Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 08 13 184 191 EN Maryam Izadi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Hamid Yaghubi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Pavaneh Mohammadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamidreza Hassanabadi Department of Educational Psychology, School of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 2018 08 29 Objective: The aim of this cross sectional study was to assess the factor analysis of Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM) among Iranian adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury. Method: In this study, 646 high school students, with the mean age of 16.55 ± 0.7, were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method; they completed FASM and the demographic form. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, chi-square (χ2), independent sample t test, MANOVA, and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Results: Of the participants, 178 reported at least 1 episode of NSSI during the previous year. The mean age of the participants when they first harmed themselves was 14.64 (±1.71). Most of them reported to engage in NSSI impulsively (39.32%) and experienced little (31.5%) or moderate physical pain (31.5%) There were no significant differences between males and females in severity of NSSI, frequency of NSSI, thinking about NSSI prior to engaging in the act, and age of onset. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the 4-factor model of NSSI functions suggested by Nock and Prinstine [Χ2/df = 1.84; RMSEA = 0.07; GFI = 0.82; AGFI = 0.77]. The most frequent function for engaging in NSSI was Automatic Negative Reinforcement . Conclusion: Findings of this study supported the structural validity of the FASM; thus, this tool can be useful in treatment and research contexts as a measure of NSSI functions. Moreover, this study found that adolescents engage in non-suicidal self-injury because of 4 distinct reinforcement processes. The study findings have important implications for the assessment and treatment of NSSI. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1525 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1525/874

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 192 197 Mohammad Shibli Sadiq National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Nahid Mahjabin Morshed Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Wasima Rahman Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Nafia Farzana Chowdhury Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh S M Arafat Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mohammad S.I. Mullick Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2018 09 23 Objective: Medical training has been reported as being stressful, and postgraduate medical training environment has always been regarded as highly stressful, which may lead to different psychiatric disorders. In this study, it was aimed to determine the extent of depression, anxiety, and stress among the postgraduate medical residents of Bangladesh. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected from 200 residents through face to face interview which was conducted by a psychiatrist using research instruments. Initially, respondents were approached by cluster sampling. Then, they were selected from each cluster using simple random sampling method (lottery method). Sample size was calculated by considering the prevalence of 50%; however, 200 residents were interviewed due to time constraints. The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts: (1) demographic variable, (2) the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorders, and (3) Bangla Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Data were analyzed using software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0. Results: Distribution of depression, anxiety, and stress revealed that 11.5% of the residents had depressive disorders, 11% anxiety disorders, and 10.5% stress disorders. Also, it was found that 14.5% of the respondents were found to have at least one of three disorders. The DASS-21 score revealed that 6% of the residents had severe to extremely severe depression, 3.5% severe to extremely severe anxiety, and 6.5% severe to extremely severe stress disorder. Conclusion: The study revealed that one in every seven residents has been suffering from at least one disorder from depression, anxiety, and stress related disorders. A large-scale multicenter study is recommended to validate the findings of the present study. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1552 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1552/875

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 198 202 EN Gelareh Biazar Anesthesiology Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Kourosh Delpasand Department of Medical Ethics, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Farnoush Farzi Anesthesiology Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Abbas Sedighinejad Anesthesiology Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Ali Mirmansouri Anesthesiology Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Zahra Atrkarroushan Department of Statistics, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. 2018 07 01 Objective: Delivering bad news is the duty of specialist physicians. However, they find it very difficult due to insufficient experience. In this study, the way faculty and residents of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) delivered bad news to the patients was investigated. Method: This study was conducted at hospitals affiliated to GUMS during 2017. A questionnaire containing 18 items on environmental and psychical support was filled through a face to face interview. The first 10 questions evaluated psychical support and the next eight environmental supports. The scoring of each question ranged from 10 to 50, with 10 indicating “never” and 50 “always”. Results: According to the analysis of 235 questionnaires, only 32 (13.6%) of the participants had been taught to deliver bad news and 195(83%) felt they need educational courses. Also, 40 (17%) believed that they had enough ability to deliver these massages. No significant differences were observed among physicians who had taken teaching courses in breaking bad news to patients. Conclusion: This study revealed that educational courses to improve physicians’ communication skill to break bad news to patients are strongly warranted. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1451 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1451/876

