Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 08 13 184 191 EN Maryam Izadi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Hamid Yaghubi Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran Pavaneh Mohammadkhani Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamidreza Hassanabadi Department of Educational Psychology, School of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 2018 08 29 Objective: The aim of this cross sectional study was to assess the factor analysis of Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM) among Iranian adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury. Method: In this study, 646 high school students, with the mean age of 16.55 ± 0.7, were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method; they completed FASM and the demographic form. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, chi-square (χ2), independent sample t test, MANOVA, and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Results: Of the participants, 178 reported at least 1 episode of NSSI during the previous year. The mean age of the participants when they first harmed themselves was 14.64 (±1.71). Most of them reported to engage in NSSI impulsively (39.32%) and experienced little (31.5%) or moderate physical pain (31.5%) There were no significant differences between males and females in severity of NSSI, frequency of NSSI, thinking about NSSI prior to engaging in the act, and age of onset. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the 4-factor model of NSSI functions suggested by Nock and Prinstine [Χ2/df = 1.84; RMSEA = 0.07; GFI = 0.82; AGFI = 0.77]. The most frequent function for engaging in NSSI was Automatic Negative Reinforcement . Conclusion: Findings of this study supported the structural validity of the FASM; thus, this tool can be useful in treatment and research contexts as a measure of NSSI functions. Moreover, this study found that adolescents engage in non-suicidal self-injury because of 4 distinct reinforcement processes. The study findings have important implications for the assessment and treatment of NSSI. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1525 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1525/874

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 192 197 Mohammad Shibli Sadiq National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Nahid Mahjabin Morshed Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Wasima Rahman Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Nafia Farzana Chowdhury Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh S M Arafat Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Mohammad S.I. Mullick Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2018 09 23 Objective: Medical training has been reported as being stressful, and postgraduate medical training environment has always been regarded as highly stressful, which may lead to different psychiatric disorders. In this study, it was aimed to determine the extent of depression, anxiety, and stress among the postgraduate medical residents of Bangladesh. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected from 200 residents through face to face interview which was conducted by a psychiatrist using research instruments. Initially, respondents were approached by cluster sampling. Then, they were selected from each cluster using simple random sampling method (lottery method). Sample size was calculated by considering the prevalence of 50%; however, 200 residents were interviewed due to time constraints. The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts: (1) demographic variable, (2) the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorders, and (3) Bangla Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Data were analyzed using software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0. Results: Distribution of depression, anxiety, and stress revealed that 11.5% of the residents had depressive disorders, 11% anxiety disorders, and 10.5% stress disorders. Also, it was found that 14.5% of the respondents were found to have at least one of three disorders. The DASS-21 score revealed that 6% of the residents had severe to extremely severe depression, 3.5% severe to extremely severe anxiety, and 6.5% severe to extremely severe stress disorder. Conclusion: The study revealed that one in every seven residents has been suffering from at least one disorder from depression, anxiety, and stress related disorders. A large-scale multicenter study is recommended to validate the findings of the present study. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1552 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1552/875

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 198 202 EN Gelareh Biazar Anesthesiology Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Kourosh Delpasand Department of Medical Ethics, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Farnoush Farzi Anesthesiology Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Abbas Sedighinejad Anesthesiology Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Ali Mirmansouri Anesthesiology Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Zahra Atrkarroushan Department of Statistics, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. 2018 07 01 Objective: Delivering bad news is the duty of specialist physicians. However, they find it very difficult due to insufficient experience. In this study, the way faculty and residents of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) delivered bad news to the patients was investigated. Method: This study was conducted at hospitals affiliated to GUMS during 2017. A questionnaire containing 18 items on environmental and psychical support was filled through a face to face interview. The first 10 questions evaluated psychical support and the next eight environmental supports. The scoring of each question ranged from 10 to 50, with 10 indicating “never” and 50 “always”. Results: According to the analysis of 235 questionnaires, only 32 (13.6%) of the participants had been taught to deliver bad news and 195(83%) felt they need educational courses. Also, 40 (17%) believed that they had enough ability to deliver these massages. No significant differences were observed among physicians who had taken teaching courses in breaking bad news to patients. Conclusion: This study revealed that educational courses to improve physicians’ communication skill to break bad news to patients are strongly warranted. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1451 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1451/876

