Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (F-ECBI) in Iranian Population
,
Abstract
Objective: Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) is one of the most frequently used tools for measuring behavioral problems; however, no research has been done to evaluate its psychometric properties in Iran.
Method: The present study sought for exploring the factor structure and psychometric properties of the F-ECBI in an Iranian sample. A total of 495 mothers (mean age = 33.83 years; SD = 4.78) who reported behavioral problems in their children aged 3 to 12 years (mean age = 6.36 years; SD = 2.66) were selected via convenience sampling in 2018-2019. The psychometric properties of F-ECBI, including reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) and validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent validity) were assessed using SPSS version 25 and LISREL 8.80.
Results: By performing EFA on the first sample part (n = 360), the examination of scree plot supported a 3-factor or 4-factor solution, and pattern matrix resulted in a 3-factor structure. The factors were called as “behavioral problems related to oppositional defiant”, “behavioral problems related to inattentive”, and “behavioral problems related to conduct”, according to their content and the research. CFA was performed on the second part of the sample (n = 135) to test the fitness of the 3-factor solution. According to CFI (0.91), NFI (0.91), NNFI (0.90), IFI (0.91), PNFI (0.77), GFI (0.75) AGFI (0.70), PGFI (0.62) and chi-square (540.31) indexes, the model had acceptable fitness. Cronbach's alpha was employed to measure the internal consistency and it revealed to be at a good to excellent level (behavioral problems related to oppositional defiant = 0.88; behavioral problems related to inattentive = 0.84; behavioral problems related to conduct = 0.74). The 3-factors subscales were associated with total difficulties, internalizing and externalizing SDQ, indicating the good convergent validity of F-ECBI.
Conclusion: The F-ECBI has good psychometric properties in Iran and can be employed as a useful instrument for measuring children's behavioral problems.
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2. O’Connell ME, Boat T, Warner KE. Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities: Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009.
3. Axberg U, Johansson Hanse J, Broberg AG. Parents' description of conduct problems in their children - a test of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in a Swedish sample aged 3-10. Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(6):497-505.
4. Cavaleri MA, Olin SS, Kim A, Hoagwood KE, Burns BJ. Family support in prevention programs for children at risk for emotional/behavioral problems. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011;14(4):399-412.
5. Mejia A, Calam R, Sanders MR. A review of parenting programs in developing countries: opportunities and challenges for preventing emotional and behavioral difficulties in children. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2012;15(2):163-75.
6. Burke JD, Waldman I, Lahey BB. Predictive validity of childhood oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: implications for the DSM-V. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010;119(4):739-51.
7. Reef J, Diamantopoulou S, van Meurs I, Verhulst F, van der Ende J. Predicting adult emotional and behavioral problems from externalizing problem trajectories in a 24-year longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19(7):577-85.
8. Eklund JM, Klinteberg BA. Childhood behaviour as related to subsequent drinking offences and violent offending: a prospective study of 11- to 14-year-old youths into their fourth decade. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2003;13(4):294-309.
9. Murray J, Menezes AM, Hickman M, Maughan B, Gallo EA, Matijasevich A, et al. Childhood behaviour problems predict crime and violence in late adolescence: Brazilian and British birth cohort studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50(4):579-89.
10. Vassallo S, Edwards B, Forrest W. Childhood behavior problems and fighting in early adulthood: What factors are protective? Journal of Criminal Justice. 2016;45:85-93.
11. Groenman AP, Janssen TWP, Oosterlaan J. Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(7):556-69.
12. Kroes M, Kalff AC, Steyaert J, Kessels AG, Feron FJ, Hendriksen JG, et al. A longitudinal community study: do psychosocial risk factors and child behavior checklist scores at 5 years of age predict psychiatric diagnoses at a later age? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(8):955-63.
13. Mesman J, Koot HM. Early preschool predictors of preadolescent internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV diagnoses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(9):1029-36.
14. Kremer KP, Flower A, Huang J, Vaughn MG. Behavior problems and children's academic achievement: A test of growth-curve models with gender and racial differences. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2016;67:95-104.
