Driving Behaviors in Iran: Comparison of Impulsivity, Attentional Bias, and Decision-Making Styles in Safe and High-Risk Drivers
,
Abstract
Objective: Road traffic injuries are leading cause of death and economic losses, particularly in developing countries such as Iran. Thus, increased understanding of the causes of traffic accidents can help solve this problem. The primary goal of this study was to examine attentional bias, decision-making styles, and impulsiveness in drivers with safe or risky driving behaviors. The secondary purpose was to determine the variance of each variable among 2 groups of drivers.
Method: This was a cross sectional design study, in which 120 male drivers aged 20-30 years (60 males with risky driving behaviors and 60 with safe driving behaviors) were recruited from Tehran using sampling technique. Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), Decision-Making Style Scale (DMSQ), Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire (MDBQ), Self-Assessment Manikin Scale (SAM), and Dot Probe Task were used. The analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 22.
Results: The mean age of participants was 26 years. Significant differences were found between impulsiveness (attentional, motor, and non planning impulsiveness) and decision-making styles (spontaneous and avoidant) between the 2 groups. Also, based on the results of discriminant function analysis (DFS), the subscales of impulsiveness and 2 decision-making styles explained 25% of the variance in the 2 groups of risky and safe drivers.
Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that impulsiveness and 2 decision-making styles were predominant factors. Therefore, not only is there a need for research to reduce traffic accidents, but studies can also be helpful in issuing driving licenses to individuals.
1. Peden M, McGee K, Krug E. Injury: a leading cause of the global burden of disease, 2000: World Health Organization; 2002. Chapter in book .
2. Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, et al. World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization Geneva; 2004.p.110-20
3. Mathers C, Fat D, Boerma J. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization. doi: 10.1016. B978-012373960-5.00335-X; 2008.p.210-20
4. Pakgohar A, Tabrizi RS, Khalili M, Esmaeili A. The role of human factor in incidence and severity of road crashes based on the CART and LR regression: a data mining approach. Procedia Comput Sci. 2011;3:764-9.
5. Schwebel DC, Ball KK, Severson J, Barton BK, Rizzo M, Viamonte SM. Individual difference factors in risky driving among older adults. J Safety Res. 2007;38(5):501-9.
6. Oltedal S, Rundmo T. The effects of personality and gender on risky driving behaviour and accident involvement. Safety science. 2006;44(7):621-8.
7. Dahlen ER, Martin RC, Ragan K, Kuhlman MM. Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37(2):341-8.
8. Evans L. The dominant role of driver behavior in traffic safety. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(6):784-6.
9. Milos̆ević Sa, Milić J. Speed perception in road curves. J Safety Res. 1990;21(1):19-23.
10. Zheng T, Qu W, Zhang K, Ge Y. The relationship between attentional bias toward safety and driving behavior. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;96:22-8.
11. Bıçaksız P, Özkan T. Impulsivity and driver behaviors, offences and accident involvement: A systematic review. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour. 2016;38:194-223.
12. Fishbein M, Cappella JN. The role of theory in developing effective health communications. Journal of communication. 2006;56:S1-S17.
13. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Souri H, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Jannatifard F, Sepahbodi G. Personality, Driving Behavior and Mental Disorders Factors as Predictors of Road Traffic Accidents Based on Logistic Regression. Iran J Med Sci. 2017;42(1):24-31.
14. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Soori H, Ghanizadeh M. The Cognitive and Psychological Factors (Personality, Driving Behavior, and Mental Illnesses) As Predictors in Traffic Violations. Iran J Psychiatry. 2017;12(2):78-86.
15. Barratt ES, Monahan J, Steadman H. Impulsiveness and aggression. Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment. 1994;p:61-79.
16. Wittmann M, Arce E, Santisteban C. How impulsiveness, trait anger, and extracurricular activities might affect aggression in school children. Personality and Individual Differences. 2008;45(7):618-23.
17. Stanford MS, Mathias CW, Dougherty DM, Lake SL, Anderson NE, Patton JH. Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review. Personality and individual differences. 2009;47(5):385-95.
18. Mobini S, Pearce M, Grant A, Mills J, Yeomans MR. The relationship between cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in a non-clinical population sample. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006;40(6):1153-63.
