress via cognitive flexibility rather than resilience (P < 0.05). Evaluation of the proposed structural model revealed an acceptable fit. Conclusion: The present research findings show the effect of emotional schemas on psychological distress via resilience and cognitive flexibility. Furthermore, the results suggest that resilience partially mediates the relationship between emotional schemas and psychological distress. At the same time, cognitive flexibility mediated this relationship. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2743 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2743/1063

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 17 3 2022 06 19 294 303 Nima Ghahari Department of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Yousefian Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeed Behzadi Department of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Amin Jalilzadeh Department of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. 2020 10 12 Objective: Early recognition of autism is important, but diagnosis age varies among children. Recent studies have aimed to identify factors affecting age of diagnosis and several studies have attempted to explore geographic variation in age at diagnosis of autism. However, there is a lack of research examining geographic variations with multiple models to find whether geographic differences can be explained by risk factors such as socioeconomic status and differences in child characteristics. This study aimed to address this gap of knowledge by comparing age at diagnosis of autism between the group of people living in the center of the province and the group of people living in the rest of the province, considering potential medical and socioeconomic confounders. Method: The study population consisted of 50 autistic children born in East Azerbaijan Province between 2004 and 2016. Initially, univariate testing by ANOVA was performed to identify family and individual factors contributing to differences in age at autism diagnosis. Following this, the association between living in the center of the province and age at diagnosis in univariate and multivariate analyses was examined. Results: Results from the initial univariate analysis indicate a significant association between living in the center of province and early diagnosis. However, inclusion of possible confounders in multiple model illustrates that these geographical disparities in age at diagnosis can be explained by differences in socioeconomic and medical status. Conclusion: Although geographic variation in age at diagnosis of autism was observed, analyses show that differences in individual and family-level factors may contribute to geographic differences. In this study, most of the observed variation was accounted for by family-level factors rather than geographic policies. Findings prove that multiple strategies are required to identify targeted interventions and strategies. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2391 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2391/1064

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 17 3 2022 06 19 304 311 Amir Shafa Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Fatemeh Rajabi Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Kimia Golkar Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medic