Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 1 2021 01 30 1 12 Seyyed Salman Alavi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Hooshyari Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soroush Mohammadi Kalhori Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mona Salehi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Salmanian Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Khaleghi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hadi Zarafshan Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ameneh Ahmadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Koorosh Kamali Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Nastran Ahmadi Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 2020 02 17 Objective: Psychosis is still among the most debilitating and severe mental disorders. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the estimated prevalence of psychotic disorders and finding the main predictors of psychotic disorders among Iranian children and adolescents. Method: Our total sample consisted of 30 553 individuals (49% males and 51%females) from 30 provinces of Iran, aged between 6 and 18 years, who were selected via cluster sampling method from urban and rural areas of all provinces. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and multiple logistic regression method. Results: The results of multiple regression analysis showed that prevalence estimate of psychotic disorders was 0.25%. It was 0.3% and 0.2% in males and females, respectively. The age of 10-14 (OR = 2.24; 95% CI, 1.11-4.55) and the age of 15-18 (OR = 3.42; 95% CI, 1.74-6.75) were significant positive predictors, whereas none of the demographic variables were predictors for psychotic symptoms. Conclusion: This research highlights the main predictors of psychosis in children and adolescents. The study design also allowed a better understanding of predictors of psychotic disorders. The assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, particularly their comorbidities, may help to prevent mental illnesses in children and adolescents. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2009 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2009/980

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 1 2021 01 30 13 20 Zahra Hosseinkhani Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin, University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Mahboubeh Parsaeian Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamid-Reza Hassanabadi Department of Educational Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Atefeh Khoshkchali Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Zahra Alinesaei Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Saharnaz Nedjat Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 06 17 Objective: Mental health is one of the most important issues in adolescents’ life. Adolescents’ health is highly important, because of their role in the future. This study was conducted using multilevel analysis to investigate the risk factors at student and school levels. Method: This was a cross sectional study for which 1740 students and 53 schools were selected between February and March 2018 in Qazvin, Iran. Multistage stratified cluster sampling was used for data collection. Mental health problems were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Emotional symptom, conduct problem, hyperactivity, peer relationship problem, and prosocial behavior were the subscales. This study used multilevel analysis to determine the association between each of the questionnaire scales and students and schools variables. Results: The prevalence of the mental health problems was 16.2%. Conduct problem was more prevalent than others (21.1%). Overall, the score of mental health problems was significantly lower in boys’ schools, in adolescents with physical activity, and in families with high socioeconomic status. Hyperactivity and emotional symptoms were significantly higher in girls’ schools. While prosocial behavior and peer relationship problems were significantly higher in boys’ schools. The association between variables and the scales of mental health problems was different. Conclusion: Results indicated desirable physical activity and socioeconomic status are effective components in the adolescents’ mental health, and, mostly girls’ schools were more vulnerable than boys’ schools. Therefore, the educational authorities and health policymakers should consider this diversity to design interventional programs and pay more attention to the high-risk adolescents in different schools. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1815 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1815/981

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 1 2021 01 30 21 29 Samira Masoumian Mental Health Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Ashouri Mental Health Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soheila Ghomian Clinical Psychology, University of Tehran Counseling Center, Tehran, Iran. Mahbobeh Keshtkar Mental Health Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Esfandiar Siahkamary Mental Health Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Neda Vahed Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 09 04 Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on anger and interpersonal relationships among male students. Method: In the present study, several universities were selected from the public universities in Tehran province, based on random cluster sampling. Then, 400 students from selected universities were selected randomly and Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ) was administered on them. After collecting information, among the participants who gained scores higher than the average, 30 were selected based on the lottery and randomly (sorting their names in alphabetical order and randomly selecting them) and then were placed randomly in ACT (n = 15) and CBT (n = 15) groups. Also, the Fundamental Interpersonal Relation Orientation- Behavior (FIRO-B) and Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ) was performed on both groups before and after intervention. Results: The results indicated that at the end of treatment, there was a significant decrease in the degree of anger among the participants and a significant improvement in all subscales of interpersonal relationships. Also, a significant difference was found between the 2 groups of ACT and CBT in terms of anger changes. Considering that the anger changes in the ACT group were higher, it can be concluded that the ACT group had more changes than the CBT group, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups of ACT and CBT in terms of FIRO-B subscales. Conclusion: In some cases, such as anger, ACT has a better effect than CBT, and in others, such as interpersonal problems, it is as effective as CBT. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/1899 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/1899/982