19. Muzheng G. Theory and methods of risky identification of driving behavior [D]. University of Transportation of South-West. 2009. p. 130-50.
20. Azadeh A, Zarrin M, Hamid M. A novel framework for improvement of road accidents considering decision-making styles of drivers in a large metropolitan area. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;87:17-33.
21. Scott SG, Bruce RA. Decision-making style: The development and assessment of a new measure. Educ Psychol Meas. 1995;55(5):818-31.
22. Xu Y, Li Y, Wang G, Yuan X, Ding W, Shen Z. Attentional bias toward safety predicts safety behaviors. Accid Anal Prev. 2014;71:144-53.
23. Williams JMG, Watts FN, MacLeod C, Mathews A. Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders: John Wiley & Sons; 1988. Chapter in book.
24. Sani SRH, Tabibi Z, Fadardi JS, Stavrinos D. Aggression, emotional self-regulation, attentional bias, and cognitive inhibition predict risky driving behavior. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;109:78-88.
25. Cheng ASK, Ting KH, Liu KPY, Ba Y. Impulsivity and risky decision making among taxi drivers in Hong Kong: An event-related potential study. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;95(Pt B):387-94.
26. Harlé KM, Shenoy P, Paulus MP. The influence of emotions on cognitive control: feelings and beliefs-where do they meet? Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:508.
27. Avila C. Distinguishing BIS-mediated and BAS-mediated disinhibition mechanisms: a comparison of disinhibition models of Gray (1981, 1987) and of Patterson and Newman (1993). J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001;80(2):311-24.
28. Collazos CA, Guerrero LA, Pino Urtubia J, Renzi S, Klobas J, Ortega M, et al. Evaluating collaborative learning processes using system-based measurement. International Forum of Educational Technology & Society .2007;10(3):257-74.
29. Alotaibi Y. Human factors in driving accidents: A cognitive investigation in the Gulf context. European Psychiatry. 2016;33(S1):S137-S8.
30. Levy DT. The effects of driving age, driver education, and curfew laws on traffic fatalities of 15-17 year olds. Risk Anal. 1988;8(4):569-74.
31. Rhodes N, Brown D, Edison A. Approaches to understanding young driver risk taking. J Safety Res. 2005;36(5):497-9.
32. Meyers LS, Gamst G, Guarino AJ. Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation: Sage publications; 2016.
33. Gras ME, Sullman MJ, Cunill M, Planes M, Aymerich M, Font-Mayolas S. Spanish drivers and their aberrant driving behaviours. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour. 2006;9(2):129-37.
34. Dolatshahi B, Mohammadkhani P. Comparison of the Function of Attention Among Risky and Normal Drivers. JSR. 2012;13(49):25-32.
35. Cheng AS, Ng TC, Lee HC. Impulsive personality and risk-taking behavior in motorcycle traffic offenders: A matched controlled study. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012;53(5):597-602.
36. Alavi SS, Mohammadi M, Soori H, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Sepasi N, Khodakarami R, et al. Iranian Version of Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire (MDBQ): Psychometric Properties. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11(1):37-42.
37. Baylé FJ, Bourdel MC, Caci H, Gorwood P, Chignon JM, Adés J, et al. [Factor analysis of french translation of the Barratt impulsivity scale (BIS-10)]. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45(2):156-65.
38. Barratt ES. Perceptual-motor performance related to impulsiveness and anxiety. Percept Mot Skills. 1967;25(2):485-92.
39. McLeish KN, Oxoby RJ. Measuring impatience: Elicited discount rates and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43(3):553-65.
40. Ekhtiari H, Rezvanfard M, Mokri A. Impulsivity and its different assessment tools: A review of view points and conducted researches. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology. 2008;14(3):247-57.
41. Dionne G, Fluet C, Desjardins D. Predicted risk perception and risk-taking behavior: The case of impaired driving. J Risk Uncertain 2007;35(3):237-64.
42. Oreyzi HR, Haghayegh SA. Psychometric properties of the Manchester driving behavior questionnaire. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2010;9(1):21-8.
43. Parker D, West R, Stradling S, Manstead AS. Behavioural characteristics and involvement in different types of traffic accident. Accid Anal Prev. 1995;27(4):571-81.
