Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 3 2020 07 20 182 188 Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi Department of Counseling, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Arezoo Mojarrad School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Saeed Pireinaladin School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Andrej M Grjibovski Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia. AND First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia. AND North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia. AND Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 2020 05 09 Objective: Nowadays, the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) is one of the most stressful resources that has led to the rise of different levels of psychological crisis. In addition to the countries affected by the COVID-19, such as China, European and American countries, Iran has appeared as one of the most affected countries with high infected cases and deaths. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-talk in predicting death anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and coping strategies in the face of COVID-19. Method: This descriptive and correlational study was conducted on 354 adults living in Ardabil, Iran, who were selected using cluster sampling from 21 January to 19 March 2020. Self-Talk questionnaires, Coping Strategies, Death Anxiety, and Obsessive-Compulsive questionnaires were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression were used for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between self-talk and problem-centered coping style. Also, significant negative relationships were found between self-talk and emotional coping style, death anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Furthermore, based on the results of the regression test, self-talk predicted problem-centered style, emotional-coping style, death anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the need for psychological crisis intervention during the COVID-19 outbreak. Also, this study provides an important step in shifting attention to self-talk skills from sport psychology fields toward clinical psychology, especially about the mental impacts of COVID-19. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2159 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2159/917

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 3 2020 07 20 189 204 Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hadi Zarafshan Department of Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sahar Khayam Bashi Department of Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Mohammadi Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Ali Khaleghi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2020 06 11 Objective: We investigated the level of psychological problems, perceived risk, safety behaviors, and the potential roles of demographic variables, public trust, media, and prior anxiety to illness during the COVID-19pandemic among Iranians. Method: In this cross sectional study, using a convenient and snowball sampling method, we distributed an online questionnaire to participants and collected data on their demographic variables, mental health status, the consumption of and level of trust to various media, the level of public trust, and perceived risk and safety behaviors regards COVID-19. Our final sample consisted of 1881 Iranian residents. We used descriptive analysis, bivariate correlation, univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis for data analysis. Results: The mental health problems have increased in comparison to past national survey; 24.1% vs 10.39% for depression, 37.93% vs 16.7% for social dysfunction, and 41.33% vs 29.5% for anxiety, and 31.12% vs 29.08% for somatization. We also found high percent of acute stress 52.71% (95% CI: 50.45-54.96). Being female, married, and having a higher educational level increased the odds of safety behaviors. Public trust and national media can regulate the negative effect of the pandemic, while increasing perceived risk and appropriate safety behaviors can decrease psychological problems and disorders. However, social media increases perceived risk, safety behaviors, and psychological problems, especially severe acute stress. Conclusion: We are in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and its negative effects will increase. Many people have lost their relatives, their jobs, their social contacts, and are faced with a surge of negative news. Authorities should consider these critical issues and adopt appropriate communicative and supportive approaches to prevent their negative effects at both individual and societal levels. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2222 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2222/918

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 3 2020 07 20 213 219 Mohsen Mohammadpour Department of Clinical Psychology, Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Vajiheh Ghorbani Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Samad Khoramnia Department of Clinical Psychology, Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Seyed Mojtaba Ahmadi Department of Clinical Psychology, Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Mahdiyeh Ghvami Department of Counseling, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mahboob Maleki Department of Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2020 05 30 Objective: The outbreak of COVID-19 has different effects on people's psychological and social aspects. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anxiety, self-compassion, and gender differences with self-care behaviors and fear of COVID-19 in Kermanshah. Method: In the cross-sectional study, 403 people answered online questions on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scale, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and a questionnaire focusing on COVID-19-related behavior. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant relationship between social distance and gender, and people who observed social distancing reported higher levels of fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.001). No significant relationship was found between handwashing behaviour and gender variables, marital status, and education (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference between those who answered yes to self-care behaviours related to washing and those who answered no in terms of variables of fear of COVID-19, the overall score of compassion, and subscales of compassion, including self-kindness and isolation (p < 0.05). In relation to fear of COVID-19, married status, anxiety, and common humanity had a positive relationship with fear of COVID-19. However, self-judgment was negatively related to fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, men and people who are less afraid of COVID-19 are more likely not to observe self-care behaviors. Therefore, providing training about treatment protocols is necessary for these people. To reduce the fear of this disease in people with high levels of fear, psychologists, psychiatrists, and other medical staff can implement protocols to increase compassion. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2200 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2200/920

