Psychometric Properties of Mobile Phone Abuse (MPA): Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Student Mobile Users
-
Seyyed Salman Alavi
,
Maryam Ghanizadeh
,
Mohammad reza Mohammadi
,
Fereshteh Jannatifard
,
Mona Salehi
,
Malihe Farahani
,
Sudeh Esmaili Alamuti
,
Hossein Gharaati Sotoudeh
,
Malek Mirhashemi
Abstract
Objective: Smartphone is an important technology device in our lifestyle. It has an important part of our daily lives, but it also has a negative effect, such as cell phone dependency. This research aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of mobile phone abuse (MPA) in the Iranian population.
Method: In this study, data were chosen from 1100 participants who were studying in Tehran universities. The principal version of the scale was translated into Persian using the back translation method. All attendees completed Demographic Questionnaire, MPA Questionnaire, and Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS). Eventually, a clinical interview (based on the fifth version of DSM) was done for all the participants. For data analysis, internal and external consistency, factor analysis, construct validity and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. Statistically, less than 0.05 were considered to be significant.
Results: According to expert judgments, content validity index was satisfactory. Furthermore, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with Cronbach’s α of 0.90 and test-retest reliability of 0.56 after 3 weeks. The best cutoff point for this questionnaire (MPA) was 46. Also, 4 factors were extracted by principal components method and varimax rotation: “excessive use of cell phone,” “addictive use of social networks,” “mood modification,” and “preoccupation” for both male and female students.
Conclusion: MPA could be used in studies on the evaluation of mobile phone addiction. This can be a stepping stone towards the identification of problems and improvement of students’ mobile phone abuse.
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2. Alavi SS, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Ojaghi R, Rezapour H. The psychometric properties of cellular phone dependency questionnaire in students of Isfahan: A pilot study. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3:71.
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7. Alavi SS, Ferdosi M, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Alaghemandan H, Setare M. Behavioral Addiction versus Substance Addiction: Correspondence of Psychiatric and Psychological Views. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(4):290-4.
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9. Toda M, Monden K, Kubo K, Morimoto K. [Cellular phone dependence tendency of female university students]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2004;59(4):383-6.
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15. Olivencia-Carrion MA, Ramirez-Ucles I, Holgado-Tello P, Lopez-Torrecillas F. Validation of a Spanish Questionnaire on Mobile Phone Abuse. Front Psychol. 2018;9:621.
16. American.Psychiatric.Association. DSM-5: The Future of Psychiatric Diagnosis. Available inline at: http://wwwdsm5org/Pages/Defaultaspx. 2012.
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18. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Jannatifard F, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Sepahbodi G, BabaReisi M, et al. Assessment of Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for Mobile Phone Addiction Disorder. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11(2):115-9.
19. Kim HY. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):52-4.
20. Hassanzadeh Rangi N, Allahyari T, Khosravi Y, ZAERI F, SAREMI M. Development of an Occupational Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (OCFQ): Evaluation validity and reliability. Iran Occup Health J. 2012;9(1):29-40.
21. Akey TM, Salkind NJ, Green SB. Using SPSS for Windows: Analyzing and Understanding Data with Disk. 1999.
22. Jones GL, Benes K, Clark TL, Denham R, Holder MG, Haynes TJ, et al. The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (PCOSQ): a validation. Hum Reprod. 2004;19(2):371-7.
23. Kheiry B, Najafi F. Investigating the impact of country of origin on consumer behavior: Investigation of the moderating roles of product involvement and product familiarity on product evaluation and consumer behavioral intentions. Int J of Phys and Soc Sci. 2012;2(10):258.
24. American, Psychiatric, Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Med. 2013;17:133-7.
25. Beranuy Fargues M, Chamarro Lusar A, Graner Jordania C, Carbonell Sánchez X. [Validation of two brief scales for Internet addiction and mobile phone problem use]. Psicothema. 2009;21(3):480-5.
26. Merlo LJ, Stone AM, Bibbey A. Measuring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the PUMP Scale. J addic. 2013:1-7
27. Alavi SS, Jannatifard F, Haghighi M, Eslami M. Comparison of Behavioral Addiction and Substance Abuse Symptoms According with the Psychiatric & Psychological Perspective. Iranian Congress of Addiction Poisoning and Nursing Care; Mashhad, Iran2010.
28. Mitra R, Rangaswamy M. Excessive Social Media use and its Association with Depression and Rumination in an Indian Young Adult Population: A Mediation Model. J Psychosoc Res; New Delhi 2019;14(1):223-31.
29. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australas J Paramedic. 2010;8(3):1-13
30. Lu X, Watanabe J, Liu Q, Uji M, Shono M, Kitamura T. Internet and mobile phone text-messaging dependency: Factor structure and correlation with dysphoric mood among Japanese adults. Comput Human Behav. 2011;27(5):1702-9.
31. Khoury JM, de Freitas AAC, Roque MAV, Albuquerque MR, das Neves MCL, Garcia FD. Assessment of the accuracy of a new tool for the screening of smartphone addiction. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176924.
32. Roberts JA, Yaya LH, Manolis C. The invisible addiction: cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. J Behav Addict. 2014;3(4):254-65.