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 203 210 EN Reza Rastgoo Sisakht Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shabnam Mousavi The Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC, United States of America. Rahimeh Negarandeh Médecins Sans Frontières, Tehran, Iran. Hamid Valizadegan Decision Science and Knowledge Engineering, Behsazan Mellat Co, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Noroozian Division of Memory and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Tehrani-Doost Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Emran Mohammad Razaghi Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 02 04 Objective: A prominent challenge in modeling choice is specification of the underlying cognitive processes. Many cognitive-based models of decision-making draw substantially on algorithmic models of artificial intelligence and thus rely on associated metaphors of this field. In contrast, the current study avoids metaphors and aims at a first-hand identification of the behavioral elements of a process of choice. Method: We designed a game in Mouselab resembling the real-world procedure of choosing a wife. 17 male subjects were exposed to cost-benefit decision criteria that closely mimic their societal respective conditions. Results: The quality of choice index was measured with respect to its sensitivity to the final outcomes as well as process tracing of decisions. The correlation between this index and individual components of process tracing are discussed in detail. The choice quality index can be configured as a function of expected value and utility. In our sample the quality of choice with an average of 75.98% (SD: ±12.67) suggests that subjects obtained close to 76% of their expected gains. Conclusion: The quality of choice index, therefore, may be used for comparison of different conditions where the variables of decision-making are altered. The analysis of results also reveals that the cost of incorrect choice is significantly correlated with expected value (0.596, sig = 0.012) but not with utility. This means that when sub-jects face higher costs prior to making a decision, there exists a corresponding higher expectation of gains, i.e., higher expected value. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1666 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1666/877

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 211 220 EN Maryam Mohseny Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Zamani Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahin Akhondzadeh Basti Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad-Reza Sohrabi Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Najafi Department of Medical Library & Information Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Jayran Zebardast Department of Cognitive Science Special Linguistics, Institute of Cognitive Sciences University, Tehran, Iran Farzad Tajdini Department of Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2018 12 12 Objective: Bullying and victimization are common and serious problems in schools resulting in development of emotional and behavioral disorders in adolescents. This study aimed at examining the prevalence of bullying behavior and some of its associated factors among students. Method: This was a cross sectional analytic study involving junior high schoolers in grades seven, eight and nine. This study was part of an international study that used a questionnaire as a tool for data collection. The questionnaire investigated some of the characteristics and qualities possessed by most juveniles and some occasional problems which they may experience. Also, it was used to examine participants’ experiences with bullying and victimization. This questionnaire comprised of 15 sections on demographic characteristics, individual health, family status and types of bullying experiences at school and outside of school, along with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which is an instrument for screening emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. A multistage cluster sampling from five regions, consisting of the north, south, west, east, and central regions of Tehran, was conducted and 1456 questionnaires were completed by the students. Results: According to the results of this study, prevalence rate for bullying and victimization was 17.4% and 25.8%, respectively. The results indicated that gender had a significant relationship with bullying and victimization, with boys being more likely to be bullies and also more prone to victimization than girls (p < 0.001). Other parameters such as emotional, behavioral, and environmental influence also had a significant relationship with bullying and victimization. Conclusion: Bullying is more prevalent in boys than in girls, and boys are more likely to be victimized as well. Emotional and behavioral problems are identified as risk factors, and future interventions should focus on these risk factors to develop preventive measures. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1620 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1620/878

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 3 2019 07 28 221 226 EN Masoud Nazeri Department of Oral Medicine, Orofacial Pain and Headache Clinic, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Goli Chamani Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Fatemeh Abareghi Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Fatemeh Mohammadi Department of Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad-Hosseyn Talebizadeh Oral and dental diseases research center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad-Reza Zarei Oral and dental diseases research center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Shabani Department of Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2018 01 17 Objective: Pain is a unique and subjective experiemany. This part of the study includes 100 patients with anxiety/mood disorders and 291 healthy individuals. All participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15) and Screening for Somatic symptom disorders 7(SOMS-7). Data were analyzed by Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient, factor analysis, independent t test, and discriminant analysis using SPSS-20 software. Results: Reliability coefficient based on Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92 and 0.94 (clinical vs. healthy sample). Validity index of the SOMS according to correlation between factor 1 and 2 with PHQ somatic subscale was. 51 and. 59, respectively. Score of 15.5 as cut-off point was accompanied with sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 66%. Factor analysis extracted 2 factors in patients and 4 factors in healthy population. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that the Persian version of SOMS-7 has appropriate reliability and validity for the assessment of somatic symptoms disorder and evaluation of treatment effects in these patients. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1075 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1075/748

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 4 2018 08 19 274 279 EN Sedigheh Ebrahimi Department of Medical Ethics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Easa Salehi Dehno Department of Medical Ethics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2017 03 02 Objective: In recent years, protecting the rights of hospitalized psychiatric clients became a key issue in relationship-building and collaborative caretaking. Despite its importance, a few researches have been conducted on assessing the attitudes and expectations of clients and nurses about this issue. This study aimed to compare the nurses and psychiatric clients’ attitudes towards rights of hospitalized clients. Method: In this cross sectional descriptive study, 60 nurses, and 100 clients, who were admitted to various wards of a psychiatric hospital in Shiraz, were included. Data were collected using 2 questionnaires that were designed for nurses (22 questions) and patients (29 questions) about the rights of patients. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results revealed that most of nurses (55%) and clients (64%) agreed with active participation of the clients in healthcare decision-making. More than half of the clients agreed with the possibility of refusal/withdrawal of the proposed treatment or leaving the hospital despite medical advice. Only 38.3% of nurses agreed with those rules in some clauses (P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: To protect the rights of mentally ill clients, their family, and the society, we should identify weaknesses and shortcomings of the basic rights of this group and make suggestions for their improvement. A legal bill, which covers the rights of mentally ill clients, could be a turning point for improvement of the quality of care as well as increasing clients' satisfaction. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/983 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/983/749