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 3 2020 07 20 228 235 Amin Nakhostin-Ansari Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alborz Sherafati Department of Cardiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Faezeh Aghajani School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Saeid Khonji School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reyhaneh Aghajani School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nazila Shahmansouri Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2020 05 26 Objective: COVID-19 has spread throughout the world and has become a global pandemic. This situation can cause psychological distress among people, especially health care workers. This study aimed to determine depression and anxiety levels among Iranian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: In this cross sectional study, we designed an online survey of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaires. The survey link was sent to 500 medical clerks and interns studying at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). Results: A total of 64.6% of the students completed the survey. The prevalence of mild to severe anxiety and depression among them was 38.1% and 27.6%, respectively. Anxiety and changes in sleep patterns were the most common symptoms. Higher levels of anxiety were related to female gender, lower grade point average (GPA), and experience of COVID-19 symptoms. Students with lower GPA and prior experience of COVID-19 symptoms were more likely to feel depressed. Conclusion: Depression and anxiety did not significantly differ among Iranian medical students before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Somatic symptoms of depression are more common during this pandemic and need particular attention in future similar situations. A higher GPA is related to lower anxiety and depression among medical students. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2185 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2185/922

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 3 2020 07 20 205 212 Hossein Gharaati Sotoudeh Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyyed Salman Alavi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zari Akbari Department of Psychology, School of Psychology and Social Science, Islamic Azad Unevrsity, Roudehen Branch, Roudehen, Iran. Fereshteh Jannatifard Ministry of Education, Tehran, Iran. Valentin Artounian Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2020 06 21 Objective: COVID 19 is having a devastating effect on mankind’s life. Individuals with COVID-19 will experience high levels of stress, depression, anxiety, and low quality of life. The goals the of present study were to investigate the effect of brief crisis intervention package on stress, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patient with COVID-19. Method: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 30 patients were randomly selected and divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was examined in four 60-minute sessions for one month. During this period, the control group received only routine treatment and therapy. Before and after the intervention, DASS21, the Symptom Checklist (SCL-25), and WHO-QOL were used to measure and record patient mental health and quality of life. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS24 software. Results: The average mental health score was assessed with WHO-QOL, DASS21, and SCL-25 before intervention and was not statistically significant (P = > 0.05), and the mean score of stress, anxiety, depression, WHO-QOL, SCL-25 after intervention was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Therefore, results showed the brief crisis intervention package was effective in improving the quality of life (P < 0.05) and mental illnesses (P < 0.05) in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: The brief crisis intervention package can reduce the negative effect of patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this intervention can be used as a beneficial treatment to improve mental disorder symptoms and to improve the condition of people who suffer from COVID-19. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2237 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2237/919

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 3 2020 07 20 220 227 Said Ali-Mohammad Mousavi School of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. Zahra Hooshyari Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AND Measurement and Assessment Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Ameneh Ahmadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2020 06 06 Objective: Stressful events increase in traumatic conditions. Coronavirus is a new and serious challenge and significant public health problem, which can cause different stressors. This study has identified stressful events experienced by Iranian adults during the COVID-19 epidemic. Method: Data on stressful events during the COVID-19 epidemic were collected online from 418 adults (mean age 37.16 years; 57.4% female and 42.6% male) using quota sampling method. Epidemic Stressful Events Checklist was applied for data collection. Data were analyzed by applying descriptive graphs and tables, the independent sample t-test, the Fisher’s F test, and post hoc Bonferroni test. Results: The most frequent stressful event was rise in essential goods prices (84.7%); however, its perceived stress was not at the highest level. The highest severity of perceived stress was related to the death of a family member (4.83) due to COVID-19 infection, which was an event with the least occurrence, and the lowest severity of perceived stress was related to medical team performance (2.50). The results showed the severity of perceived stress is higher in women than men (t = 3.42; P value < 0.01) and also in the laboring occupations compared to other occupations (F = 3.18; P value < 0.05). Conclusion: Traumatic events can lead to more serious concerns, eg., worrying about those we love, concerns about the future of our life, and about what politicians and macro planners will do to protect our lives. Moreover, traumatic events can cause concerns about food, basic needs, and lack of resources to survive. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2215 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2215/921