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 1 2021 01 30 30 35 Nader Ayadi Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Saeed Pireinaladin Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Shokri Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of MohagheghArdabili, Ardabil, Iran. Shahriyar Dargahi Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of MohagheghArdabili, Ardabil, Iran. Fatemeh Zarein Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2020 05 30 Objective: Adolescence is a critical period in terms of development and education, in which there are numbers of high-risk behaviors that can negative effects on personal and educational life. One of these high-risk behaviors is mobile phone addiction that is a sociopsychological phenomenon, and the lack of control in the use of this technology by students can cause damage to various aspects of their personal and educational lives. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of procrastination in the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and addiction to mobile phone in gifted students. Method: This was a descriptive and correlational study in which 200 gifted students from gifted students’ high school of Meshghinshahr were selected using cluster sampling in 2020. Tri-Shot Perfectionism questionnaires, Tuckman Procrastination Scale, and Savari Mobile Phone Addiction questionnaire were applied to collect data. Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and path analysis (Structural Model) were used to analyze data. Results: The findings revealed positive and negative perfectionism was not directly related to cell phone addiction. However, positive perfectionism through procrastination meditation had a negative and indirect relationship with mobile phone addiction (β = -0.18), and negative perfectionism through procrastination meditation had a positive and indirect relationship with mobile phone addiction (β = 0.17). In other words, procrastination is a complete mediation in the relationship between negative and positive perfectionism and cell phone addiction in students (β = 0.29). Conclusion: The results emphasized the effect of procrastination on the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and mobile phone addiction in gifted students. Therefore, these findings can help school and rehabilitation counselors to prepare programs for reducing students' addictive and avoidant behaviors. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2196 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2196/983

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 1 2021 01 30 36 42 Seyed Mohamad Kazem Nourbakhsh Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Minoo Atamanesh Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Effatpanah Department of Pediatrics, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mona Salehi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Morteza Heidari Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Pediatric Neurology, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2019 12 30 Objective: High prevalence of behavioral and psychological disorders in children with thalassemia can be associated with a decrease in the self-esteem of patients and can completely alter the person's self-concept. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of behavioral problems and its relationship with self-esteem and self-concept in patients with thalassemia major aged 6 to 18 years. Method: In a cross-sectional study, 30 patients with thalassemia major at the age of 6 to 18 years were enrolled. behavioral problems, self-esteem, and self-concept were evaluated by the child's behavioral check list at the ages of 6 to 18 years (CBCL 6-18), the Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Results: A total of 10.0% of patients had behavioral disorders, 3 (10.0%) desirable self-esteem, 15 (50.0%) moderate self-esteem, and 12 (40.0%) poor self-esteem. There was a strong but adverse correlation between behavioral disorder score and both self-esteem score (correlation coefficient equal to -0.886, p value = 0.001) and self-concept score (correlation coefficient equal to -0.498, p value = 0.001), and thus those patients with behavioral disorder had less appropriate self-esteem and self-concept. Conclusion: The incidence of behavioral disorders is associated with decreased self-esteem and poor self-concept in these patients. Therefore, improvement in behavioral disorders can be expected by improving self-esteem and self-concept in such patients. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2003 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2003/992

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 16 1 2021 01 30 43 51 Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Delavar Measurement and Assessment Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Hooshyari Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Measurement and Assessment Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Alia Shakiba Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Salmanian Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemehthe effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depression and anxiety by reviewing systematic review and meta-analysis studies published in the last three years. Method: PubMed and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched between January 1, 2019 and November 25, 2022 with relevant keywords for English systematic review and meta-analysis articles reviewing the utilization of ACT to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms. Results: 25 articles were included in our study: 14 systematic review and meta-analysis studies and 11 systematic reviews. These studies have investigated the effects of ACT on depression and anxiety in populations of children or adults, mental health patients, patients with different cancers or multiple sclerosis, people with audiological problems, parents or caregivers of children with mental or physical illnesses as well as normal people. Furthermore, they have examined the effects of ACT in individual, group, Internet, computerized, or combined delivery formats. Most of the reviewed studies reported significant effect sizes (small to large effect sizes) of ACT, regardless of the delivery method, compared to passive (placebo, waitlist) and active (treatment as usual and other psychological interventions except cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)) controls for depression and anxiety. Conclusion: Recent literature mainly agrees on the small to moderate effect sizes of ACT on depression and anxiety symptoms in different populations. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/3444 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/3444/1108

