Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 2 2020 03 27 96 104 Seyyed Salman Alavi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Ghanizadeh Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Malihe Farahani Department of Psychology, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. Fereshteh Jannatifard Ministry of Education, Tehran, Iran. Fereshteh Jannatifard Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sudeh Esmaili Alamuti Department of Psychology, Allame Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 12 21 Objective: Despite the awareness of smartphone addiction, low findings and lack of validated standards have led to insufficient information in this area. This study aimed to examine the relationship between mobile phone dependency and mental disorders in students in Iran, while controlling for the impact of gender, age, educational levels, and marital status. Method: In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 1400 university students (445 males and 955 females) aged 18-35 years were selected from 3 cities of Tehran, Isfahan and Karaj. The participants filled out a set of questionnaires: Cell Phone Dependency Questionnaire (CPDQ), Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory, and participated in interviews. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression method via SPSS-22 software. Results: In terms of controlling the demographic variables, the results revealed that bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, somatization, dependent personality disorder, and compulsive personality disorder could increase the possibility of mobile phone addiction by 4.2, 4.2, 1.2, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.2 folds, respectively (P < 0.05). However, other disorders and demographic characteristics did not have any significant effects on the equation. Conclusion: The results can help better understand the relationship between psychological syndromes and smartphone addiction and can also facilitate further studies in this field. In addition, those students with smartphone addiction should be provided with different preventative strategies. Moreover, a growing range of stimulating applications may trigger the risk of addiction. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1992 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1992/907

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 2 2020 03 27 105 111 Hajar Sadeghi Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Yazdan Shabani Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Abdolghader Pakniyat School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Kiandokht Karimian Emergency Medicine Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Mehdi Harorani School of Nursing and Midwifery, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Yazdan Naderi Rajeh Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 2019 07 21 Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common problems in adolescents. Risky behaviors in patients with ADHD are due to impaired impulse control resulting from problems with inhibition of proponent responses, controlling interference, and stopping ongoing responses after feedback on errors. The present study investigated the relationship between ADHD and risky driving behavior and the likelihood of car accident in Arak, Iran, in 2015-16. Method: This case-control study was conducted in the Emergency Department of Vali-Asr hospital in Arak (Iran) on drivers who met the inclusion criteria. The data gathering tools included the Demographic Questionnaire, Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire (MDBQ), and Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: The mean of ADHD (±SD) was higher among cases (81.64 [26.78]) than in controls (64 [24.28], P = 0.000). The mean of risky driving behaviors (±SD) was higher among cases (66.41[26.78]) than in controls (36.79 [25.42]). There was a significant relationship between ADHD, risky behavior, lapse errors, slips, deliberate ‎violation, and unintentional violation and car accident (P = 0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that ADHD increases the risk of road crashes and motor vehicle injuries. These drivers tend to drive at unauthorized speed, have less control over the vehicle, drive more carelessly, and are more likely to have an accident. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1855 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1855/908

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 2 2020 03 27 112 125 Yasaman Shiasy Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shima Shakiba Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farhad Taremian Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Majid Akhavan Hejazi Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Specialist, Rofeideh Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Abasi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 03 05 Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effect of ABM (attention bias modification) with and without tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) on attention bias, pain intensity, and disability due to pain and pain-related psychological consequences, such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Method: Using convenience sampling, 60 individuals who met the criteria for chronic low back pain (LBP) were selected and randomly assigned in to 2 experimental groups and 2 control and sham-tDCS groups. The experimental ABM group received 5 sessions of the dot-probe task, while the second experimental group received 5 sessions of dot-probe task combined with tDCS. Results: The findings indicated that ABM and ABM+tDCS could reduce attention bias and pain-related psychological consequences significantly, compared to the control and sham groups. Also, attention bias and pain outcomes (depression, anxiety, disability due to pain and pain intensity) remained in ABM+tDCS group than in ABM group in a 1-month follow-up. Conclusion: It was found that tDCS + ABM had no additional effects at the end of intervention, but led to more long-lasting effects in 1-month follow-up. Randomized clinical trial registry number: IRCT20171107037306N1. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1703 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1703/909

