Effect of Radiance-Dimmer Devices Simulating Natural Sunlight Rhythm on the Plasma Melatonin Levels and Anxiety and Depression Scores of the Submarine Personnel
,
Abstract
Objective: Not perceiving circadian shifts of sunlight due to living in enclosed environments may have deleterious effects on mental health and plasma parameters. This study aimed to determine the effect of dim regulation on the submarine personnel of Iranian Navy forces by radiating devices according to natural circadian sunlight shifts. Also, this study aimed to investigate the impact of mimicking sunlight circadian by artificial radiance luminating devices on the serological and psychological measures of submarine personnel.
Method: Participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups in this non-randomized controlled trial. There were 26 participants in each group, and they were all male aged 21-29 years. Both groups were living in the submarine underground hall, with 120 meters 2 area with constant radiance with the same intensity. The experimental group had been given extra lighting devices with changing radiance intensity according to the natural sunlight circadian cycles. Plasma melatonin levels and depression and anxiety scores were determined before and after the experiment for both groups. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Cattell’s Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (IPAT) were used to measure depression and anxiety, respectively.
Results: Findings indicate that the plasma melatonin levels (-16.2±13.6 vs 8.0±9.3 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.001), depression scores (-6±6 vs 3.9±5.4, respectively; p<0.001), and anxiety scores (-1±1.2 vs 0.73±1.04, respectively; p<0.001) significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Using radiance dimmers, with a radiance intensity regularity according to the sunlight, is effective in improving psychiatric and plasma parameters and can be used in closed occupational environments such as underground environments and submarine halls.
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7. He C, Wang J, Li Y, Zhu K, Xu Z, Song Y, et la. Melatonin-related genes expressed in the mouse uterus during early gestation promote embryo implantation. J Pineal Res. 2015;58(3):300-9.
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10. Chabal S, Welles R, Haran FJ, Markwald R. Effects of sleep and fatigue on teams in a submarine environment. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2018;45(3):257-272.
11. Anisi J, Majdian M, Mirzamani SM. The factors associated with suicide ideation in Iranian soldiers. Iran J Psychiatry. 2010;5(3):97-101.
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13. Brzezinski A, Seibel MM, Lynch HJ, Deng MH, Wurtman RJ. Melatonin in Human Preovulatory Follicular Fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;64(4):865-7..
14. Iuvone PM, Tosini G, Pozdeyev N, Haque R, Klein DC, Chaurasia SS. Circadian clocks, clock networks, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, and melatonin in the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005;24(4):433-56.
15. Klein DC. Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase: “the Timezyme”. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:4233–7.
16. Cahill GM, Besharse JC. Circadian regulation of melatonin in the retina of Xenopus laevis: limitation by serotonin availability. J Neurochem, 1990;54:716–9.
17. Thomas KB, Brown AD, Iuvone PM. Elevation of melatonin in chicken retina by 5-hydroxytryptophan: differential light/dark responses. Neuroreport. 1998;9(18):4041–4.
18. Zimmermann RC, McDougle CJ, Schumacher M, Olcese J, Mason JW, Heninger GR, et al. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on nocturnal melatonin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76(5):1160-4.
19. Fournier I, Ploye F, Cottet-Emard JM, Brun J, Claustrat B. Folate deficiency alters melatonin secretion in rats. J Nutr. 2002;132:2781–4.
20. Luboshitzky R, Ophir U, Nave R, Epstein R, Shen-Orr Z, Herer P. The effect of pyridoxine administration on melatonin secretion in normal men. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23(3):213-7.
21. Viswanathan M, Siow YL, Paulose CS, Dakshinamurti K. Pineal indoleamine metabolism in pyridoxine-deficient rats. Brain Res. 1988;473(1):37-42.
22. Magri F, Sarra S, Cinchetti W, Guazzoni V, Fioravanti M, Cravello L, et al. Qualitative and quantitative changes of melatonin levels in physiological and pathological aging and in centenarians. J Pineal Res. 2004;36(4):256-61.
23. Wu YH, Swaab DF. The human pineal gland and melatonin in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. J Pineal Res. 2005;38(3):145-52.
