Executive Functions and Reinforcement Sensitivity in Women with Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms
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Abstract
Objective: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with cognitive and motivational deficits caused by abnormal activities in certain neural circuits. This study sets out to determine the contribution of each component of executive function and reinforcement sensitivity in prediction of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
Method: In this cross-sectional study, the study population consisted of all adult women living in Sabzevar city (Iran). Using cluster sampling, 365 women were selected as the study sample. Participants completed the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire - Revised and Clarified (SPSRQ-RC) as well as Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Data analysis was conducted using correlation and regression tests.
Results: The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that inhibition, shift and initiation variables as well as sensitivity to punishment and reward were best predictors of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (adjusted R square = 0.34, F = 38.93, P < 0.0001).
Conclusion: It seems that impaired executive functions in cognition and sensitivity to reinforcement in motivation contribute to the emergence or sustainability of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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2. Fineberg NA, Hengartner MP, Bergbaum CE, Gale TM, Gamma A, Ajdacic-Gross V, et al. A prospective population-based cohort study of the prevalence, incidence and impact of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2013;17(3):170-8.
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4. Mohammadi MR, Ghanizadeh A, Rahgozar M, Noorbala AA, Davidian H, Afzali HM, et al. Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran. BMC Psychiatry. 2004;4:2.
5. Khosravi S, Naseri A. Prevalence of obsessive compulsive disorder in people aged 12-46 years in Jahrom city. Par J Med Sci. 2017; 15(3): 1-8.
6. Amani M, Abolghasemi A, Ahadi B, Narimani M. The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among the women 20 to 40 years old of Ardabil city, Western part of Iran. J Fund Mental Health. 2013; 15 (59):233-42.
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8. Pauls DL, Abramovitch A, Rauch SL, Geller DA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(6):410-24.
9. Wilson L, Horton L, Kunzmann K, Sahakian BJ, Newcombe VF, Stamatakis EA, et al. Understanding the relationship between cognitive performance and function in daily life after traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021; 92(4): 407-417.
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11. Shin NY, Lee TY, Kim E, Kwon JS. Cognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44(6):1121-30.
12. Anderson P. Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychol. 2002;8(2):71-82.
13. Sarwar MA, Ashraf R, Khan AM, Afzal HM. Frequency of Impairment of Executive Functioning among Patients having Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Int J Contem Med Res. 2020;7(7):G10-G13.
14. Deckersbach T, Otto MW, Savage CR, Baer L, Jenike MA. The relationship between semantic organization and memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2000;69(2):101-7.
15. Kazempoor-Jahromi A, Bigdeli I, Rafieinia P. The Comparison of Executive Functions and Working Memory in Individuals with Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder and Normal People. JCP. 2015; 7(2): 15-28.
16. Hekmati I, Hashemi T, Pirzadeh J. Comparison of executive functions in subclinical obsessive compulsive disorder without depressive symptoms with healthy control. IGBS. 2012; 6(1): 39-47.
17. Hamidian S, Pourshahbaz A, Ananloo ES, Dolatshahi B, Ohadi M, Davoudi M. The story of memory and executive functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case-control study. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2021.
18. Yazdi-Ravandi S, Shamsaei F, Matinnia N, Moghimbeigi A, Shams J, Ahmadpanah M, et al. Executive functions, selective attention and information processing in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: A study from west of Iran. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;37:140-5.
19. Snyder HR, Miyake A, Hankin BL. Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches. Front Psychol. 2015;6:328.
20. Bannon S, Gonsalvez CJ, Croft RJ, Boyce PM. Response inhibition deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2002;110(2):165-74.
21. Bouvard M, Fournet N, Sixdenier A, Polosan M. Intrusive Thoughts and Executive Functions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. J Behav Brain Sci. 2018;8(07):399-414.
22. Past N, Khosravi Z. The Investigation of Planning Function in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder. Adv Cog Sci. 2015; 17 (3) :1-11.
23. Kumbhani SR, Roth RM, Kruck CL, Flashman LA, McAllister TW. Nonclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms and executive functions in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;22(3):304-12.
24. McNamara JP, Reid AM, Balkhi AM, Bussing R, Storch EA, Murphy TK, et al. Self-regulation and other executive functions relationship to pediatric OCD severity and treatment outcome. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2014;36(3):432-42.
25. Schwam DM, King TZ, Greenberg D. Characteristics of Executive Functioning in a Small Sample of Children With Tourette Syndrome. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2015;4(4):297-308.