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 2 2023 03 15 119 126 Forouzan Behrouzian Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Leila Abdi Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Masoumeh Nazarinasab Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Amirali Moghaddam Sadegh Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Sanam Anoosheh Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Maryam Moradi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. 2022 12 07 2022 12 28 Objective: Schizophrenia is known as a severe psychiatric disorder with a broad range of clinical indications and symptoms such as positive and negative symptoms. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of melatonin on positive and negative symptoms of inpatients with schizophrenia. Method: This study was conducted as a randomized placebo-controlled trial (double-blind) in the population of patients with schizophrenia. Study samples were selected from inpatients with schizophrenia, according to the DSM-5 criteria, who had not been diagnosed with a depressive episode of schizophrenia based on the Calgary questionnaire and who also met the inclusion criteria. 46 patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to the intervention (6 mg melatonin per day as two 3 mg pills for six weeks) and placebo groups. The positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) was used to assess the effect of treatment at T1 (before intervention), T2 (three weeks after beginning the intervention) and T3 (six weeks after beginning the intervention). To check the research hypotheses, multiple comparison statistics were used by the SPSS 22 software. Results: The placebo and melatonin groups had no significant difference in terms of PANSS scores (negative, positive, general and total symptom scores) at T1. Also, there was no difference in PANSS scores between the two groups at T2. However, at T3, there was a significant difference between the two groups only in the score of negative symptoms of PANSS (P = 0.036), so that negative symptoms of schizophrenia were significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, based on within-group analyzes, all PANSS scores were significantly reduced in the two groups at T2 and T3 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Long-term use (at least six weeks) of melatonin can improve the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Since antipsychotics can better affect the positive symptoms, the use of melatonin in combination with these drugs may perhaps further improve the patients’ symptoms. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/3448 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/3448/1113

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 2 2023 03 15 127 133 Ali Khaleghi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Kian Shahi Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Motie Nasrabadi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. 2021 08 07 2023 01 02 Objective: Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental illness that is associated with different deficits in the cerebral cortex and neural networks, resulting in irregularity of brain waves. Various neuropathological hypotheses have been proposed for this irregularity that we intend to examine in this computational study. Method: We used a mathematical model of a neuronal population based on cellular automata to examine two hypotheses about the neuropathology of schizophrenia: first, reducing neuronal stimulation thresholds to increase neuronal excitability; and second, increasing the percentage of excitatory neurons and decreasing the percentage of inhibitory neurons to increase the excitation to inhibition ratio in the neuronal population. Then, we compare the complexity of the output signals produced by the model in both cases with real healthy resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) signals using the Lempel-Ziv complexity measure and see if these changes alter (increase or decrease) the complexity of the neuronal population dynamics. Results: By lowering the neuronal stimulation threshold (i.e., the first hypothesis), no significant change in the pattern and amplitude of the network complexity was observed, and the model complexity was very similar to the complexity of real EEG signals (P > 0.05). However, increasing the excitation to inhibition ratio (i.e., the second hypothesis) led to significant changes in the complexity pattern of the designed network (P < 0.05). More interestingly, in this case, the complexity of the output signals of the model increased significantly compared to real healthy EEGs (P = 0.002) and the model output of the unchanged condition (P = 0.028) and the first hypothesis (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Our computational model suggests that imbalances in the excitation to inhibition ratio in the neural network are probably the source of abnormal neuronal firing patterns and thus the cause of increased complexity of brain electrical activity in schizophrenia. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2851 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2851/1106

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 2 2023 03 15 134 144 Mehran Farhadi Department of Psychology, Faculty Economic and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Haniyeh Rahimi Department of Psychology, Faculty Economic and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Mohammad Reza Zoghi Paydar Department of Psychology, Faculty Economic and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Mosayeb Yarmohamadi Vasel Department of Psychology, Faculty Economic and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. 2022 02 06 2022 10 08 Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of self-compassion-focused therapy on cognitive vulnerability to depression as one of the causes of the onset or recurrence of depressive episodes in people who were not depressed at the time of the research but were cognitively susceptible to depression. Method: The statistical population included all students of Bu-Ali Sina University in 2020. The sample was selected through the available sampling method. First, 52 people were screened, and finally, by random assignment, 20 people were placed in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group. The experimental group underwent compassion-focused therapy for eight 90-minutes-long sessions. The instruments included the Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, the Cognitive Triad Inventory, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the 2ⁿᵈ edition Beck Depression Inventory. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that self-compassion-focused therapy was effective in terms of cognitive vulnerability to depression (P < 0.01, F = 22.78), dysfunctional attitudes (P < 0.01, F = 15.53), self-esteem (P < 0.01, F = 30.07), general attribution style for negative events (P < 0.01, F = 11.41), stable attribution style for negative events (P < 0.01, F = 14.48) and internal attribution style for negative events (P < 0.01, F = 12.45). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that self-compassion-focused therapy can reduce cognitive vulnerability to depression. It seems that this has been achieved through the regulation of emotional systems and the increase of mindfulness, which leads to the reduction of safety-seeking behaviors and the modification of cognitive patterns that take place around the axis of the compassionate mind. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/3125 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/3125/1111