15. Lewis GJ, Asbury K, Plomin R. Externalizing problems in childhood and adolescence predict subsequent educational achievement but for different genetic and environmental reasons. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(3):292-304.
16. Loe IM, Feldman HM. Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(6):643-54.
17. McLeod JD, Kaiser K. Childhood emotional and behavioral problems and educational attainment. American sociological review. 2004;69(5):636-58.
18. Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(10):841-50.
19. Scott JG, Giørtz Pedersen M, Erskine HE, Bikic A, Demontis D, McGrath JJ, et al. Mortality in individuals with disruptive behavior disorders diagnosed by specialist services - A nationwide cohort study. Psychiatry Res. 2017;251:255-60.
20. Burke JD, Rowe R, Boylan K. Functional outcomes of child and adolescent oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in young adult men. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(3):264-72.
21. Weitzman C, Wegner L. Promoting optimal development: screening for behavioral and emotional problems. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):384-95.
22. Eyberg S, Pincus D. Eyberg child behavior inventory (ECBI) & Sutter-Eyberg student behavior inventory-revised (SESBI-R). Professional manual Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. 1999.
23. Howells Wrobel N, Lachar D. Validity of self‐and parent‐report scales in screening students for behavioral and emotional problems in elementary school. Psychology in the Schools. 1998;35(1):17-27.
24. Abrahamse ME, Junger M, Leijten PH, Lindeboom R, Boer F, Lindauer RJ. Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in a Community Sample and a Multi-Ethnic Clinical Sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2015;37(4):679-91.
25. Rush Jr AJ, First MB, Blacker D. Handbook of psychiatric measures: American Psychiatric Pub; 2009.
26. Burns GL, Patterson DR. Factor structure of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: Unidimensional or multidimensional measure of disruptive behavior? J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 1991;20(4):439-44.
27. Burns GL, Patterson DR. Factor structure of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: a parent rating scale of Oppositional Defiant Behavior Toward Adults, Inattentive Behavior, and Conduct Problem Behavior. J Clin Child Psychol. 2000;29(4):569-77.
28. Weis R, Lovejoy MC, Lundahl BW. Factor structure and discriminative validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory with young children. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2005;27(4):269-78.
29. Weeland J, van Aar J, Overbeek G. Dutch Norms for the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: Comparisons with other Western Countries. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2018;40(2):224-34.
30. Hukkelberg SS, Reedtz C, Kjøbli J. Construct validity of the eyberg child behavior inventory (ECBI). European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2016.
31. Reedtz C, Bertelsen B, Lurie J, Handegård BH, Clifford G, Mørch WT. Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI): Norwegian norms to identify conduct problems in children. Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(1):31-8.
32. Sorsa J, Fontell T, Laajasalo T, Aronen ET. Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI): Normative data, psychometric properties, and associations with socioeconomic status in Finnish children. Scand J Psychol. 2019;60(5):430-9.
33. Werba BE. Standardization and cross-cultural validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory with Australian preschoolers. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B, The Sciences and Engineering. 2003;63:43-91.
34. Rhee ER, Rhee ES. Psychometric properties and standardization of the Korean version of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(8):2453-62.
35. García-Tornel Florensa S, Calzada EJ, Eyberg SM, Mas Alguacil JC, Vilamala Serra C, Baraza Mendoza C, et al. [Eyberg inventory of child behavior. Standardization of the Spanish version and its usefulness in ambulatory pediatrics]. An Esp Pediatr. 1998;48(5):475-82.
36. Chen YC, Fortson BL, Tiano JD. Establishing Norms on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory to Identify Disruptive Behaviors in Taiwanese Children. Child Fam Behav Ther. 2018;40(4):306-19.
37. Everitt BS. Multivariate analysis: the need for data, and other problems. Br J Psychiatry. 1975;126:237-40.
38. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics: Pearson Boston, MA; 2007.
39. Cattell RB. The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. Multivariate Behav Res. 1966;1(2):245-76.
40. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286.
41. Guttman L. Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis. Psychometrika. 1954;19(2):149-61.
42. Kaiser HF. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):141-51.
43. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics: Pearson Boston, MA; 2007:117-59.