26. Fullana MA, Mataix-Cols D, Caseras X, Alonso P, Manuel Menchón J, Vallejo J, et al. High sensitivity to punishment and low impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive patients with hoarding symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2004;129(1):21-7.
27. Conner BT, Rahm-Knigge RL, Jenkins AL. Revision and clarification of the sensitivity to punishment sensitivity to reward questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2018;121:31-40.
28. Bejerot S, Schlette P, Ekselius L, Adolfsson R, von Knorring L. Personality disorders and relationship to personality dimensions measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;98(3):243-9.
29. Lyoo IK, Lee DW, Kim YS, Kong SW, Kwon JS. Patterns of temperament and character in subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(8):637-41.
30. Smillie LD, Pickering AD, Jackson CJ. The new reinforcement sensitivity theory: implications for personality measurement. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2006;10(4):320-35.
31. Franken IH, Muris P. Individual differences in reward sensitivity are related to food craving and relative body weight in healthy women. Appetite. 2005;45(2):198-201.
32. Menzies L, Chamberlain SR, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET. Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofronto-striatal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(3):525-49.
33. Morein-Zamir S, Papmeyer M, Gillan CM, Crockett MJ, Fineberg NA, Sahakian BJ, et al. Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task. Psychol Med. 2013;43(2):391-400.
34. Alilou MM, Bakhshipoor Roudsari A, Nasiri M. Structural Relationships Between Behavioral Brain Systems, Disgust Sensitivity, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. IJPCP. 2018; 23(4):466-79.
35. Kaufmann C, Beucke JC, Preuße F, Endrass T, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A, et al. Medial prefrontal brain activation to anticipated reward and loss in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;2:212-20.
36. Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Salkovskis PM, Coles ME, Amir N. The validation of a new obsessive-compulsive disorder scale: The obsessive-compulsive inventory. Psychol Assess. 1998; 10: 206-14.
37. Roth RM, Isquith PK, Gioia GA. Assessment of executive functioning using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). New York: Springer; 2014.
38. Mani A, Ghelijkhani S, Haghighat R, Ahmadzadeh L, Chohedri E, et al. Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Self-Report Form of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A), Shiraz E-Med J. 2018 ; 19(2):e14295.
39. Conner BT, Rahm-Knigge RL, Jenkins AL. Revision and clarification of the sensitivity to punishment sensitivity to reward questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2018; 121: 31-40.
40. Mohammadzadeh Ebrahimi A, Rahimi Pordanjani T. The Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire-Clarified and Revised. J Res Behav Sci. 2018;16(3): 241-52.
41. Gehring WJ, Himle J, Nisenson LG. Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Sci. 2000;11(1):1-6.
42. Carver CS, Connor-Smith J. Personality and coping. Annu Rev Psychol. 2010; 61: 679–704.
43. Corr PJ. Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 28(3):317-32.
44. Khanjani Z, Mohammadi F, Hashemi T, Bakhshipouor A, Bairami M. The effect of brain-behavioural systems and affects on dimensional obsessive-compulsive signs, J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2014;18(2):e74166.
2. Fineberg NA, Hengartner MP, Bergbaum CE, Gale TM, Gamma A, Ajdacic-Gross V, et al. A prospective population-based cohort study of the prevalence, incidence and impact of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2013;17(3):170-8.
3. Politis S, Magklara K, Petrikis P, Michalis G, Simos G, Skapinakis P. Epidemiology and comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder in late adolescence: a cross-sectional study in senior high schools in Greece. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2017;21(3):188-94.
4. Mohammadi MR, Ghanizadeh A, Rahgozar M, Noorbala AA, Davidian H, Afzali HM, et al. Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran. BMC Psychiatry. 2004;4:2.
5. Khosravi S, Naseri A. Prevalence of obsessive compulsive disorder in people aged 12-46 years in Jahrom city. Par J Med Sci. 2017; 15(3): 1-8.
6. Amani M, Abolghasemi A, Ahadi B, Narimani M. The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among the women 20 to 40 years old of Ardabil city, Western part of Iran. J Fund Mental Health. 2013; 15 (59):233-42.
7. La Paglia F, La Cascia C, Rizzo R, Cangialosi F, Sanna M, Riva G, et al. Cognitive Assessment of OCD Patients: NeuroVR vs Neuropsychological Test. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2014;199:40-4.
8. Pauls DL, Abramovitch A, Rauch SL, Geller DA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(6):410-24.
9. Wilson L, Horton L, Kunzmann K, Sahakian BJ, Newcombe VF, Stamatakis EA, et al. Understanding the relationship between cognitive performance and function in daily life after traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021; 92(4): 407-417.
