Relation of Religious Coping and Depression Levels in Infertile Women
Abstract
Objective: Religious coping is known as one of the successful manners to cure depressed infertile women; however, research findings show that demographic factors (e.g., education level) have played an important role on the relationship between depression and religious coping scores. The goal of this study is to measure the influence of age, job status, and education level on both scores within Iranian infertile women.
Method: In this cross sectional study, 1000 women (mean age, 35.96; range, 26-45), who are recruited from different hospitals of Shiraz (Iran), are selected via multistage cluster sampling method. The reliability and validity of the translated versions of the questionnaires have been confirmed. The correlation coefficient (Spearman method), adjusted linear regression coefficient, and ordinal regression coefficient of demographic features with the depression scores/levels (minimal, mild, moderate, and severe) and religious coping scores are determined.
Results: A significant negative correlation is found between depression and religious compatibility scores in 1000 infertile women (ρ = -0.318, P = 0.000). In addition, the results have implied the existence of a significant correlation and linear relationship between religious coping and age and job status (P < 0.05). Furthermore, both correlation and ordinal regression of depression intensity with both job status and education level are found to be statistically meaningful (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The negative correlation between religious coping and depression scores has implied the positive role of religious coping in protecting infertile women from depression, especially among employed women. Nevertheless, the correlation of religious coping with education level is not strong enough due to the nonuniform distribution of variables through their range.
1. Ramezanzadeh F, Aghssa MM, Abedinia N, Zayeri F, Khanafshar N, Shariat M, et al. A survey of relationship between anxiety, depression and duration of infertility. BMC Womens Health. 2004;4(1):9.
2. Hafiz P, Nematollahi M, Boostani R, Namavar Jahromi B. Predicting Implantation Outcome of In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Using Data Mining Techniques. Int J Fertil Steril. 2017;11(3):184-90.
3. Oliva A, Spira A, Multigner L. Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(8):1768-76.
4. Moramazi F, Roohipoor M, Najafian M. Association between internal cervical os stenosis and other female infertility risk factors. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018;23(4):297-9.
5. [Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(6):1506-12.
6. Behboodi Moghadam Z, Fereidooni B, Saffari M, Montazeri A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and its impact on Iranian women's quality of life: a population-based study. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):164-8.
7. Vayena E, Rowe PJ, Griffin PD. Current practices and controversies in assisted reproduction: report of a meeting on medical, ethical and social aspects of assisted reproduction, held at WHO Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.
8. Vahidi S, Ardalan A, Mohammad K. Prevalence of primary infertility in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2004-2005. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2009;21(3):287-93.
9. Balen AH. Infertility in Practice. 3rd Edition. London: Information Health Care; 2008;8:1-4.
10. Greil AL. Infertility and psychological distress: a critical review of the literature. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45(11):1679-704.
11. Masoumi SZ, Parsa P, Kalhori F, Mohagheghi H, Mohammadi Y. What Psychiatric Interventions Are Used for Anxiety Disorders in Infertile Couples? A Systematic Review Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019;14(2):160-70.
12. Hashemi Z, Azar IAS, Forghani F. Postpartum depression and its correlates among women living in zabol (Iran). Iran J Psychiatry. 2006;4(1):140-7.
13. [Sarokhani D, Parvareh M, Hasanpour Dehkordi A, Sayehmiri K, Moghimbeigi A. Prevalence of Depression among Iranian Elderly: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):55-64.
14. Ezzeddin N, Jahanihashemi H, Zavoshy R, Noroozi M. The Prevalence of Postpartum Depression and Its Association with Food Insecurity among Mothers Referring to Community Health Centers. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(4):280-7.
15. Ergin RN, Polat A, Kars B, Oztekin D, Sofuoglu K, Caliskan E. Social stigma and familial attitudes related to infertility. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;15(1):46-9.
16. Kung S, Alarcon RD, Williams MD, Poppe KA, Jo Moore M, Frye MA. Comparing the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression measures in an integrated mood disorders practice. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(3):341-3.
17. Vitorino LM, Marins LS, Granero Lucchetti AL, Oliveira Santos AE, Cruz JP, Oliveira Cortez PJ, et al. Spiritual/religious coping and depressive symptoms in informal caregivers of hospitalized older adults. Geriatr Nurs. 2018;39(1):48-53.
18. Goudarzian AH, Zamani F, Nesami MB, Beik S. The relationship between religious coping and depression in Iranian patients with cancer. Int J Cancer Manag. 2017;10(9):e7810.