44. Treiblmaier H, Filzmoser P. Exploratory factor analysis revisited: How robust methods support the detection of hidden multivariate data structures in IS research. Information & management. 2010;47(4):197-207.
45. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research: Guilford publications; 2015.
46. Hu Lt, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1-55.
47. George D, Mallery M. Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. 2003.
48. Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory: 2d Ed: McGraw-Hill; 1978.
49. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. 1988:20-6.
50. Eyberg SM, Robinson EA. Conduct problem behavior: standardization of a behavioral rating. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 1983;12(3):347-54.
51. Robinson EA, Eyberg SM, Ross AW. The standardization of an inventory of child conduct problem behaviors. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 1980;9(1):22-8.
2. O’Connell ME, Boat T, Warner KE. Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities: Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009.
3. Axberg U, Johansson Hanse J, Broberg AG. Parents' description of conduct problems in their children - a test of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in a Swedish sample aged 3-10. Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(6):497-505.
4. Cavaleri MA, Olin SS, Kim A, Hoagwood KE, Burns BJ. Family support in prevention programs for children at risk for emotional/behavioral problems. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011;14(4):399-412.
5. Mejia A, Calam R, Sanders MR. A review of parenting programs in developing countries: opportunities and challenges for preventing emotional and behavioral difficulties in children. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2012;15(2):163-75.
6. Burke JD, Waldman I, Lahey BB. Predictive validity of childhood oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: implications for the DSM-V. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010;119(4):739-51.
7. Reef J, Diamantopoulou S, van Meurs I, Verhulst F, van der Ende J. Predicting adult emotional and behavioral problems from externalizing problem trajectories in a 24-year longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19(7):577-85.
8. Eklund JM, Klinteberg BA. Childhood behaviour as related to subsequent drinking offences and violent offending: a prospective study of 11- to 14-year-old youths into their fourth decade. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2003;13(4):294-309.
9. Murray J, Menezes AM, Hickman M, Maughan B, Gallo EA, Matijasevich A, et al. Childhood behaviour problems predict crime and violence in late adolescence: Brazilian and British birth cohort studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50(4):579-89.
10. Vassallo S, Edwards B, Forrest W. Childhood behavior problems and fighting in early adulthood: What factors are protective? Journal of Criminal Justice. 2016;45:85-93.
11. Groenman AP, Janssen TWP, Oosterlaan J. Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(7):556-69.
12. Kroes M, Kalff AC, Steyaert J, Kessels AG, Feron FJ, Hendriksen JG, et al. A longitudinal community study: do psychosocial risk factors and child behavior checklist scores at 5 years of age predict psychiatric diagnoses at a later age? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(8):955-63.
13. Mesman J, Koot HM. Early preschool predictors of preadolescent internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV diagnoses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(9):1029-36.
14. Kremer KP, Flower A, Huang J, Vaughn MG. Behavior problems and children's academic achievement: A test of growth-curve models with gender and racial differences. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2016;67:95-104.
15. Lewis GJ, Asbury K, Plomin R. Externalizing problems in childhood and adolescence predict subsequent educational achievement but for different genetic and environmental reasons. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(3):292-304.
16. Loe IM, Feldman HM. Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(6):643-54.
17. McLeod JD, Kaiser K. Childhood emotional and behavioral problems and educational attainment. American sociological review. 2004;69(5):636-58.
18. Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(10):841-50.
19. Scott JG, Giørtz Pedersen M, Erskine HE, Bikic A, Demontis D, McGrath JJ, et al. Mortality in individuals with disruptive behavior disorders diagnosed by specialist services - A nationwide cohort study. Psychiatry Res. 2017;251:255-60.
20. Burke JD, Rowe R, Boylan K. Functional outcomes of child and adolescent oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in young adult men. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(3):264-72.
21. Weitzman C, Wegner L. Promoting optimal development: screening for behavioral and emotional problems. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):384-95.
22. Eyberg S, Pincus D. Eyberg child behavior inventory (ECBI) & Sutter-Eyberg student behavior inventory-revised (SESBI-R). Professional manual Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. 1999.