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 2 2020 03 27 126 133 EN Mahdi Khoshgoo Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Omid Eslami Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mojtaba Khadem Al-Hosseini Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farzad Shidfar Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 12 03 Objective: There is growing evidence suggesting that household food insecurity (HFI) is associated with adverse outcomes on mental health; however, limited evidence exists for pregnant women. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between HFI and depressive symptoms among a sample of pregnant women. Method: This cross sectional study was performed on 394 pregnant women referring to the health centers located in Qom, Iran, from October 2017 to March 2019. HFI was evaluated using an 18-item US Household Food Security Survey Module. The Beck Depression Inventory-II questionnaire was applied to determine the severity of depressive symptoms. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with elevated depressive symptoms in the study population. Results: The mean (± standard deviation) age of the study population was 28.59 ± 7.28 years. Almost 48% of participants were food insecure, and 37% experienced elevated levels of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. The prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms was significantly higher in food-insecure (P < 0.001) and unemployed (P = 0.02) women, while it was significantly lower in women with higher education levels (P < 0.001). In the adjusted model, it was revealed that HFI was significantly associated with the higher likelihood of having elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 2.07, 5.29), while the higher level of education was negatively associated with the levels of depressive symptoms (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.20, 0.79). Conclusion: HFI was positively associated with the severity of depressive symptoms in a sample of pregnant women. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding. Meanwhile, routine screening of HFI for all pregnant women in the community health centers is recommended. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1973 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1973/910

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 2 2020 03 27 134 142 EN Naemeh Honarvar Medical School, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon Branch, Kazeroon, Iran Mahsa Taghavi Medical School, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon Branch, Kazeroon, Iran 2019 07 12 Objective: Religious coping is known as one of the successful manners to cure depressed infertile women; however, research findings show that demographic factors (e.g., education level) have played an important role on the relationship between depression and religious coping scores. The goal of this study is to measure the influence of age, job status, and education level on both scores within Iranian infertile women. Method: In this cross sectional study, 1000 women (mean age, 35.96; range, 26-45), who are recruited from different hospitals of Shiraz (Iran), are selected via multistage cluster sampling method. The reliability and validity of the translated versions of the questionnaires have been confirmed. The correlation coefficient (Spearman method), adjusted linear regression coefficient, and ordinal regression coefficient of demographic features with the depression scores/levels (minimal, mild, moderate, and severe) and religious coping scores are determined. Results: A significant negative correlation is found between depression and religious compatibility scores in 1000 infertile women (ρ = -0.318, P = 0.000). In addition, the results have implied the existence of a significant correlation and linear relationship between religious coping and age and job status (P < 0.05). Furthermore, both correlation and ordinal regression of depression intensity with both job status and education level are found to be statistically meaningful (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The negative correlation between religious coping and depression scores has implied the positive role of religious coping in protecting infertile women from depression, especially among employed women. Nevertheless, the correlation of religious coping with education level is not strong enough due to the nonuniform distribution of variables through their range. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1847 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1847/911

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 2 2020 03 27 143 149 EN Zahra Shahrivar Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Tehrani-Doost Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Anahita Khorrami Banaraki Brain and Cognition Clinic, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran. Azar Mohammadzadeh Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2018 11 15 Objective: Moving Shapes paradigm is a test that evaluates intentionality as a theory of mind (ToM) component. This study aimed to assess the normative data and reliability of this test in a community sample of 9-11-year-old children. Method: A total of 398 children aged between 9 and 11 years were recruited from mainstream elementary schools through a random cluster sampling. All participants were evaluated using the Moving Shapes paradigm. To evaluate test-retest reliability, the test was administered again after 2-4 weeks. Results: The intentionality mean score was 29.70 (+5.88) out of 60. There was no significant difference between girls and boys in test scores. Age was not significantly related to the paradigm variables scores. Ten percent of the participants achieved the scores below 22, and 10% above 37. Cronbach’s Alfa was 0.40 for the intentionality score. The test-retest reliability was fair to good (0.43 - 0.79) for different groups of animations. The inter-rater agreement was 80%. Conclusion: The study found that the Moving shapes paradigm is a reliable instrument to evaluate intentionality in normal school-aged children. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1604 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1604/912

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 2 2020 03 27 150 158 Mahnaz Rakhshan Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Fatemeh Mirshekari Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Fereshteh Dehghanrad Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2019 07 07 Objective: Illness perception and self-care behaviors can result in higher levels of health behavior among hemodialysis patients. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between illness perception and self-care behaviors among hemodialysis patients who referred to the hospitals affiliated to Shial costs (whether physical, psychological, or nutritional). https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2986 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2986/1083