44. Basco MR. The procrastinator's guide to getting things done: Guilford Press; 2009.p.160-70
45. Loo R. A psychometric evaluation of the General Decision-Making Style Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences. 2000;29(5):895-905.
46. HADIZADEH MA, TEHRANI M. A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENERAL DECISION MAKING STYLES OF MANAGERS IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE).2008; 1(1): 123-38.
47. MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 1986;95(1):15-20.
48. Dehghani M. Construction and validation of pictorial «dot probe» task using emotional faces as stimuli. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2010;3(4):265-70.
49. Lang P. Behavioral treatment and bio-behavioral assessment: Computer applications. Technology in mental health care delivery systems. 1980:119-37.
50. Sartorius A, Ruf M, Kief C, Demirakca T, Bailer J, Ende G, et al. Abnormal amygdala activation profile in pedophilia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;258(5):271-7.
51. Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1994;25(1):49-59.
52. KARSAZI H, NASIRI M, ESMAEILPOUR F, KHANJANI Z. ROLE OF ADULT ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN HIGH RISK DRIVING BEHAVIORS BY MEDIATION OF EMOTION REGULATION DIFFICULTIES. POLICE MEDICINE. 2017; 6(3): 167-77.
53. Lane SD, Tcheremissine OV, Lieving LM, Nouvion S, Cherek DR. Acute effects of alprazolam on risky decision making in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;181(2):364-73.
54. West R, Elander J, French D. Mild social deviance, Type-A behaviour pattern and decision-making style as predictors of self-reported driving style and traffic accident risk. Br J Psychol. 1993;84 ( Pt 2):207-19.
55. Passanisi A, Pace U. The unique and common contributions of impulsivity and decision-making strategies among young adult Italian regular gamblers. Pers Individ Dif. 2017;105:24-9.
56. Akbari M, Zare H. Prediction of risky behavior in adolescence and its relationship with sensation seeking and decision making styles. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH. 2012; 6(1): 57-65.
57. Li J, Li Y, Liu X, editors. The effects of motor impulsiveness and optimism bias on risky driving behavior in Chinese urban areas. 2008 11th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems; 2008: IEEE.
58. Ekhtiari H, Behzadi A. Prefrontal cortex, decision making deficits, and assessment instruments. ADVANCES IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE.2001; 3(3) 64-86.
59. Reynolds BW, Basso MR, Miller AK, Whiteside DM, Combs D. Executive function, impulsivity, and risky behaviors in young adults. Neuropsychology. 2019;33(2):212-21.
60. Elliott R, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10(3):308-17.
61. Hu T-Y, Xie X, Li J. Negative or positive? The effect of emotion and mood on risky driving. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour. 2013;16:29-40.
2. Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, et al. World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization Geneva; 2004.p.110-20
3. Mathers C, Fat D, Boerma J. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization. doi: 10.1016. B978-012373960-5.00335-X; 2008.p.210-20
4. Pakgohar A, Tabrizi RS, Khalili M, Esmaeili A. The role of human factor in incidence and severity of road crashes based on the CART and LR regression: a data mining approach. Procedia Comput Sci. 2011;3:764-9.
5. Schwebel DC, Ball KK, Severson J, Barton BK, Rizzo M, Viamonte SM. Individual difference factors in risky driving among older adults. J Safety Res. 2007;38(5):501-9.
6. Oltedal S, Rundmo T. The effects of personality and gender on risky driving behaviour and accident involvement. Safety science. 2006;44(7):621-8.
7. Dahlen ER, Martin RC, Ragan K, Kuhlman MM. Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37(2):341-8.
8. Evans L. The dominant role of driver behavior in traffic safety. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(6):784-6.
9. Milos̆ević Sa, Milić J. Speed perception in road curves. J Safety Res. 1990;21(1):19-23.
10. Zheng T, Qu W, Zhang K, Ge Y. The relationship between attentional bias toward safety and driving behavior. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;96:22-8.
11. Bıçaksız P, Özkan T. Impulsivity and driver behaviors, offences and accident involvement: A systematic review. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour. 2016;38:194-223.
12. Fishbein M, Cappella JN. The role of theory in developing effective health communications. Journal of communication. 2006;56:S1-S17.
13. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Souri H, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Jannatifard F, Sepahbodi G. Personality, Driving Behavior and Mental Disorders Factors as Predictors of Road Traffic Accidents Based on Logistic Regression. Iran J Med Sci. 2017;42(1):24-31.
14. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Soori H, Ghanizadeh M. The Cognitive and Psychological Factors (Personality, Driving Behavior, and Mental Illnesses) As Predictors in Traffic Violations. Iran J Psychiatry. 2017;12(2):78-86.
15. Barratt ES, Monahan J, Steadman H. Impulsiveness and aggression. Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment. 1994;p:61-79.
16. Wittmann M, Arce E, Santisteban C. How impulsiveness, trait anger, and extracurricular activities might affect aggression in school children. Personality and Individual Differences. 2008;45(7):618-23.
17. Stanford MS, Mathias CW, Dougherty DM, Lake SL, Anderson NE, Patton JH. Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review. Personality and individual differences. 2009;47(5):385-95.
18. Mobini S, Pearce M, Grant A, Mills J, Yeomans MR. The relationship between cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in a non-clinical population sample. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006;40(6):1153-63.
19. Muzheng G. Theory and methods of risky identification of driving behavior [D]. University of Transportation of South-West. 2009. p. 130-50.
20. Azadeh A, Zarrin M, Hamid M. A novel framework for improvement of road accidents considering decision-making styles of drivers in a large metropolitan area. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;87:17-33.
21. Scott SG, Bruce RA. Decision-making style: The development and assessment of a new measure. Educ Psychol Meas. 1995;55(5):818-31.
22. Xu Y, Li Y, Wang G, Yuan X, Ding W, Shen Z. Attentional bias toward safety predicts safety behaviors. Accid Anal Prev. 2014;71:144-53.
23. Williams JMG, Watts FN, MacLeod C, Mathews A. Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders: John Wiley & Sons; 1988. Chapter in book.
24. Sani SRH, Tabibi Z, Fadardi JS, Stavrinos D. Aggression, emotional self-regulation, attentional bias, and cognitive inhibition predict risky driving behavior. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;109:78-88.
25. Cheng ASK, Ting KH, Liu KPY, Ba Y. Impulsivity and risky decision making among taxi drivers in Hong Kong: An event-related potential study. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;95(Pt B):387-94.
26. Harlé KM, Shenoy P, Paulus MP. The influence of emotions on cognitive control: feelings and beliefs-where do they meet? Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:508.
27. Avila C. Distinguishing BIS-mediated and BAS-mediated disinhibition mechanisms: a comparison of disinhibition models of Gray (1981, 1987) and of Patterson and Newman (1993). J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001;80(2):311-24.
28. Collazos CA, Guerrero LA, Pino Urtubia J, Renzi S, Klobas J, Ortega M, et al. Evaluating collaborative learning processes using system-based measurement. International Forum of Educational Technology & Society .2007;10(3):257-74.
29. Alotaibi Y. Human factors in driving accidents: A cognitive investigation in the Gulf context. European Psychiatry. 2016;33(S1):S137-S8.
30. Levy DT. The effects of driving age, driver education, and curfew laws on traffic fatalities of 15-17 year olds. Risk Anal. 1988;8(4):569-74.
31. Rhodes N, Brown D, Edison A. Approaches to understanding young driver risk taking. J Safety Res. 2005;36(5):497-9.
32. Meyers LS, Gamst G, Guarino AJ. Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation: Sage publications; 2016.
33. Gras ME, Sullman MJ, Cunill M, Planes M, Aymerich M, Font-Mayolas S. Spanish drivers and their aberrant driving behaviours. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour. 2006;9(2):129-37.
34. Dolatshahi B, Mohammadkhani P. Comparison of the Function of Attention Among Risky and Normal Drivers. JSR. 2012;13(49):25-32.
35. Cheng AS, Ng TC, Lee HC. Impulsive personality and risk-taking behavior in motorcycle traffic offenders: A matched controlled study. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012;53(5):597-602.
36. Alavi SS, Mohammadi M, Soori H, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Sepasi N, Khodakarami R, et al. Iranian Version of Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire (MDBQ): Psychometric Properties. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11(1):37-42.