33. Randler C, Wolfgang L, Matt K, Demirhan E, Horzum MB, Besoluk S. Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and morningness-eveningness in German adolescents. J Behav Addict. 2016;5(3):465-73.
34. López-Fernández O, Honrubia-Serrano ML, Freixa-Blanxart M. [Spanish adaptation of the "Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale" for adolescent population]. Adicciones. 2012;24(2):123-30.
35. Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Quercioli L. The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire and the Internet Addiction Scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high-school population: prevalence and related disability. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(12):966-74.
36. Alavi SS, Alaghemandan H, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Ferdosi M. Impact of addiction to internet on a number of psychiatric symptoms in students of isfahan universities, iran, 2010. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(2):122-7.
37. Farahani M, Alavi SS, Mirzamani Bafghi M, Esmaili Alamuti S, Taghavi Z, Mohammadi MR. Psychological Factors Including Demographic Features, Mental Illnesses, and Personality Disorders as Predictors in Internet Addiction Disorder. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(2):103-10.
38. Alavi SS, Ghanizadeh M, Farahani M, Jannatifard F, Esmaili Alamuti S, Mohammadi MR. Addictive Use of Smartphones and Mental Disorders in University Students. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(2):96-104.
39. Alavi SS, Ghanizadeh M, Mohammadi MR, Mohammadi Kalhory S, Jannatifard F, Sepahbodi G. The Survey of Personal and National Identity on Cell Phone Addicts and Non-Addicts. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):15-21.
40. Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Kamali K, Ahmadi A, et al. The prevalence, comorbidity and socio-demographic factors of depressive disorder among Iranian children and adolescents: To identify the main predictors of depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;247:1-10.
41. Mohammadi MR, Khaleghi A, Mostafavi SA, Ahmadi N, Kamali K, Hooshyari Z, et al. Gender Determines the Pattern of Correlation between Body Mass Index and Major Depressive Disorder among Children and Adolescents: Results from Iranian Children and Adolescents' Psychiatric Disorders Study. Child Obes. 2019;15(5):331-7.
42. Khaleghi A, Mohammadi MR, Zandifar A, Ahmadi N, Alavi SS, Ahmadi A, et al. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents; in Tehran, 2017. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;37:146-53.
2. Alavi SS, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Ojaghi R, Rezapour H. The psychometric properties of cellular phone dependency questionnaire in students of Isfahan: A pilot study. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3:71.
3. Chin F, Leung CH. The concurrent validity of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the Mobile Phone Dependence Questionnaire (MPDQ). PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0197562.
4. Cha SS, Seo BK. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health Psychol Open. 2018;5(1):2055102918755046.
5. Ge X. H, Zhu Z. H. An empirical study on the relationship between adolescents' social support and mobile phone addiction. Chin j of health Statistic. 2014;31(5):830–2.
6. Li M, Ren Y. Mobile Phone Addiction in Youngsters: Concept and Measurement. Recent Developments in Data Science and Business Analytics: Springer; 2018. p. 463-9.
7. Alavi SS, Ferdosi M, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Alaghemandan H, Setare M. Behavioral Addiction versus Substance Addiction: Correspondence of Psychiatric and Psychological Views. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(4):290-4.
8. Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Farokhzad P, Jannatifard F, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Sepahbodi G, et al. The Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version Test of Mobile Phone Dependency (TMD). Iran J Psychiatry. 2015;10(4):265-72.
9. Toda M, Monden K, Kubo K, Morimoto K. [Cellular phone dependence tendency of female university students]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2004;59(4):383-6.
10. Mohammadi Kalhori S, Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Jannatifard F, Sepahbodi G, Baba Reisi M, et al. Validation and Psychometric Properties of Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS) in University Students of Tehran. Iran J Psychiatry. 2015;10(1):25-31.
11. Choliz M, Pinto L, Phansalkar SS, Corr E, Mujjahid A, Flores C, et al. Development of a Brief Multicultural Version of the Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMDbrief) Questionnaire. Front Psychol. 2016;7:650.
12. Leung L. LINKING PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES TO ADDICTION AND IMPROPER USE OF THE MOBILE PHONE AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN HONG KONG. J Child Media. 2008;2(2):93-113.
13. Chiu S-I. The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on taiwanese university student: A mediation model of learning self-Efficacy and social self-Efficacy. Comput Human Behav. 2014;34:49-57.
14. Samaha M, Hawi NS. Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Human Behav. 2016;57:321-5.
15. Olivencia-Carrion MA, Ramirez-Ucles I, Holgado-Tello P, Lopez-Torrecillas F. Validation of a Spanish Questionnaire on Mobile Phone Abuse. Front Psychol. 2018;9:621.
16. American.Psychiatric.Association. DSM-5: The Future of Psychiatric Diagnosis. Available inline at: http://wwwdsm5org/Pages/Defaultaspx. 2012.
17. Bianchi A, Phillips JG. Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society. 2005;8(1):39-51.
18. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Jannatifard F, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Sepahbodi G, BabaReisi M, et al. Assessment of Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for Mobile Phone Addiction Disorder. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11(2):115-9.