19. Oti-Boadi M, Oppong Asante K. Psychological health and religious coping of Ghanaian women with infertility. Biopsychosoc Med. 2017;11:20..
20. Khan ZH, Watson P, Chen Z. Islamic religious coping, perceived stress, and mental well-being in Pakistanis. Archive for the Psychology of Religion. 2012;34(2):137-47.
21. Wischmann T, Schilling K, Toth B, Rosner S, Strowitzki T, Wohlfarth K, et al. Sexuality, Self-Esteem and Partnership Quality in Infertile Women and Men. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2014;74(8):759-63.
22. Aliakbari Dehkordi M, Peymanfar E, Mohtashami T, Borjali A. The Comparison of Different Levels of Religious Attitude on Sense of Meaning, Loneliness and Happiness in Life of Elderly Persons Under Cover of Social Welfare Organization of Urmia City, Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015;9(4):297-305.
23. Gharehboghlou Z, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Hajimohammad Hoseini M. The Relationship between Spiritual Well-Being and Depression in Nursing Students. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2016;29(103):41-50.
24. Bagheri-Nesami M, Kazemi A, Goudarzian AH, Nasiri F, Davari J. Association between religious coping and quality of working life in nurses. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2017;11(1).
25. Ventura JL, Fitzgerald OR, Koziol DE, Covington SN, Vanderhoof VH, Calis KA, et al. Functional well-being is positively correlated with spiritual well-being in women who have spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril. 2007;87(3):584-90.
26. Ypsilanti A, Lazuras L, Powell P, Overton P. Self-disgust as a potential mechanism explaining the association between loneliness and depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;243:108-15.
27. O'Brien B, Shrestha S, Stanley MA, Pargament KI, Cummings J, Kunik ME, et al. Positive and negative religious coping as predictors of distress among minority older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;34(1):54-9.
28. Boudreaux E, Catz S, Ryan L, Amaral-Melendez M, Brantley PJ. The ways of religious coping scale: Reliability, validity, and scale development. Assessment. 1995;2(3):233-44.
29. Amiri M, Chaman R, Sadeghi Z, Khatibi MR, Ranjbar M, Khosravi A. Quality of life among fertile and infertile women. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2017;11(1): e5641.
30. Karaca A, Unsal G. Psychosocial Problems and Coping Strategies among Turkish Women with Infertility. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2015;9(3):243-50.
31. Ramezanzadeh F, Aghssa MM, Abedinia N, Zayeri F, Khanafshar N, Shariat M, et al. A survey of relationship between anxiety, depression and duration of infertility. BMC women's health. 2004;4(1):9.
32. Maroufizadeh S, Hosseini M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Omani-Samani R, Amini P. The relationship between marital satisfaction and depression in infertile couples: an actor-partner interdependence model approach. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):310.
33. Gdanska P, Drozdowicz-Jastrzebska E, Grzechocinska B, Radziwon-Zaleska M, Wegrzyn P, Wielgos M. Anxiety and depression in women undergoing infertility treatment. Ginekol Pol. 2017;88(2):109-12.
34. Farzadi L, Ghasemzadeh A. Two main independent predictors of depression among infertile women: an Asian experience. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;47(2):163-7.
35. Facchin F, Barbara G, Dridi D, Alberico D, Buggio L, Somigliana E, et al. Mental health in women with endometriosis: searching for predictors of psychological distress. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(9):1855-61.
36. Ried K, Alfred A. Quality of life, coping strategies and support needs of women seeking Traditional Chinese Medicine for infertility and viable pregnancy in Australia: a mixed methods approach. BMC Womens Health. 2013;13:17.
37. Hughes RB, Robinson-Whelen S, Taylor HB, Petersen NJ, Nosek MA. Characteristics of depressed and nondepressed women with physical disabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(3):473-9.
38. Omani-Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Almasi-Hashiani A, Amini P. Prevalence of depression and its determinant factors among infertile patients in Iran based on the PHQ-9. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018;23(4):460-3.
39. Chachamovich JR, Chachamovich E, Ezer H, Fleck MP, Knauth D, Passos EP. Investigating quality of life and health-related quality of life in infertility: a systematic review. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;31(2):101-10.
40. Andrykowski MA, Bishop MM, Hahn EA, Cella DF, Beaumont JL, Brady MJ, et al. Long-term health-related quality of life, growth, and spiritual well-being after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(3):599-608.