37. Baylé FJ, Bourdel MC, Caci H, Gorwood P, Chignon JM, Adés J, et al. [Factor analysis of french translation of the Barratt impulsivity scale (BIS-10)]. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45(2):156-65.
38. Barratt ES. Perceptual-motor performance related to impulsiveness and anxiety. Percept Mot Skills. 1967;25(2):485-92.
39. McLeish KN, Oxoby RJ. Measuring impatience: Elicited discount rates and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43(3):553-65.
40. Ekhtiari H, Rezvanfard M, Mokri A. Impulsivity and its different assessment tools: A review of view points and conducted researches. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology. 2008;14(3):247-57.
41. Dionne G, Fluet C, Desjardins D. Predicted risk perception and risk-taking behavior: The case of impaired driving. J Risk Uncertain 2007;35(3):237-64.
42. Oreyzi HR, Haghayegh SA. Psychometric properties of the Manchester driving behavior questionnaire. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2010;9(1):21-8.
43. Parker D, West R, Stradling S, Manstead AS. Behavioural characteristics and involvement in different types of traffic accident. Accid Anal Prev. 1995;27(4):571-81.
44. Basco MR. The procrastinator's guide to getting things done: Guilford Press; 2009.p.160-70
45. Loo R. A psychometric evaluation of the General Decision-Making Style Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences. 2000;29(5):895-905.
46. HADIZADEH MA, TEHRANI M. A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENERAL DECISION MAKING STYLES OF MANAGERS IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE).2008; 1(1): 123-38.
47. MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 1986;95(1):15-20.
48. Dehghani M. Construction and validation of pictorial «dot probe» task using emotional faces as stimuli. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2010;3(4):265-70.
49. Lang P. Behavioral treatment and bio-behavioral assessment: Computer applications. Technology in mental health care delivery systems. 1980:119-37.
50. Sartorius A, Ruf M, Kief C, Demirakca T, Bailer J, Ende G, et al. Abnormal amygdala activation profile in pedophilia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;258(5):271-7.
51. Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1994;25(1):49-59.
52. KARSAZI H, NASIRI M, ESMAEILPOUR F, KHANJANI Z. ROLE OF ADULT ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN HIGH RISK DRIVING BEHAVIORS BY MEDIATION OF EMOTION REGULATION DIFFICULTIES. POLICE MEDICINE. 2017; 6(3): 167-77.
53. Lane SD, Tcheremissine OV, Lieving LM, Nouvion S, Cherek DR. Acute effects of alprazolam on risky decision making in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;181(2):364-73.
54. West R, Elander J, French D. Mild social deviance, Type-A behaviour pattern and decision-making style as predictors of self-reported driving style and traffic accident risk. Br J Psychol. 1993;84 ( Pt 2):207-19.
55. Passanisi A, Pace U. The unique and common contributions of impulsivity and decision-making strategies among young adult Italian regular gamblers. Pers Individ Dif. 2017;105:24-9.
56. Akbari M, Zare H. Prediction of risky behavior in adolescence and its relationship with sensation seeking and decision making styles. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH. 2012; 6(1): 57-65.
57. Li J, Li Y, Liu X, editors. The effects of motor impulsiveness and optimism bias on risky driving behavior in Chinese urban areas. 2008 11th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems; 2008: IEEE.
58. Ekhtiari H, Behzadi A. Prefrontal cortex, decision making deficits, and assessment instruments. ADVANCES IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE.2001; 3(3) 64-86.
59. Reynolds BW, Basso MR, Miller AK, Whiteside DM, Combs D. Executive function, impulsivity, and risky behaviors in young adults. Neuropsychology. 2019;33(2):212-21.
60. Elliott R, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10(3):308-17.
61. Hu T-Y, Xie X, Li J. Negative or positive? The effect of emotion and mood on risky driving. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour. 2013;16:29-40.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 4 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v15i4.4297 | |
| PMCID | PMC7610067 | |
| PMID | 33240381 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Attentional Bias Decision-Making Impulsivity Risky Behavior | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Barati F, Pourshahbaz A, Nosratabadi M, Shiasy Y. Driving Behaviors in Iran: Comparison of Impulsivity, Attentional Bias, and Decision-Making Styles in Safe and High-Risk Drivers. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(4):312-321.