24. Skene DJ, Arendt J. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders in the blind and their treatment with melatonin. Sleep Med. 2007;8(6):651-5.
25. Steindl PE, Finn B, Bendok B, Rothke S, Zee PC, Blei AT. Disruption of the diurnal rhythm of plasma melatonin in cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(4):274-7.
26. Lüdermann P, Zwernemann S, Lerchl A. Clearance of melatonin and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin by hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Pineal Res. 2001;31(3):222-7.
27. Yaprak M, Altun A, Vardar A, Aktoz M, Ciftci S, Ozbay G. Decreased nocturnal synthesis of melatonin in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2003;89(1):103-7.
28. Tutuncu NB, Batur MK, Yildirir A, Tutuncu T, Deger A, Koray Z, et al. Melatonin levels decrease in type 2 diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. J Pineal Res. 2005;39(1):43–9.
29. Kennedy SH, Kutcher SP, Ralevski E, Brown GM. Nocturnal melatonin and 24-hour 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels in various phases of bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1996;63(2-3):219–22.
30. Pacchierotti C, Iapichino S, Bossini L, Pieraccini F, Castrogiovanni P. Melatonin in psychiatric disorders: a review on the melatonin involvement in psychiatry. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2001;22(1):18-32.
31. Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE. Urinary melatonin levels and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(14):1084-7.
32. Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE. Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology. 2006;17(1):108-11.
33. Skene DJ, Bojkowski CJ, Arendt J. Comparison of the effects of acute fluvoxamine and desipramine administration on melatonin and cortisol production in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;37(2):181-6.
34. Costello RB, Lentino CV, Boyd CC, O'Connell ML, Crawford CC, Sprengel ML, Deuster PA. The effectiveness of melatonin for promoting healthy sleep: a rapid evidence assessment of the literature. Nutr J. Nutr J. 2014;13:106.
35. Skene DJ, Arendt J. Human circadian rhythms: physiological and therapeutic relevance of light and melatonin. Ann Clin Biochem. Ann Clin Biochem. 2006;43(Pt 5):344-53.
36. Ho Mien I, Chua EC, Lau P, Tan LC, Lee IT, Yeo SC, et al. Effects of exposure to intermittent versus continuous red light on human circadian rhythms, melatonin suppression, and pupillary constriction. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96532.
37. Reiter RJ. Pineal melatonin: cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions. Endocr Rev. 1991;12(2):151-80.
38. Rajaratnam SM, Arendt J. Health in a 24-h society. Lancet. 2001;358(9286):999-1005.
39. Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Pache M, Flammer J, Wirz-Justice A. Thermoregulatory effects of melatonin in relation to sleepiness. Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(1-2):475-84.
40. Arendt J. Melatonin: characteristics, concerns, and prospects. J Biol Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms. 2005;20(4):291-303.
41. Scheer FA, Czeisler CA. Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms. Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9(1):5-9.
42. Lewy AJ, Lefler BJ, Emens JS, Bauer VK. The circadian basis of winter depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(19):7414-9.
43. Lewy AJ, Rough JN, Songer JB, Mishra N, Yuhas K, Emens JS. The phase shift hypothesis for the circadian component of winter depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(3):291-300.
44. Jasser SA, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, Brainard GC. Dim light adaptation attenuates acute melatonin suppression in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 2006;21(5):394-404.
45. Kang J, Song YM. The association between submarine service and multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study of Korean naval personnel. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e017776.
46. Lambert G, Reid C, Kaye D, Jennings G, Esler M. Increased suicide rate in the middle-aged and its association with hours of sunlight. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(4):793-5.
47. van Wijk C. Submarine escape: the effect of training on anxiety. Mil Med. 1998;163(2):68-70.
2. Tapia-Osorio A, Salgado-Delgado R, Angeles-Castellanos M, Escobar C. Disruption of circadian rhythms due to chronic constant light leads to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2013;252:1-9.
3. Foster JA1, McVey Neufeld KA. Gut–brain axis: how the microbiomeinfluences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(5):305-12.