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 203 210 EN Reza Rastgoo Sisakht Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shabnam Mousavi The Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC, United States of America. Rahimeh Negarandeh Médecins Sans Frontières, Tehran, Iran. Hamid Valizadegan Decision Science and Knowledge Engineering, Behsazan Mellat Co, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Noroozian Division of Memory and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Tehrani-Doost Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Emran Mohammad Razaghi Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 02 04 Objective: A prominent challenge in modeling choice is specification of the underlying cognitive processes. Many cognitive-based models of decision-making draw substantially on algorithmic models of artificial intelligence and thus rely on associated metaphors of this field. In contrast, the current study avoids metaphors and aims at a first-hand identification of the behavioral elements of a process of choice. Method: We designed a game in Mouselab resembling the real-world procedure of choosing a wife. 17 male subjects were exposed to cost-benefit decision criteria that closely mimic their societal respective conditions. Results: The quality of choice index was measured with respect to its sensitivity to the final outcomes as well as process tracing of decisions. The correlation between this index and individual components of process tracing are discussed in detail. The choice quality index can be configured as a function of expected value and utility. In our sample the quality of choice with an average of 75.98% (SD: ±12.67) suggests that subjects obtained close to 76% of their expected gains. Conclusion: The quality of choice index, therefore, may be used for comparison of different conditions where the variables of decision-making are altered. The analysis of results also reveals that the cost of incorrect choice is significantly correlated with expected value (0.596, sig = 0.012) but not with utility. This means that when sub-jects face higher costs prior to making a decision, there exists a corresponding higher expectation of gains, i.e., higher expected value. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1666 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1666/877

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 211 220 EN Maryam Mohseny Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Zamani Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahin Akhondzadeh Basti Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad-Reza Sohrabi Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Najafi Department of Medical Library & Information Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Jayran Zebardast Department of Cognitive Science Special Linguistics, Institute of Cognitive Sciences University, Tehran, Iran Farzad Tajdini Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2018 12 12 Objective: Bullying and victimization are common and serious problems in schools resulting in development of emotional and behavioral disorders in adolescents. This study aimed at examining the prevalence of bullying behavior and some of its associated factors among students. Method: This was a cross sectional analytic study involving junior high schoolers in grades seven, eight and nine. This study was part of an international study that used a questionnaire as a tool for data collection. The questionnaire investigated some of the characteristics and qualities possessed by most juveniles and some occasional problems which they may experience. Also, it was used to examine participants’ experiences with bullying and victimization. This questionnaire comprised of 15 sections on demographic characteristics, individual health, family status and types of bullying experiences at school and outside of school, along with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which is an instrument for screening emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. A multistage cluster sampling from five regions, consisting of the north, south, west, east, and central regions of Tehran, was conducted and 1456 questionnaires were completed by the students. Results: According to the results of this study, prevalence rate for bullying and victimization was 17.4% and 25.8%, respectively. The results indicated that gender had a significant relationship with bullying and victimization, with boys being more likely to be bullies and also more prone to victimization than girls (p < 0.001). Other parameters such as emotional, behavioral, and environmental influence also had a significant relationship with bullying and victimization. Conclusion: Bullying is more prevalent in boys than in girls, and boys are more likely to be victimized as well. Emotional and behavioral problems are identified as risk factors, and future interventions should focus on these risk factors to develop preventive measures. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1620 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1620/878

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 221 226 EN Masoud Nazeri Department of Oral Medicine, Orofacial Pain and Headache Clinic, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Goli Chamani Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Fatemeh Abareghi Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Fatemeh Mohammadi Department of Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad-Hosseyn Talebizadeh Oral and dental diseases research center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad-Reza Zarei Oral and dental diseases research center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Shabani Department of Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2018 01 17 Objective: Pain is a unique and subjective experience that has a prominent function in animals’ survival. Observation of pain in others leads to alterations in pain sensation and affection, termed “Empathy for pain”. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of empathy on sensory and affective dimensions of pain and its effect on anxiety-like behaviors. Method: In this study, male Wistar rats were used. Two cage mates were selected, one of which underwent administration of a noxious stimuli for 10 days and the other observed the conspecific in pain. Hot plate, tail flick, and conditioned place aversion were used to evaluate sensory and affective dimensions of pain, respectively. Anxiety-like behavior was assayed using elevated plus maze paradigm and time spent in open and close arms and number of entrance into each arm was recorded as the anxiety indicator within a 5-minute framework. Results: Rats observing the cage mate in pain had a lower threshold to noxious stimuli in comparison to controls. They also had an increased aversion from painful stimuli, demonstrating heightened affective response to pain. Anxiety-like behavior was also enhanced in the observers. Conclusion: Results of this study demonstrate that both sensory and affective dimensions of pain are altered following observation of pain in a conspecific. Further studies evaluating the underlying mechanisms are encouraged to elucidate the role of different neurotransmitters in this phenomenon. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1295 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1295/879