23. Howells Wrobel N, Lachar D. Validity of self‐and parent‐report scales in screening students for behavioral and emotional problems in elementary school. Psychology in the Schools. 1998;35(1):17-27.
24. Abrahamse ME, Junger M, Leijten PH, Lindeboom R, Boer F, Lindauer RJ. Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in a Community Sample and a Multi-Ethnic Clinical Sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2015;37(4):679-91.
25. Rush Jr AJ, First MB, Blacker D. Handbook of psychiatric measures: American Psychiatric Pub; 2009.
26. Burns GL, Patterson DR. Factor structure of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: Unidimensional or multidimensional measure of disruptive behavior? J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 1991;20(4):439-44.
27. Burns GL, Patterson DR. Factor structure of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: a parent rating scale of Oppositional Defiant Behavior Toward Adults, Inattentive Behavior, and Conduct Problem Behavior. J Clin Child Psychol. 2000;29(4):569-77.
28. Weis R, Lovejoy MC, Lundahl BW. Factor structure and discriminative validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory with young children. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2005;27(4):269-78.
29. Weeland J, van Aar J, Overbeek G. Dutch Norms for the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: Comparisons with other Western Countries. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2018;40(2):224-34.
30. Hukkelberg SS, Reedtz C, Kjøbli J. Construct validity of the eyberg child behavior inventory (ECBI). European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2016.
31. Reedtz C, Bertelsen B, Lurie J, Handegård BH, Clifford G, Mørch WT. Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI): Norwegian norms to identify conduct problems in children. Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(1):31-8.
32. Sorsa J, Fontell T, Laajasalo T, Aronen ET. Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI): Normative data, psychometric properties, and associations with socioeconomic status in Finnish children. Scand J Psychol. 2019;60(5):430-9.
33. Werba BE. Standardization and cross-cultural validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory with Australian preschoolers. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B, The Sciences and Engineering. 2003;63:43-91.
34. Rhee ER, Rhee ES. Psychometric properties and standardization of the Korean version of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(8):2453-62.
35. García-Tornel Florensa S, Calzada EJ, Eyberg SM, Mas Alguacil JC, Vilamala Serra C, Baraza Mendoza C, et al. [Eyberg inventory of child behavior. Standardization of the Spanish version and its usefulness in ambulatory pediatrics]. An Esp Pediatr. 1998;48(5):475-82.
36. Chen YC, Fortson BL, Tiano JD. Establishing Norms on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory to Identify Disruptive Behaviors in Taiwanese Children. Child Fam Behav Ther. 2018;40(4):306-19.
37. Everitt BS. Multivariate analysis: the need for data, and other problems. Br J Psychiatry. 1975;126:237-40.
38. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics: Pearson Boston, MA; 2007.
39. Cattell RB. The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. Multivariate Behav Res. 1966;1(2):245-76.
40. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286.
41. Guttman L. Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis. Psychometrika. 1954;19(2):149-61.
42. Kaiser HF. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):141-51.
43. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics: Pearson Boston, MA; 2007:117-59.
44. Treiblmaier H, Filzmoser P. Exploratory factor analysis revisited: How robust methods support the detection of hidden multivariate data structures in IS research. Information & management. 2010;47(4):197-207.
45. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research: Guilford publications; 2015.
46. Hu Lt, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1-55.
47. George D, Mallery M. Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. 2003.
48. Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory: 2d Ed: McGraw-Hill; 1978.
49. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. 1988:20-6.
50. Eyberg SM, Robinson EA. Conduct problem behavior: standardization of a behavioral rating. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 1983;12(3):347-54.
51. Robinson EA, Eyberg SM, Ross AW. The standardization of an inventory of child conduct problem behaviors. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 1980;9(1):22-8.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 4 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v15i4.4300 | |
| PMCID | PMC7610066 | |
| PMID | 33240383 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Behavior Problems Children Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory Iran Psychometric Properties Parent Reports | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Panahandeh S, Poursharifi H, Dolatshahi B, Aghebati A. Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (F-ECBI) in Iranian Population. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(4):331-339.