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 4 2018 08 19 280 287 EN Neda Ezzeddin Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hassan Jahanihashemi Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Roza Zavoshy Department of Nutrition, Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Mostafa Noroozi Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. 2017 03 14 Objective: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a condition which may compromise both maternal and neonatal health. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of PPD and its association with demographic, socioeconomic, obstetric, and household food security status. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in community health centers in west of Tehran. A total of 325 women were selected by stratified sampling method from community health centers. A sociodemographic questionnaire, USDA 18-item questionnaire, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and analytic analyses, such as chi-squared test and logistic regression in SPSS 22. Results: The prevalence of PPD and food insecurity among the studied population was 35.4% and 34.2%, respectively. The results of this study revealed a significant association among PPD  and food insecurity (OR = 6.690, CI  =  3.118-14.353, p<0.001), the levels of economic satisfaction (OR  =  3.419, CI  =  1.241-9.420, P  =  0.017), pregnancy loss (OR  =  1.899, CI  =  1.006-3.582, p  =  0.048), and pregnancy complications (OR  =  1.853, CI  =  1.083-3.170, P  =  0.024). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, household food insecurity may predispose mothers to PPD. Moreover, it was observed that mothers with poor economic satisfaction were more likely to be depressed. Histories of pregnancy loss and pregnancy complications were other risk factors for PPD. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/995 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/995/750

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 4 2018 08 19 288 295 EN Ensiyeh Ghasemian-Shirvan Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran Saba Molavi Shirazi Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran Masoume Aminikhoo Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Mostafa Zarean Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Hamed Ekhtiari Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. 2017 02 13 Objective: Verbal fluency tests (VFTs) are widely used in clinical practice and research to assess executive functions and are highly sensitive to frontal lobe lesions. However, using VFTs in different cultures and languages needs further considerations. The aim of this study was to provide a Persian (Farsi) version of verbal fluency with preliminary normative data. Method: In the first phase, 50 healthy native Persian-speaking individuals completed 1-minute VFT for all 32 letters in Persian to find letters with highest frequency. In the second phase, 100 healthy participants (50 females) were recruited into 5 age groups that were matched by gender and education. Participants were instructed to do 1-minute VFT for the 3 selected letters (phonemic VFT) and 3 categories (animal, supermarket, and fruit) (semantic VFT). For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was performed. Results: In the first phase, 3 letters (Pe standing for /P/, Meem for /M/ and Kaaf for /K/) had the highest frequency in word production (12 in average) and had been chosen for Persian phonemic VFT. Participants were assessed with the 3 selected letters (/P/: 12.28±3.607, /M/: 12.54±3.907, and /K/: 12.48±3.708) and 3 semantic categories (animal: 21.67±5.119, supermarket: 21.19±4.907, and fruit: 19.58±4.439) with 1-minute time limitation for each test. The results showed that education was significantly (p<0.01) associated with the performance in the phonemic but not semantic scores, while age was not correlated with either of the tests. No significant effect of gender was observed. Conclusion: Based on our results, we recommend Persian letters Pe, Meem, and Kaff that have the highest frequency in word production among others to be used for neuropsychological assessments and future studies in the Persian language. This is the same logic behind selecting F, A, and S in the English version. Although the norms obtained in this study are preliminary, these results can be useful in clinical evaluation with considerations about age and educational levels. Moreover, the findings of this study can be used as an initial step for more comprehensive normative studies.   https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/964 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/964/751

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 13 4 2018 08 19 296 309 EN Tahereh Bahmani Student Research Committee, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Koroush Sayehmiri Prevention Center of Social Mental Injuries, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Salman Daliri Student Research Committee, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Arezoo Karimi Student Research Committee, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran 2017 06 03 Introduction: Domestic violence is the most common form of violence against women is one of the major health problems in the world. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between demographic factors with domestic violence of during pregnancy through systematic review and meta-analysis. Methodology: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis study in Iran. Accordingly, all the articles published in this regard from 2001 up to 2015 were extracted independently by two trained investigators from databases domestic and foreign databases Science Medlib, SID, Web of Science, Pub Med, Science Direct, Iran doc, Medline, Scopus, Magiran, and Google Scholar with key words and their compounds. The results of studies were analyzed using random effects model and fixed in meta-analysis, and Cochran and I2 tests were analyzed by Spss16. Results: 21 articles with the sample size of 15020 people were included in the study. The findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis showed that unwanted pregnancy OR1:2.51(95%CI:1.14-5.57), Low level of education OR:1.90(95%CI:1.40-2.59), unemployment OR:1.79(95%CI:1.06-3.00) and man's smoking OR:2.53(95%CI:1.36-4.69)  are important factors in increase domestic violence during pregnancy. Having three children and fewer OR:0.30(95%CI:0.16-0.56) and enough and regular visiting to get adequate prenatal care OR:0.25(95%CI:0.12-0.54) are deterrent for violence in during pregnancy. Conclusion: Based