4. Walf AA, Frye CA. Estradiol reduces anxiety-and depression-like behavior of aged female mice. Physiol Behav. 2010;99(2):169-74.
5. Arrant AE, Schramm-Sapyta NL, Kuhn CM. Use of the light/dark test for anxiety in adult and adolescent male rats. Behav Brain Res. 2013;256:119-27.
6. Beaulé C, Robinson B, Lamont EW, Amir S. Melanopsin in the circadian timing system. J Mol Neurosci. 2003;21(1):73-89.
7. He C, Wang J, Li Y, Zhu K, Xu Z, Song Y, et la. Melatonin-related genes expressed in the mouse uterus during early gestation promote embryo implantation. J Pineal Res. 2015;58(3):300-9.
8. Papantoniou K, Pozo OJ, Espinosa A, Marcos J, Castaño-Vinyals G, Basagaña X, et al. Circadian variation of melatonin, light exposure, and diurnal preference in day and night shift workers of both sexes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Jul;23(7):1176-86.
9. Peng WG, Hong LB, Fang F. EFFECT OF LONG TERM VOYAGE ON ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND SLEEP QUALITY OF SAILORS IN NAVAL SHIP AND NUCLEAR-POWERED SUBMARINE. Journal of Preventive Medicine of Chinese People's Liberation Army. 2002;(6) 418-421.
10. Chabal S, Welles R, Haran FJ, Markwald R. Effects of sleep and fatigue on teams in a submarine environment. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2018;45(3):257-272.
11. Anisi J, Majdian M, Mirzamani SM. The factors associated with suicide ideation in Iranian soldiers. Iran J Psychiatry. 2010;5(3):97-101.
12. Soltaninejad A, Fathi-Ashtiani A, Ahmadi K, Sadat Mirsharafoddini H, Nikmorad A. Personality Factors Underlying Suicidal Behavior Among Military Youth. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014; 16(4): e12686.لطفا این رفرنس را چک کنید Soltaninejad A, Fathi-Ashtiani A, Ahmadi K, Mirsharafoddini H S, Nikmorad A, et al. Personality Factors Underlying Suicidal Behavior Among Military Youth, Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014 ; 16(4):e12686. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.12686.
13. Brzezinski A, Seibel MM, Lynch HJ, Deng MH, Wurtman RJ. Melatonin in Human Preovulatory Follicular Fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;64(4):865-7..
14. Iuvone PM, Tosini G, Pozdeyev N, Haque R, Klein DC, Chaurasia SS. Circadian clocks, clock networks, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, and melatonin in the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005;24(4):433-56.
15. Klein DC. Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase: “the Timezyme”. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:4233–7.
16. Cahill GM, Besharse JC. Circadian regulation of melatonin in the retina of Xenopus laevis: limitation by serotonin availability. J Neurochem, 1990;54:716–9.
17. Thomas KB, Brown AD, Iuvone PM. Elevation of melatonin in chicken retina by 5-hydroxytryptophan: differential light/dark responses. Neuroreport. 1998;9(18):4041–4.
18. Zimmermann RC, McDougle CJ, Schumacher M, Olcese J, Mason JW, Heninger GR, et al. Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on nocturnal melatonin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76(5):1160-4.
19. Fournier I, Ploye F, Cottet-Emard JM, Brun J, Claustrat B. Folate deficiency alters melatonin secretion in rats. J Nutr. 2002;132:2781–4.
20. Luboshitzky R, Ophir U, Nave R, Epstein R, Shen-Orr Z, Herer P. The effect of pyridoxine administration on melatonin secretion in normal men. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23(3):213-7.
21. Viswanathan M, Siow YL, Paulose CS, Dakshinamurti K. Pineal indoleamine metabolism in pyridoxine-deficient rats. Brain Res. 1988;473(1):37-42.
22. Magri F, Sarra S, Cinchetti W, Guazzoni V, Fioravanti M, Cravello L, et al. Qualitative and quantitative changes of melatonin levels in physiological and pathological aging and in centenarians. J Pineal Res. 2004;36(4):256-61.
23. Wu YH, Swaab DF. The human pineal gland and melatonin in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. J Pineal Res. 2005;38(3):145-52.