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 15 3 2020 07 20 Perspective of policymakers and experts. Method: This qualitative study was performed on 21 policymakers and health literacy/mental health experts since May 2020 to September 2020 in the workplace of the interviewees in Tehran. Purposive sampling (snowball method) was conducted based on experience, expertise, and the willingness to participate in an interview. All interviews were conducted with the presence of the interviewer at the interviewees' workplace in Tehran. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via the conventional content analysis method. Results: Five themes were extracted as systemic factors for improving adolescent mental health literacy. Themes were “mental health literacy training”, “integration and coordination of stakeholder organizations”, “resources and facilities”, “continuous assessment” and “provision of information.” Conclusion: Before policy-making and planning to enhance adolescents' knowledge and awareness of mental health issues, it is necessary to attract policymakers’ attention to the macro level and identify direct and indirect strategies for the correct implementation of policies adopted in this field. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2813 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2813/1099

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 1 2022 12 17 55 64 Sakineh Soltani Kouhbanani Department of Educational Sciences, Educational Sciences and Psychology Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Somayeh Zarenezhad Department of Educational Sciences, Educational Sciences and Psychology Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Seyedeh Manizheh Arabi Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. 2021 05 02 Objective: Some children experience a significant deal of anxiety during the outbreak of COVID-19. Behavioral dimensions of the executive function appear to link to situational anxiety experience. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between self-related skills of executive functions and the level of anxiety in children (8-12-years-old) during the outbreak of COVID-19. Also, the secondary goal of this study is to predict the level of anxiety based on self-related skills of executive functions. Method: Parents of 300 children filled out the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) and the COVID-19 anxiety scale. Data were analyzed using correlation and path analysis. A significance level of less than 0.05 was set for all tests. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. Results: Results demonstrated that self-related skills of executive functions can predict 28% of COVID-19 anxiety. The subscales of self-management (P < 0.015, t = 5.56), self-regulation (P < 0.011, t = 6.37), self-restraint (P < 0.035, t = 4.29) and emotional self-organization (P < 0.042, P = 0.222) predicted coronavirus anxiety, but self-motivation (P < 0.05, P = 0.894) did not. Conclusion: Given that most subscales of executive function predict anxiety tied to critical situations such as the prevalence of the corona virus, it seems that greater attention should be allocated to the fostering and development of children's executive functions by teaching such skills at home by families. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2717 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2717/1102

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 1 2022 12 19 65 71 Oksana Zashchirinskaia Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Elena Isagulova Clinical Center of the Italian Institute of Micropsychoanalysis, Moscow, Russia. 2022 10 06 2022 11 09 Objective: Childhood trauma is associated with many major short-term and lifelong consequences, such as deterioration of mental health, higher frequency of affective dysregulation, changes in consciousness and attention, personality disorders, etc. Therefore, this study aims to examine childhood trauma as a possible factor in the incidence of high risk behaviors in adolescents with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Method: 120 individuals aged 12-18 years were selected based on purposive sampling and included in the research group (including 60 BPD adolescents and 60 non-BPD adolescents). After receiving ethical approval from official institutions, data was collected from the participants through demographic, childhood trauma, sexual addiction screening, eating attitudes, RAFFT, and suicidal behavior questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-test, prevalence, odds ratio and correlation analyses using the SPSS V21.0 software. Results: All adolescents with BPD had experienced some forms of psychotraumatic events in childhood. The BPD group experienced more traumatic events than the non-BPD group (P < 0.05). After controlling for gender, age and years of education, all differences remained significant. Furthermore, statistically significant correlations were found between the scores of the emotional abuse and eating disorders scales in the group of girls with BPD (r = 0.788, P < 0.01). Moderate correlations were discovered between emotional abuse and suicidal behaviors in boys with BPD (r = 0.641, P < 0.01). Moreover, it was found that the most significant factors in the formation of addictive behaviors among adolescents with BPD were emotional abuse (r = 0.527) and emotional neglect (r = 0.513, P < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings reinforce the role of childhood trauma in the formation of BPD symptoms during adolescence. Successful detection of the earliest risk factors in the form of childhood trauma and its different forms can provide specific high risk behavior targets for early intervention. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/3399 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/3399/1101

