Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 4 2019 11 23 253 264 Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed-Ali Mostafavi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Hooshyari Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Khaleghi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nastaran Ahmadi Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 2019 09 11 Objective: Body mass index undergoes a substantial change in some psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to explore the status of body mass index (BMI) in different psychiatric disorders in a national survey among children and adolescents and to identify the role of gender in this regard. Method: A total of 30 532 children and adolescents were randomly selected using cluster sampling method with equal blocks of 3 age groups and 2 genders. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using a standardized face-to-face diagnostic interview of Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS-PL), and Body Mass Index (BMI) was measured for each participant. Results: In this study, 22 730 children and adolescents (109 46 boys and 11784 girls), with valid data of BMI, completed the KSADS-PL interview. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 21.2% among underweight participants, 22.8% among overweight participants, and 22.2% among obese participants, which was significantly higher than normal weight participants with 19.6% (X2 = 17.55; p = 0.001). In boys’ subgroup, depression and separation anxiety were mostly seen among the underweight category, while tic disorder was mostly seen in the obese category. In girls’ subgroup, on the other hand, generalized anxiety was mostly observed in the underweight category, while oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), depression, and mental retardation were mostly observed in the obese category. In total, the highest mean BMI rates were among the children and adolescents with alcohol abuse disorder, mania, and panic disorder. However, the lowest BMI rates were among those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), and enuresis. Conclusion: This study gives an overall picture of BMI status in different psychiatric disorders according to gender. Furthermore, in a multidisciplinary approach, the results of this study drew the attention of child psychiatrists to the status of BMI in their clients. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1905 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1905/884

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 4 2019 11 23 325 334 EN Ali Sahebi Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Katayoun Jahangiri Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sanaz Sohrabizadeh Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohamad Golitaleb Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. 2019 05 11 Objective: Workplace violence is one type of occupational hazards that is increasingly growing worldwide. In the health system, one of the important groups subject to workplace violence is emergency medical services (EMS) personnel, who provide emergency services for patients and casualties as the first responders. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of workplace violence and its different types among Iranian EMS personnel. Method: This study was conducted based on PRISMA guideline for systematic review and meta-analysis. The data were extracted from Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID and MagIran databases using Persian and English keywords. The search was conducted up to December 2018 without any limitation in publication year. The qualities of selected papers were assessed by STROBE checklist. I2 index was used to evaluate heterogeneity, and random effects model was used in meta-analysis. Data were analyzed using Stata14. Results: A total of 9 studies entered the meta-analysis. The total sample size was 1257 Iranian EMS personnel, with an average age of 32.21 ± 2.01 years. The prevalence of physical, verbal, and cultural workplace violence among EMS personnel was 36.39% (CI 95%:27.29–45.50, P<0.001, I2 = 90.8%), 73.13% (95% CI=68.64-77.62, P=0.013, I2 = 62.7%), and 16.51% (95% CI =3.49- 29.53, p<0.001. I2 = 94.7%), respectively. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of workplace violence among EMS personnel in Iran, more studies should be conducted to determine the underlying causes of EMS staff workplace violence in Iran. Training violence prevention methods as well as assigning national protective rules are highly suggested. Insufficient studies on Workplace violence among EMS personnel in Iran and high heterogeneity were the limitations of this study. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1769 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1769/894

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 4 2019 11 23 265 273 Mohadeseh Agahi Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Noormohammadi Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iman Salahshourifar Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Niloufar Mahdavi-Hezaveh Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 04 09 Objective: Schizophrenia is a complicated mental disorder that affects about 1% of the world's population. It is a complex disease and is approximately 80% inherited. One of the candidate genes in schizophrenia is transcription factor 4 (TCF4), which is positioned on chromosome 18 and is a transcription factor that plays a role in the transcription of Neurexin 1(NRXN1) gene, which is one of the candidate genes for developing schizophrenia. This case-control study aimed to investigate the correlation of TCF4 rs13381800 and NRXN1 rs17039988 polymorphisms with the risk of schizophrenia in a sample of Iranian patients with schizophrenia. Method: A total of 200 individuals were included in this study: 100 patients with schizophrenia (65 males and 35 females), with the mean age of 40.80 ± 11.298 years, and 100 as a control group (63 males and 37 females), with the mean age 32.92 ± 7.391 years. Allele specific polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were done, respectively, for genotyping of rs13381800 (T/C) and rs17039988 (A/C) polymorphisms. Results: The results showed that the frequency of C / C genotype in rs13381800 in patients’ group was 9%, while it was 13% in the control group. Also, the frequency of C / C genotype in rs17039988 was 9% in patients and 7% in control groups. Statistical analysis of polymorphisms showed no correlation between patients and controls in rs13381800 (OR = 1.51; CI = 95%; P = 0.366) and rs17039988 (OR = 0.76; CI = 95%; P = 0.602). Conclusion: No significant difference was found between rs13381800 and rs17039988 genotypes between patients and control groups in terms of gender, age and education in the patients group. Our study suggests that there was no correlation between desired polymorphisms with schizophrenia in the studied population. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1730 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1730/885