19. Kim HY. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):52-4.
20. Hassanzadeh Rangi N, Allahyari T, Khosravi Y, ZAERI F, SAREMI M. Development of an Occupational Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (OCFQ): Evaluation validity and reliability. Iran Occup Health J. 2012;9(1):29-40.
21. Akey TM, Salkind NJ, Green SB. Using SPSS for Windows: Analyzing and Understanding Data with Disk. 1999.
22. Jones GL, Benes K, Clark TL, Denham R, Holder MG, Haynes TJ, et al. The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (PCOSQ): a validation. Hum Reprod. 2004;19(2):371-7.
23. Kheiry B, Najafi F. Investigating the impact of country of origin on consumer behavior: Investigation of the moderating roles of product involvement and product familiarity on product evaluation and consumer behavioral intentions. Int J of Phys and Soc Sci. 2012;2(10):258.
24. American, Psychiatric, Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. BMC Med. 2013;17:133-7.
25. Beranuy Fargues M, Chamarro Lusar A, Graner Jordania C, Carbonell Sánchez X. [Validation of two brief scales for Internet addiction and mobile phone problem use]. Psicothema. 2009;21(3):480-5.
26. Merlo LJ, Stone AM, Bibbey A. Measuring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the PUMP Scale. J addic. 2013:1-7
27. Alavi SS, Jannatifard F, Haghighi M, Eslami M. Comparison of Behavioral Addiction and Substance Abuse Symptoms According with the Psychiatric & Psychological Perspective. Iranian Congress of Addiction Poisoning and Nursing Care; Mashhad, Iran2010.
28. Mitra R, Rangaswamy M. Excessive Social Media use and its Association with Depression and Rumination in an Indian Young Adult Population: A Mediation Model. J Psychosoc Res; New Delhi 2019;14(1):223-31.
29. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australas J Paramedic. 2010;8(3):1-13
30. Lu X, Watanabe J, Liu Q, Uji M, Shono M, Kitamura T. Internet and mobile phone text-messaging dependency: Factor structure and correlation with dysphoric mood among Japanese adults. Comput Human Behav. 2011;27(5):1702-9.
31. Khoury JM, de Freitas AAC, Roque MAV, Albuquerque MR, das Neves MCL, Garcia FD. Assessment of the accuracy of a new tool for the screening of smartphone addiction. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176924.
32. Roberts JA, Yaya LH, Manolis C. The invisible addiction: cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. J Behav Addict. 2014;3(4):254-65.
33. Randler C, Wolfgang L, Matt K, Demirhan E, Horzum MB, Besoluk S. Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and morningness-eveningness in German adolescents. J Behav Addict. 2016;5(3):465-73.
34. López-Fernández O, Honrubia-Serrano ML, Freixa-Blanxart M. [Spanish adaptation of the "Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale" for adolescent population]. Adicciones. 2012;24(2):123-30.
35. Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Quercioli L. The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire and the Internet Addiction Scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high-school population: prevalence and related disability. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(12):966-74.
36. Alavi SS, Alaghemandan H, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Ferdosi M. Impact of addiction to internet on a number of psychiatric symptoms in students of isfahan universities, iran, 2010. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(2):122-7.
37. Farahani M, Alavi SS, Mirzamani Bafghi M, Esmaili Alamuti S, Taghavi Z, Mohammadi MR. Psychological Factors Including Demographic Features, Mental Illnesses, and Personality Disorders as Predictors in Internet Addiction Disorder. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(2):103-10.
38. Alavi SS, Ghanizadeh M, Farahani M, Jannatifard F, Esmaili Alamuti S, Mohammadi MR. Addictive Use of Smartphones and Mental Disorders in University Students. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(2):96-104.
39. Alavi SS, Ghanizadeh M, Mohammadi MR, Mohammadi Kalhory S, Jannatifard F, Sepahbodi G. The Survey of Personal and National Identity on Cell Phone Addicts and Non-Addicts. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):15-21.
40. Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Kamali K, Ahmadi A, et al. The prevalence, comorbidity and socio-demographic factors of depressive disorder among Iranian children and adolescents: To identify the main predictors of depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;247:1-10.
41. Mohammadi MR, Khaleghi A, Mostafavi SA, Ahmadi N, Kamali K, Hooshyari Z, et al. Gender Determines the Pattern of Correlation between Body Mass Index and Major Depressive Disorder among Children and Adolescents: Results from Iranian Children and Adolescents' Psychiatric Disorders Study. Child Obes. 2019;15(5):331-7.
42. Khaleghi A, Mohammadi MR, Zandifar A, Ahmadi N, Alavi SS, Ahmadi A, et al. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents; in Tehran, 2017. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;37:146-53.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i2.5820 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cell Phone Psychological Test Students | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Alavi SS, Ghanizadeh M, Mohammadi M reza, Jannatifard F, Salehi M, Farahani M, Esmaili Alamuti S, Gharaati Sotoudeh H, Mirhashemi M. Psychometric Properties of Mobile Phone Abuse (MPA): Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Student Mobile Users. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(2):187-197.