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 2 2023 03 15 145 152 Shahriar Dargahi Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Saeed Pireinaladin Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Soliman Ahmadboukani Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Sepideh Bashirgonbadi Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Behnam Molaei Department of Family Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Davod Fathi Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 2020 07 19 2022 10 12 Objective: In old age, people suffer from many mental and physical illnesses, which make it important for the elderly to pay attention to adapting to these diseases. So, the aim of this research was to study the role of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and giving meaning to life in psychosocial adjustment, as well as the mediating role of self-care in the elderly. Method: This research was descriptive and correlational, conducted through available sampling of 200 elderly people who lived in the city of Ardabil. After the necessary assessments in terms of mental disorders and inclusion criteria, they were chosen to conduct this investigation in 2020. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire, Psychosocial Adjustment Scale, Self-Care Questionnaire for the Elderly, and Interpersonal Needs scale were used to gather the data. The data were analyzed using SPSS25 and Amos24 software. Results: The findings showed that perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness have a negative and direct effect on elderly self-care [β = -0.25, P < 0.01] [β = -0.20, P < 0.05] and psychosocial adjustment [β = -0.0, P < 0.05] [β = -0.12, P < 0.05]. Also, giving meaning to life has a positive and direct effect on elderly self-care [β = 0.32, P = 0.01] and psychosocial adjustment [β = 0.033, P < 0.01]. The variable of self-care can play a mediating role in the relationship between thwarted belongingness [β = -0.174, P < 0.05], perceived burdensomeness [β = -0.140, P < 0.05], and giving meaning to life [β = 0.223, P < 0.05] with psychosocial adjustment. Moreover, among the exogenous variables, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness by change in self-care have been able to reduce psychosocial adjustment. Giving meaning through self-care, however, has increased psychosocial adjustment. Conclusion: The findings revealed that thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and giving meaning to life are important variables in health and adaptability of the elderly, which draws attention to family-centered interventions and individual therapies. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2274 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2274/1110

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 2 2023 03 15 153 164 Hosna Mirzaasgari Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fereshte Momeni Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abbas Pourshahbaz Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farahnaz Keshavarzi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Motazedi Infertility Research and treatment Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Masoud Hatami Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 2021 08 01 2022 08 03 Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the role played by psychological distress in the relation between personality dimensions and pregnancy outcome of women undergoing in vitro fertilization/Intra-Cytoplasmic Injections (IVF/ICSI) treatment. Method: This prospective cohort study was conducted for 12 months on 154 infertile women who were receiving IVF/ICSI assisted reproductive treatment for the first time. Research instruments for measuring psychological distress included the Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). One of these was completed prior to ovarian stimulation and the other during the embryo transfer stage. The temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R 125) was employed once to assess personality dimensions prior to the ovarian stimulation stage. Independent t-test, Mann Whitney test, Repeated Measures and path analysis were performed for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results of this study showed no significant difference between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups in personality traits (Harm avoidance and self-directness) and psychological distress (FPI and DASS scores). Repeated measures showed a significant difference in stress, anxiety, and depression levels between the two stages of ovarian stimulation and embryo transfer (P < 0.01). Path analysis showed no significant direct and indirect effect for harm avoidance on the pregnancy outcome when psychological distress was mediated. Conclusion: The effect of psychological factors on IVF outcomes is more complicated than is generally assumed and more studies are mandatory to clarify the relationship between personality traits and infertility treatments. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2846 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2846/1105