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 4 2019 11 23 274 282 Masoumeh Seydi Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Mahdishahr, Semnan, Iran. Isaac Rahimian Boogar School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Mahdishahr, Semnan, Iran. Siavash Talepasand School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Mahdishahr, Semnan, Iran. 2019 05 07 Objective: This study aimed to model risky driving and predict its occurrence according to the constructs of personality organization and mentalization considering the role of aggressive driving as a mediator construct. Method: A total of 428 individuals (219 men and 209 women) were selected using convenience sampling. The participants completed self-report questionnaires on aggressive driving, risky driving, mentalization and personality organization Also, data were analyzed using structural equating model and weighted regression. Results: The results of this study showed a goof fit of the proposed structural model for predicting risky driving after some modifications (CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.09). According to the results of regression weights, personality organization (regression weighted: 0.044) and aggressive driving (regression weighted: 0.98) were the strongest and mentalization (regression weighted: 0.004) was the weakest predictor of risky driving. Aggressive driving was the strongest direct predictor and personality organization the strongest indirect predictor of risky driving. Conclusion: Risky driving is a function of direct and indirect personal factors. Moreover, emotional factors have a direct effect on risky driving and more substantial constructs, such as personality, have an indirect effect on risky driving. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1762 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1762/896

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 4 2019 11 23 283 290 EN Fatemeh Zargar Department of Health Psychology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Nasim Bagheri Department of Clinical Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Mohammad Javad Tarrahi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics & Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Mehrdad Salehi Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 2017 01 30 Objective: Psychological and environmental factors, such as difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) and marital problems, are involved in relapse and craving in patients with substance use disorders. Emotional regulation therapy can help maintain opioid withdrawal and improve marital relations by focusing on appropriate adjustment of emotions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion regulation therapy on craving, emotion regulation, and marital satisfaction in patients with substance use disorders. Method: This randomized controlled clinical trial with pretest and posttest was performed in 2014 in Noor hospital, Isfahan, Iran. In this study, 30 patients who were admitted to the addiction center of Noor hospital were selected using purposive sampling. They were assigned into two groups randomly: (1) 15 patients in treatment as usual (TAU group); (2) 15 patients in emotion regulation group therapy (ERGT). The ERGT group received eight weekly treatments, based on Gross model, to learn recognize emotions and their effects, overcome obstacles of positive emotions, accept emotions, identify regulatory maladaptive and adaptive strategies of emotions, and modify behavior. Before and after the emotion regulation sessions in experimental group, Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) were administered in both groups. Results: The results of analysis of variance indicated that mean scores of marital adjustment increased in ERGT (93.66 ± 15.81) compared to TAU group (55.26 ± 20.98) and the mean scores of craving were decreased in ERGT compared to TAU group (56.66 ± 18.39 and 105.2 ± 34.5, respectively). Also, most aspects of ER improved in ERGT compared to TAU group, and the total score of ER was increased in ERGT significantly (96.69 ± 5.38 in ERGT versus 73.70 ± 5.05 in TAU). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, emotion regulation group therapy has a significant effect on reducing Craving and improving marital adjustment and emotion regulation in Patients with Substance Use Disorders. So, it can use as a useful psychotherapy in addiction treatment centers. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/951 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/951/895

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 4 2019 11 23 291 296 EN Nader Hajloo Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Asghar Pouresmali Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. Jaber Alizadeh Goradel Department of Psychology, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran. Mehri Mowlaie Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. 2017 03 29 Objective: Tobacco smoking is an addictive behavior with many psychological side effects, and many smokers are unable to quit it. Despite various treatments for smoking cessation, there is an urgent need to develop and utilize a noninvasive technique with high efficacy. This study aimed to determine the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on reduction of craving in daily and social smokers. Method: This pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, in which the participants were randomly assigned into sham and active groups, was performed on 40 daily and social smokers. Stimulation was delivered over the left DLPFC at a 2 m/A during 10 twenty-minute sessions for 5 weeks. The participants filled out the Desire for Drug questionnaire (DDQ) before and after intervention. Analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. Results: A significant decrease was found in the number of cigarette smoking in both daily and social smokers compared to the sham group. Moreover, the results indicated that anodal tDCS on F3 and Cathodal tDCS on F4 has significant effects on nicotine craving (P < 0/000). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the current tDCS of DLPFC decreases the craving of smoking. This noninvasive brain stimulation technique targeted at DLPFC area may be a promising method for reducing and treating smoking craving. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1006 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1006/888

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 14 4 2019 11 23 297 301 EN Abdulaziz Aflakseir Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Muhammad Rasooli Esini https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/777 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/777/572