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 227 235 EN Fahimeh Rahmani Department of Psychology, Neuropsychological Assessment in Memory Clinic, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Majdedin Fathi Department of Psychiatry, Psychological Counseling in Rasti Clinic, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Maryam Kazemi Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Elham Bahadori Neuropsychological Assessments in Mehr Clinic, Shiraz, Iran 2016 02 23 Objective: Memory assessment for the early diagnosis of cortical dementia is a complicated process which depends on important factors such as facial recognition and naming. These factors could be considered to carry a predictive power to detect neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aimed to study and compare naming or recognizing famous faces with the recognition of newly learned faces among patients with Amnesia Mild Cognitive Impairment (AMCI) and Alzheimer’s disease. Method: To collect data, 60 AMCI patients, 62 patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, and 63 cognitively healthy individuals were assessed using Wechsler Memory Scale-III Faces test (WMS-III faces) and Famous Faces test. Results: The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that the patients suffering from AMCI and Alzheimer’s disease scored significantly worse than the control group on naming (p < 0.001), recognition (p < 0.001) section of the Famous Faces test, and immediate or delayed recognition on the WMS-III Faces test (p < 0.001). Also, the obtained results showed that the patients groups received lower scores on WMS-III Faces compared to the Famous Faces test. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that the unfamiliar and Famous Faces tests allow the quantification of patients’ face recognition and name recall abilities which, in turn, makes it possible to make more accurate predictions about cases of dementia. These tests can be used for clinical and research purposes to screen those who may be prone to dementia and need further neuropsychological assessment. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/633 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/633/880

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 236 241 Shahrzad Mazhari Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. AND Department of Psychiatry, Shahid-Beheshti Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Alireza Ghaffari Nejad Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. AND Department of Psychiatry, Shahid-Beheshti Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Omid Mofakhami Department of Psychiatry, Shahid-Beheshti Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Farzaneh Raaii Department of Psychiatry, Shahid-Beheshti Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Kambiz BahhaaddinBeigy Medical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2018 11 11 Objective: Despite accumulated evidence that demonstrates clinical outcome of telepsychiatry is comparable with conventional method; little research has been done on telepsychiatry in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic agreement between telepsychiatry assessment and face-to-face assessment. Moreover, patient and doctor satisfaction was assessed by self-report questionnaire. Method: This study was conducted in an inpatient department of a university-affiliated hospital in Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The study sample consisted of 40 inpatients aged over 18 years who were selected from October 2016 to February 2017. All patients were visited once by face-to-face conventional method and once by interactive video teleconsultation by 2 psychiatric consultants. Results: Results of this study revealed that the diagnostic agreement between the 2 interviewers was 75%. Moreover, about 85% of the patients preferred telepsychiatry for follow-up visits. Also, more than 82% of the patients would recommend telepsychiatry to others although 95% of them perceived contact via telepsychiatry as uncomfortable to some extent. Conclusion: Telepsychiatry service can be used for psychiatric evaluation in Iran, and it has a desirable effect on patient and doctor satisfaction. The results of this study showed the capacity of moving towards using telepsychiatry. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1597 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1597/881

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 242 247 Jafar Fili Department of Psychiatry, Shafa Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Marzieh Nojomi Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Katayoon Razjouyan Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mojgan Kahdemi Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rozita Davari -Ashtiani Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2018 11 22 Objective: The present study aimed to examine the association between ADHD and suicide attempts among adolescents with bipolar disorder. Method: Participants were 168 adolescents who fulfilled DSM-IV-TR criteria for bipolar disorder. They were divided into 2 groups: The first group of patients with bipolar disorder with a history of suicide attempts (n = 84) and the second group without a history of suicide attempts (n = 84). ADHD and other variables were analyzed using a chi-squared test and logistic regression model. Results: No significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in comorbidity of ADHD and other psychiatric disorders (P value > 0/05). In the logistic regression model, and after controlling for other factors, gender (OR = 3.9, CI 95%: 1.5-9.6) and history of sexual abuse (OR = 3.4; CI 95%: 1.06-11.3) were the only 2 factors associated with a history of suicide attempts. Conclusion: No significant association was found between ADHD and suicide attempts in adolescents with bipolar disorder. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1612 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1612/882

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 248 252 EN Effat Davoudi-Monfared Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mojan Radmehr Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Padideh Ghaeli Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Mousavi Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 04 09 Valproate-induced hyperammonemia is a common side effect of valproate, which may occur either without any symptoms or may rarely cause symptoms of encephalopathy. Different risk factors have been defined for this side effect, including some nutritional deficiencies and polypharmacy (eg, other anticonvulsants). Three cases with psychiatric disorder who showed symptoms of severe hyperammonemia encephalopathy and had taken valproate with antipsychotics, especially risperidone, are presented here. In all cases, the symptoms were improved by discontinuation of valproate. Administration of antipsychotic may be considered as a risk factor for hyperammonemic encephalopathy related to valproate, specifically in some prone populations. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1728 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1728/883