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 1 2022 12 19 72 82 Samaneh Nazarpoy Shirehjini Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Khomeyni Shahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Mahsa Shahrabi Farahani Department of Psychology, Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran. Mazin Khaleel Ibrahim Department of Accounting, College of Administration and Economics, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq. Hayder Mahmood Salman Department of Computer Science, Al-Turath University College, Al Mansour, Baghdad, Iraq. Saeid Motevalli Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences & Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 2022 09 06 2022 10 12 Objective: Non-constant current stimulation (NCCS) is a neuromodulatory method in which weak alternating, pulsed or random currents are delivered to the human head via scalp or earlobe electrodes. This approach is widely used in basic and translational studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of NCCS, which lead to biological and behavioral effects in the brain, remain largely unknown. In this review, we characterize NCCS techniques currently being utilized in neuroscience investigations, including transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), and cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES). Method: We unsystematically searched all relevant conference papers, journal articles, chapters, and textbooks on the biological mechanisms of NCCS techniques. Results: The fundamental idea of NCCS is that these low-level currents can interact with neuronal activity, modulate neuroplasticity and entrain cortical networks, thus, modifying cognition and behavior. We elucidate the mechanisms of action for each NCCS technique. These techniques may cause microscopic effects (such as affecting ion channels and neurotransmission systems) and macroscopic effects (such as affecting brain oscillations and functional connectivity) on the brain through different mechanisms of action (such as neural entrainment and stochastic resonance). Conclusion: The appeal of NCCS is its potential to modulate neuroplasticity noninvasively, along with the ease of use and good tolerability. Promising and interesting evidence has been reported for the capacity of NCCS to affect neural circuits and the behaviors under their control. Today, the challenge is to utilize this advancement optimally. Continuing methodological advancements with NCCS approaches will enable researchers to better understand how NCCS can be utilized for the modulation of nervous system activity and subsequent behaviors, with possible applications to non-clinical and clinical practices. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/3380 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/3380/1097

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 1 2022 12 19 83 92 EN Fatemeh Hosseini Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran. Fatemeh Hadizadeh-Talasaz Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Narjes Bahri Social Determinates of Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran. 2022 04 10 2022 08 30 Objective: Perfectaionism is a common personality trait that can affect various aspects of life, especially sexual relationships. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the existing evidence for the relationship between perfectionism and sexual function in studies conducted in Iran and the world. Method: A comprehensive search of databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, ProQuest, PsychINFO, IranPsych, Irandoc, SID, and Google Scholar search engine was performed until December 2021 without a time limit. To find studies, we searched for the keywords perfectionism and sexual function in both Persian and English and combined these words with the AND operator. Studies that scored above 15 according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria were included. Data analysis was performed qualitatively. Results: From the total of 878 articles found in databases, six articles met the inclusion criteria and had moderate quality. Reviewing studies corroborated that, notwithstanding the positive association between general/sexual perfectionism and sexual desire, specific dimensions such as socially prescribed perfectionism, partner-prescribed, and socially prescribed sexual perfectionism, have the utmost unfavorable effect on female sexual function, which means that a higher level of perfectionism ultimately decreases the rate of sexual function in women. In addition, studies suggested that by increasing sexual anxiety and distress levels, perfectionism deteriorates sexual function. Conclusion: Perfectionism may cause a variety of problems regarding sexual function. However, to clarify the precise role of each dimension of perfectionism on different areas of sexual function, more research must be conducted in this area in various communities and on age groups other than females of reproductive ages. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/3193 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/3193/1090

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 1 2022 12 19 93 96 Muhammad Khafid Syaifulloh Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia. Muchtar Hanafi Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia. Tonang Dwi Ardyanto Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia. Nanang Wiyono Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia. Pepi Budianto Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia. Jumiatmoko Jumiatmoko Department of Early Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia. 2022 04 17 2022 10 10 Objective: Quran memorization is familiar in Indon