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 173 177 EN Roya Najafi-Vosough Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical ‎Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Ali Ghaleiha Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical ‎Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Javad Faradmal Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical ‎Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. AND Modeling of Noncommunicable Disease Research Canter, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Hossein Mahjub Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical ‎Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. AND Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: The aim of this study was to identify prognosis factors associated with recurrence in patients ‎with bipolar disorder.‎‎ Method: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in Hamadan Province, the west of Iran. All ‎patients (n = 400) with bipolar disorder who were hospitalized for the second time or more ‎during April 2008 to September 2014 were included in this study. Ordinal logistic regression ‎analysis was employed to determine the effective factors in each recurrence, and odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained.‎ Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants at the entrance to the study was 34.62 (11.68) years. ‎There was an association between recurrence and type of bipolar disorder (P = 0.033). The ‎OR of recurrence was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.90) for bipolar disorder II; 0.35 (95% CI: 0.13, ‎‎0.92) for the patients‎‏ ‏with college education; 0.39 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.60) for employed ‎patients; 0.55 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.87) for patients who received both drugs and ‎electroconvulsive therapy, and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.23, 2.92) for patients who stopped using ‎drugs. In addition, a non-significant association was found between recurrence and age, sex, ‎marital status, place of residence, season, mood classification and family history of mood ‎disorder.‎ Conclusion: Type of bipolar disorder and cessation of medication were the leading causes of an increase in ‎the relapse of the disease. Furthermore, patients who received both drugs and ‎electroconvulsive therapy had a fewer risk of recurrence.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/773 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/773/566

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 178 184 EN Dushad Ram Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnakata, India. Darshan Mahegowda Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnakata, India.‎ Basavana Gowdappa H Department of Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, MG Road Agrahara, ‎Mysore. 2016 08 23 2016 08 23 Objective: Suicide attempt may follow a process right from the inception of the first information about ‎suicide until the act itself. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between ‎perception of suicide prevention with the process of suicide attempt and demographic ‎variables following a suicidal attempt.‎ Method: In this hospital based cross-sectional study, 168 consecutive admitted participants with a ‎suicide attempt were screened, and 109 who met the study criteria were recruited to ‎participate in this study before discharge. They were assessed using the socio-demographic ‎and clinical proforma designed for this study as well as by the Pierce Suicide Intent Scale. To ‎assess the process of suicide attempt and perception of suicide prevention, a 17- item ‎questionnaire was developed and used after rigorous literature search. The Cronbach’s ‎alpha coefficient value of this questionnaire found to be 0.84 in the reliability analysis.‎ Results: Media was the first source of information, and the majority had short duration of ‎preoccupation and interval between making the decision and the actual attempt and the ‎control of emotion during the attempt. A significant positive correlation was observed ‎between the source of the first information and age (p<01), reason for the method used and ‎economic status (p<01), duration since the first information and family history of suicide (p<01). Psychiatric diagnosis had a statistically significant association with the method used (p<01), duration of preoccupation (p<01), preparedness (p<01) and emotional state during ‎the attempt (p<01). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the ‎source of the first information and education (p<01), any psychiatric diagnosis and duration ‎since the first death wish (p<01). On the score of perception about suicide prevention, a ‎significant group difference was observed for marital status, occupation, medical diagnosis, ‎opinion about an attempt, duration since the decision to attempt, and emotional control ‎during the attempt.‎ Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that perception of suicide prevention may vary ‎with the process of suicide attempts and demographic characteristics.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/774 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/774/567

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 185 190 EN Seyed Saeed Sadr Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of ‎Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. razieh nayerifard Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of ‎Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. massood namjoo Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 12 07 Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the current factors affecting the choice of ‎psychiatry as a specialty and to detect the main factors in their choice.‎ Method: This descriptive study included 75 first year psychiatry residents in the academic year of ‎‎2014/2015. A Likert-type anonymous questionnaire consisting of academic and ‎demographic data with 43 questions, which evaluated the reason for choosing ‎psychiatry as a specialty, was given to the residents.‎ Results: The participants had a positive opinion about 28 items of the questionnaire, meaning that ‎these items had a positive effect in choosing psychiatry as a specialty (questions with P ‎value less than 0.05 and a positive mean). More than 80% of the residents had a positive ‎opinion about six items of the questionnaire (amount of intellectual challenge, variety of ‎knowledge fields relevant to psychiatry, emphasis on the patient as a whole person, the ‎importance of treating mental illnesses in the future, work pressure and stress of the ‎field during residency and coordinating with the person's life style). The participants ‎had a negative opinion about two items of the questionnaire (questions with a P value ‎less than 0.05 and a negative mean). They included experiencing mental illness ‎personally through relatives or close friends as well as the income in psychiatry. ‎Moreover, 36% of the residents with a more definite opinion mentioned that they chose ‎psychiatry as a specialty because of the limitations in residency exam.‎ Conclusion: Assistants had a positive opinion about most of the questions and this positive attitude ‎seemed to be an important factor in their specialty choice. However, attending to the ‎preventing factors may increase the selection of psychiatry as a specialty.‎ https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/565 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/565/568

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 11 3 2016 10 09 191 197 EN Mandana Nojoumi Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Pharmaceutical ‎Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Padideh Ghaeli Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ‎Tehran, Iran.