41. Underwood LG, Teresi JA. The daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24(1):22-33.
42. Aflakseir A, Zarei M. Association between coping strategies and infertility stress among a group of women with fertility problem in Shiraz, Iran. Journal of reproduction & infertility. 2013;14(4):202-6.
43. Taghavi M, Kalafi E, Talei A, Dehbozorgi G, Taghavi SMA. Investigating the Relation of Depression and Religious Coping and Social Support in Women with Breast Cancer. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2011;28(115):
44. Hess R.F, Ross R, Gililland Jr J.L. Infertility, Psychological Distress, and Coping Strategies among Women in Mali West Africa: A Mixed-Methods Study. Afr J Reprod Health. 2018;22:60-72.
2. Hafiz P, Nematollahi M, Boostani R, Namavar Jahromi B. Predicting Implantation Outcome of In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Using Data Mining Techniques. Int J Fertil Steril. 2017;11(3):184-90.
3. Oliva A, Spira A, Multigner L. Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(8):1768-76.
4. Moramazi F, Roohipoor M, Najafian M. Association between internal cervical os stenosis and other female infertility risk factors. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018;23(4):297-9.
5. [Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(6):1506-12.
6. Behboodi Moghadam Z, Fereidooni B, Saffari M, Montazeri A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and its impact on Iranian women's quality of life: a population-based study. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):164-8.
7. Vayena E, Rowe PJ, Griffin PD. Current practices and controversies in assisted reproduction: report of a meeting on medical, ethical and social aspects of assisted reproduction, held at WHO Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.
8. Vahidi S, Ardalan A, Mohammad K. Prevalence of primary infertility in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2004-2005. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2009;21(3):287-93.
9. Balen AH. Infertility in Practice. 3rd Edition. London: Information Health Care; 2008;8:1-4.
10. Greil AL. Infertility and psychological distress: a critical review of the literature. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45(11):1679-704.
11. Masoumi SZ, Parsa P, Kalhori F, Mohagheghi H, Mohammadi Y. What Psychiatric Interventions Are Used for Anxiety Disorders in Infertile Couples? A Systematic Review Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019;14(2):160-70.
12. Hashemi Z, Azar IAS, Forghani F. Postpartum depression and its correlates among women living in zabol (Iran). Iran J Psychiatry. 2006;4(1):140-7.
13. [Sarokhani D, Parvareh M, Hasanpour Dehkordi A, Sayehmiri K, Moghimbeigi A. Prevalence of Depression among Iranian Elderly: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):55-64.
14. Ezzeddin N, Jahanihashemi H, Zavoshy R, Noroozi M. The Prevalence of Postpartum Depression and Its Association with Food Insecurity among Mothers Referring to Community Health Centers. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(4):280-7.
15. Ergin RN, Polat A, Kars B, Oztekin D, Sofuoglu K, Caliskan E. Social stigma and familial attitudes related to infertility. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;15(1):46-9.
16. Kung S, Alarcon RD, Williams MD, Poppe KA, Jo Moore M, Frye MA. Comparing the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression measures in an integrated mood disorders practice. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(3):341-3.
17. Vitorino LM, Marins LS, Granero Lucchetti AL, Oliveira Santos AE, Cruz JP, Oliveira Cortez PJ, et al. Spiritual/religious coping and depressive symptoms in informal caregivers of hospitalized older adults. Geriatr Nurs. 2018;39(1):48-53.
18. Goudarzian AH, Zamani F, Nesami MB, Beik S. The relationship between religious coping and depression in Iranian patients with cancer. Int J Cancer Manag. 2017;10(9):e7810.
19. Oti-Boadi M, Oppong Asante K. Psychological health and religious coping of Ghanaian women with infertility. Biopsychosoc Med. 2017;11:20..
20. Khan ZH, Watson P, Chen Z. Islamic religious coping, perceived stress, and mental well-being in Pakistanis. Archive for the Psychology of Religion. 2012;34(2):137-47.
21. Wischmann T, Schilling K, Toth B, Rosner S, Strowitzki T, Wohlfarth K, et al. Sexuality, Self-Esteem and Partnership Quality in Infertile Women and Men. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2014;74(8):759-63.
22. Aliakbari Dehkordi M, Peymanfar E, Mohtashami T, Borjali A. The Comparison of Different Levels of Religious Attitude on Sense of Meaning, Loneliness and Happiness in Life of Elderly Persons Under Cover of Social Welfare Organization of Urmia City, Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015;9(4):297-305.