24. Skene DJ, Arendt J. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders in the blind and their treatment with melatonin. Sleep Med. 2007;8(6):651-5.
25. Steindl PE, Finn B, Bendok B, Rothke S, Zee PC, Blei AT. Disruption of the diurnal rhythm of plasma melatonin in cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(4):274-7.
26. Lüdermann P, Zwernemann S, Lerchl A. Clearance of melatonin and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin by hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Pineal Res. 2001;31(3):222-7.
27. Yaprak M, Altun A, Vardar A, Aktoz M, Ciftci S, Ozbay G. Decreased nocturnal synthesis of melatonin in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2003;89(1):103-7.
28. Tutuncu NB, Batur MK, Yildirir A, Tutuncu T, Deger A, Koray Z, et al. Melatonin levels decrease in type 2 diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. J Pineal Res. 2005;39(1):43–9.
29. Kennedy SH, Kutcher SP, Ralevski E, Brown GM. Nocturnal melatonin and 24-hour 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels in various phases of bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1996;63(2-3):219–22.
30. Pacchierotti C, Iapichino S, Bossini L, Pieraccini F, Castrogiovanni P. Melatonin in psychiatric disorders: a review on the melatonin involvement in psychiatry. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2001;22(1):18-32.
31. Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE. Urinary melatonin levels and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(14):1084-7.
32. Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE. Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology. 2006;17(1):108-11.
33. Skene DJ, Bojkowski CJ, Arendt J. Comparison of the effects of acute fluvoxamine and desipramine administration on melatonin and cortisol production in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;37(2):181-6.
34. Costello RB, Lentino CV, Boyd CC, O'Connell ML, Crawford CC, Sprengel ML, Deuster PA. The effectiveness of melatonin for promoting healthy sleep: a rapid evidence assessment of the literature. Nutr J. Nutr J. 2014;13:106.
35. Skene DJ, Arendt J. Human circadian rhythms: physiological and therapeutic relevance of light and melatonin. Ann Clin Biochem. Ann Clin Biochem. 2006;43(Pt 5):344-53.
36. Ho Mien I, Chua EC, Lau P, Tan LC, Lee IT, Yeo SC, et al. Effects of exposure to intermittent versus continuous red light on human circadian rhythms, melatonin suppression, and pupillary constriction. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96532.
37. Reiter RJ. Pineal melatonin: cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions. Endocr Rev. 1991;12(2):151-80.
38. Rajaratnam SM, Arendt J. Health in a 24-h society. Lancet. 2001;358(9286):999-1005.
39. Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Pache M, Flammer J, Wirz-Justice A. Thermoregulatory effects of melatonin in relation to sleepiness. Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(1-2):475-84.
40. Arendt J. Melatonin: characteristics, concerns, and prospects. J Biol Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms. 2005;20(4):291-303.
41. Scheer FA, Czeisler CA. Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms. Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9(1):5-9.
42. Lewy AJ, Lefler BJ, Emens JS, Bauer VK. The circadian basis of winter depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(19):7414-9.
43. Lewy AJ, Rough JN, Songer JB, Mishra N, Yuhas K, Emens JS. The phase shift hypothesis for the circadian component of winter depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(3):291-300.
44. Jasser SA, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, Brainard GC. Dim light adaptation attenuates acute melatonin suppression in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 2006;21(5):394-404.
45. Kang J, Song YM. The association between submarine service and multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study of Korean naval personnel. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e017776.
46. Lambert G, Reid C, Kaye D, Jennings G, Esler M. Increased suicide rate in the middle-aged and its association with hours of sunlight. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(4):793-5.
47. van Wijk C. Submarine escape: the effect of training on anxiety. Mil Med. 1998;163(2):68-70.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 2 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v14i2.994 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Circadian Rhythms Light Melatonin Submarine | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ahmadi K, Hazrati M, Ahmadizadeh M, Noohi S. Effect of Radiance-Dimmer Devices Simulating Natural Sunlight Rhythm on the Plasma Melatonin Levels and Anxiety and Depression Scores of the Submarine Personnel. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019;14(2):147-153.