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 17 4 2022 09 14 411 417 Hamideh Zahedi Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Mohammad Hasan Sahebihagh Tabriz Health Service Management Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Community Health Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Parvin Sarbakhsh Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2021 03 25 Objective: Nowadays, loneliness is one of the foremost common issues among university students that may negatively affect their physical and mental states and academic performance. Accordingly, this research project intended to investigate the incidence of loneliness and its related risk factors among students studying at universities of medical sciences. Method: The participants in this cross-sectional study were 538 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences students, selected using a simple random sampling method. Loneliness was measured using the UCLA Loneliness questionnaire with 20 questions. Descriptive statistics, multiple logistic regression, and Chi-square were used to identify factors affecting loneliness. Results: The results showed that the mean loneliness score and the magnitude of the students' loneliness were 41.42 and 26.4%, respectively. The magnitude of loneliness was higher among female respondents (OR = 1.86, P = 0.005), cigarette smokers (OR = 0.39, P < 0.001), freshman students (OR = 2.76, P = 0.021), sophomore students (OR = 2.36, P = 0.040), those with low financial status (OR = 1.80, P = 0.037), and those residing in dormitories (OR = 1.73, P = 0.013). Conclusion: In general, loneliness was widespread among the students. Based on the findings, the magnitude of loneliness was higher among the first-year student group, female students, students with poor economic status, and those who smoked and lived in dormitories. Therefore, this study's findings underline the significance of making students aware of loneliness, investigating the circumstances and factors that exacerbate this sensation among first-year students (mainly between 18-21 years old), and devising intervention to alleviate it. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2661 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2661/1081

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 17 4 2022 09 14 418 427 Mahboobeh Nemati Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Fereshteh Behmanesh Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Farzan Kheirkhah Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Zahra Geraili Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Hajar Pasha Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. 2021 08 20 Objective: Marital commitments and mental health are the important indicators of marital quality. Considering the modern and mixed marriage pattern in recent years, compared to the traditional pattern, as well as the increase in divorce rates due to reduced marital commitment, the present study was conducted to compare marital commitment and mental health in various patterns of mate selection among married women. Method: This cross-sectional study was performed on 160 married women aged 15-49 years in Babol city, Iran, who were selected by convenience sampling from health centers under the auspices of Babol University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tools included the spouse-selecting style, marital commitment (Adams and Jones), and general health questionnaires. Data analysis was performed in SPSS V.25 software, using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Chi-square tests. Results: Results showed that the mean score of marital commitment and its three dimensions (commitment to spouse, commitment to marriage and sense of commitment); general health; physical, anxiety and sleep disorders; as well as social function of married women are not significantly different in traditional, mixed and modern marriage patterns. There was a significant difference in the mean score of depression between traditional, mixed and modern marriage patterns. Pairwise, ANOVA revealed that the mean of the depression score was significantly higher in traditional marriage than in the mixed marriage pattern (P = 0.012). Different marriage patterns had statistically significant differences in demographic variables such as age, the place of birth of the wife and the husband, duration of marriage, number of children and the level of education (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that there is a kind of convergence in marital commitment in various patterns of marriage among married women in Babol city. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2876 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2876/1084

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 17 4 2022 09 14 428 435 EN Shamim Eslampour Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran. Shahram Hajirezaei Deptartment of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Mahdi Sagheb Nephrology-Urology Research Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Shahrokh Ezatzadegan Jahromi Nephrology-Urology Research Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Masoud Mohammadi Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran. 2020 12 13 Objective: Mental health in people with chronic diseases undergoes many changes due to conflict with the pain caused by the disease, which can have a reciprocal effect on the course and quality of the patient's treatment. The goal of the present study is to compare the correlation between locus of control, relationship quality, pain intensity and resilience with dialysis adequacy and laboratory indicators in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. Method: This causal-comparative study was conducted on 30 hemodialysis (HD) and 30 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients through the convenience sampling method. The data was collected using Pierce Quality Relationship Inventory (QRI), Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale (RLOC), and Von Korff’s Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), and experimental data collected through blood and urine sampling and analyzed with Fisher's test and multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Conclusion of the Fisher test evinced that there was a significant difference between quality of relationships with parents and amount of Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P) and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) as well between quality of relationships with friends and amount of Creatinine (Cr), and between the intensity of pain with K and Albumin (Alb) in patients with PD and HD (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion of analysis of variance showed that the mean scores of quality of relationships with friends, K, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Cr, Alb and PTH in the PD group were significantly lower than the mean scores of HD patients (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Also, mean of dialysis adequacy in patients with PD was significantly higher (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Based on findings, in order to increase dialysis adequacy of patients, along with medical interventions, psychological variables and mental health improvement of patients should also be considered. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2496 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2496/1085

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 17 4