23. Gharehboghlou Z, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Hajimohammad Hoseini M. The Relationship between Spiritual Well-Being and Depression in Nursing Students. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2016;29(103):41-50.
24. Bagheri-Nesami M, Kazemi A, Goudarzian AH, Nasiri F, Davari J. Association between religious coping and quality of working life in nurses. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2017;11(1).
25. Ventura JL, Fitzgerald OR, Koziol DE, Covington SN, Vanderhoof VH, Calis KA, et al. Functional well-being is positively correlated with spiritual well-being in women who have spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril. 2007;87(3):584-90.
26. Ypsilanti A, Lazuras L, Powell P, Overton P. Self-disgust as a potential mechanism explaining the association between loneliness and depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;243:108-15.
27. O'Brien B, Shrestha S, Stanley MA, Pargament KI, Cummings J, Kunik ME, et al. Positive and negative religious coping as predictors of distress among minority older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;34(1):54-9.
28. Boudreaux E, Catz S, Ryan L, Amaral-Melendez M, Brantley PJ. The ways of religious coping scale: Reliability, validity, and scale development. Assessment. 1995;2(3):233-44.
29. Amiri M, Chaman R, Sadeghi Z, Khatibi MR, Ranjbar M, Khosravi A. Quality of life among fertile and infertile women. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2017;11(1): e5641.
30. Karaca A, Unsal G. Psychosocial Problems and Coping Strategies among Turkish Women with Infertility. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2015;9(3):243-50.
31. Ramezanzadeh F, Aghssa MM, Abedinia N, Zayeri F, Khanafshar N, Shariat M, et al. A survey of relationship between anxiety, depression and duration of infertility. BMC women's health. 2004;4(1):9.
32. Maroufizadeh S, Hosseini M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Omani-Samani R, Amini P. The relationship between marital satisfaction and depression in infertile couples: an actor-partner interdependence model approach. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):310.
33. Gdanska P, Drozdowicz-Jastrzebska E, Grzechocinska B, Radziwon-Zaleska M, Wegrzyn P, Wielgos M. Anxiety and depression in women undergoing infertility treatment. Ginekol Pol. 2017;88(2):109-12.
34. Farzadi L, Ghasemzadeh A. Two main independent predictors of depression among infertile women: an Asian experience. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;47(2):163-7.
35. Facchin F, Barbara G, Dridi D, Alberico D, Buggio L, Somigliana E, et al. Mental health in women with endometriosis: searching for predictors of psychological distress. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(9):1855-61.
36. Ried K, Alfred A. Quality of life, coping strategies and support needs of women seeking Traditional Chinese Medicine for infertility and viable pregnancy in Australia: a mixed methods approach. BMC Womens Health. 2013;13:17.
37. Hughes RB, Robinson-Whelen S, Taylor HB, Petersen NJ, Nosek MA. Characteristics of depressed and nondepressed women with physical disabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(3):473-9.
38. Omani-Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Almasi-Hashiani A, Amini P. Prevalence of depression and its determinant factors among infertile patients in Iran based on the PHQ-9. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018;23(4):460-3.
39. Chachamovich JR, Chachamovich E, Ezer H, Fleck MP, Knauth D, Passos EP. Investigating quality of life and health-related quality of life in infertility: a systematic review. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;31(2):101-10.
40. Andrykowski MA, Bishop MM, Hahn EA, Cella DF, Beaumont JL, Brady MJ, et al. Long-term health-related quality of life, growth, and spiritual well-being after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(3):599-608.
41. Underwood LG, Teresi JA. The daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24(1):22-33.
42. Aflakseir A, Zarei M. Association between coping strategies and infertility stress among a group of women with fertility problem in Shiraz, Iran. Journal of reproduction & infertility. 2013;14(4):202-6.
43. Taghavi M, Kalafi E, Talei A, Dehbozorgi G, Taghavi SMA. Investigating the Relation of Depression and Religious Coping and Social Support in Women with Breast Cancer. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2011;28(115):
44. Hess R.F, Ross R, Gililland Jr J.L. Infertility, Psychological Distress, and Coping Strategies among Women in Mali West Africa: A Mixed-Methods Study. Afr J Reprod Health. 2018;22:60-72.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 2 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v15i2.2685 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Correlation Depression Level Demographic Features Infertility Religious Coping | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Honarvar N, Taghavi M. Relation of Religious Coping and Depression Levels in Infertile Women. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(2):134-142.