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 2 2023 03 15 165 172 Behrooz Dolatshahi Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Yazdan Naderi Rajeh Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Abbas Pourshahbaz Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehran Zarghami Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran AND Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. 2022 05 20 2022 10 01 Objective: Research has demonstrated that individuals with a history of depression engage in complicated strategies (e.g., thought suppression) that may mask the possible existence of major depression. Increasing the mental strain, such as retrieving a six-digit number, may reveal depressive thinking in previously depressed individuals. This study examined the hypothesis that thought suppression could mask a cognitive vulnerability to depression and illustrated how cognitive tasks disrupt mind control. Method: This case-control study recruited 255 participants with a convenience sampling method conducted at the Razi Educational and Therapeutic Psychiatric Center (Tehran, Iran) in 2021. Participants were divided into five groups, then they were evaluated by a scrambled sentence test (SST) after random assignment to either mental load or no mental load conditions. The number of negative unscrambled statements was used as an index of negative interpretation bias. After gathering data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for different group factors and conditions was carried out to test the main hypotheses. Results: The effect of the intervention provided to each group on the score of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRDS) was significant (F (4, 208) = 511.77, P < 0.001). A significant correlation (r = 0.36, P < 0.01) was found between depression (HDRS) and negative interpretive bias (SST). Analysis of ANOVA has revealed a significant effect on the group (F (4, 412) = 14.94, P < 0.001). The effect of the mental load was not significant (F (4, 412) = 0.09, P = 0.75), but the group × load interaction was significant (F (4, 412) = 5.03, P < 0.001). Post hoc test was used to draw multiple comparisons between the five groups. Conclusion: The results revealed that people who are vulnerable to depressive disorders are predominantly engaged in thought suppression, which can conceal their depressogenic thinking until cognitive requests consume their mind control efforts. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/3252 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/3252/1115

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 2 2023 03 15 173 182 Bita Bahrami Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran. Nasrin Safarloo Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran. 2021 10 22 2022 09 03 Objective: For a long time, it was held that narcissism had two aspects: narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic fragility. The extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism elements of the three-factor narcissism paradigm, on the other hand, have gained popularity in recent years. Based on the three-factor framework of narcissism, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-short form (FFNI-SF) is a relatively recent invention. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the FFNI-SF in Persian among Iranians. Method: Ten specialists (with Ph.D.s in psychology) were enlisted in this research to translate and evaluate the reliability of the Persian version of the FFNI-SF. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were then used to assess face and content validity. It was given to 430 students at Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, once the Persian form was completed. The available sampling technique was used to choose the participants. Cronbach's alpha and the test-retest correlation coefficient were used to assess the reliability of the FFNI-SF. In addition, concept validity was obtained using exploratory factor analysis. In addition, correlations with NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) were employed to establish the convergent validity of the FFNI-SF. Results: According to professional opinions, the face and content validity indices met expectations. With Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability, the questionnaire's reliability was also established. Cronbach's alphas varied between 0.7 and 0.83 for the FFNI-SF components. According to test-retest reliability coefficients, the components' values varied from 0.7 to 0.86. Additionally, three factors (extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism) were recovered using the principal components approach and a straight oblimin rotation. According to an analysis of the eigenvalues, the three-factor solution accounted for 49.01 of the variation in the FFNI-SF. The eigenvalues for the three variables were 2.95 (M = 1.39), 2.51 (M = 1.3), and 1.88 (M = 1.24) respectively. The FFNI-SF Persian form's convergent validity was further verified by the association between its results and those from the NEO-FFI and PNI tests and the FFNI-SF. There was a substantial positive association between FFNI-SF Extraversion and NEO Extraversion (r = 0.51, P ≤ 0.001), as well as a strong negative correlation between FFNI-SF antagonism and NEO agreeableness (r = -0.59, P ≤ 0.001). As well as this, PNI grandiose narcissism (r = 0.37, P ≤ 0.001) was shown to be significantly associated with FFNI-SF grandiose narcissism (r = 0.48, P ≤ 0.001), as it was with PNI vulnerable narcissism (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Conclusion: with its solid psychometric qualities, we may utilize the Persian FFNI-SF to test the three-factor model of narcissism as an effective tool for research. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2989 https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/download/2989/1112

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 1735-4587 18 2 2023 03 15 183 190 Ronak Mihan Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seiedeh Bentolhoda Mousavi Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Khodaie Ardakani Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamed Rezaei Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Samaneh Hosseinzadeh Department of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Nazeri Astaneh Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rosa Alikhani Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2021 09 18 2022 10 01 Objective: The burden on caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders is significantly higher than the care burden of patients with other medical conditions. Substance use disorder is also one of the most common psychiatric disorders that has negative effects on people's quality of life. This study was designed to investigate caregiver burden in severe mental disorders versus substance use disorder. Method: First-degree relatives of patients admitted to the Razi Psychiatric Hospital of Tehran with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder type1, schizoaffective disorder, or substance use disorder entered this study. They completed the sociodemographic questionnaire for patients and caregivers and the Zarit burden interview for caregivers. Results: Our study shows that caregiver burden in substance use disorder has no significant difference with that in severe mental disorders (P > 0.05). In both groups, the highest spectrum of burden was moderate to severe. To find caregiver burden related factors, a general linear regression model with multiple predictor variables was fitted. In this model, caregivers’ burden was significa