10. Abramovitch A, Abramowitz JS, Mittelman A. The neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(8):1163-71.
11. Shin NY, Lee TY, Kim E, Kwon JS. Cognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44(6):1121-30.
12. Anderson P. Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychol. 2002;8(2):71-82.
13. Sarwar MA, Ashraf R, Khan AM, Afzal HM. Frequency of Impairment of Executive Functioning among Patients having Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Int J Contem Med Res. 2020;7(7):G10-G13.
14. Deckersbach T, Otto MW, Savage CR, Baer L, Jenike MA. The relationship between semantic organization and memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2000;69(2):101-7.
15. Kazempoor-Jahromi A, Bigdeli I, Rafieinia P. The Comparison of Executive Functions and Working Memory in Individuals with Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder and Normal People. JCP. 2015; 7(2): 15-28.
16. Hekmati I, Hashemi T, Pirzadeh J. Comparison of executive functions in subclinical obsessive compulsive disorder without depressive symptoms with healthy control. IGBS. 2012; 6(1): 39-47.
17. Hamidian S, Pourshahbaz A, Ananloo ES, Dolatshahi B, Ohadi M, Davoudi M. The story of memory and executive functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case-control study. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2021.
18. Yazdi-Ravandi S, Shamsaei F, Matinnia N, Moghimbeigi A, Shams J, Ahmadpanah M, et al. Executive functions, selective attention and information processing in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: A study from west of Iran. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;37:140-5.
19. Snyder HR, Miyake A, Hankin BL. Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches. Front Psychol. 2015;6:328.
20. Bannon S, Gonsalvez CJ, Croft RJ, Boyce PM. Response inhibition deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2002;110(2):165-74.
21. Bouvard M, Fournet N, Sixdenier A, Polosan M. Intrusive Thoughts and Executive Functions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. J Behav Brain Sci. 2018;8(07):399-414.
22. Past N, Khosravi Z. The Investigation of Planning Function in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder. Adv Cog Sci. 2015; 17 (3) :1-11.
23. Kumbhani SR, Roth RM, Kruck CL, Flashman LA, McAllister TW. Nonclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms and executive functions in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;22(3):304-12.
24. McNamara JP, Reid AM, Balkhi AM, Bussing R, Storch EA, Murphy TK, et al. Self-regulation and other executive functions relationship to pediatric OCD severity and treatment outcome. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2014;36(3):432-42.
25. Schwam DM, King TZ, Greenberg D. Characteristics of Executive Functioning in a Small Sample of Children With Tourette Syndrome. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2015;4(4):297-308.
26. Fullana MA, Mataix-Cols D, Caseras X, Alonso P, Manuel Menchón J, Vallejo J, et al. High sensitivity to punishment and low impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive patients with hoarding symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2004;129(1):21-7.
27. Conner BT, Rahm-Knigge RL, Jenkins AL. Revision and clarification of the sensitivity to punishment sensitivity to reward questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2018;121:31-40.
28. Bejerot S, Schlette P, Ekselius L, Adolfsson R, von Knorring L. Personality disorders and relationship to personality dimensions measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;98(3):243-9.
29. Lyoo IK, Lee DW, Kim YS, Kong SW, Kwon JS. Patterns of temperament and character in subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(8):637-41.
30. Smillie LD, Pickering AD, Jackson CJ. The new reinforcement sensitivity theory: implications for personality measurement. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2006;10(4):320-35.
31. Franken IH, Muris P. Individual differences in reward sensitivity are related to food craving and relative body weight in healthy women. Appetite. 2005;45(2):198-201.
32. Menzies L, Chamberlain SR, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET. Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofronto-striatal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(3):525-49.
33. Morein-Zamir S, Papmeyer M, Gillan CM, Crockett MJ, Fineberg NA, Sahakian BJ, et al. Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task. Psychol Med. 2013;43(2):391-400.
34. Alilou MM, Bakhshipoor Roudsari A, Nasiri M. Structural Relationships Between Behavioral Brain Systems, Disgust Sensitivity, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. IJPCP. 2018; 23(4):466-79.
35. Kaufmann C, Beucke JC, Preuße F, Endrass T, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A, et al. Medial prefrontal brain activation to anticipated reward and loss in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;2:212-20.
36. Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Salkovskis PM, Coles ME, Amir N. The validation of a new obsessive-compulsive disorder scale: The obsessive-compulsive inventory. Psychol Assess. 1998; 10: 206-14.
37. Roth RM, Isquith PK, Gioia GA. Assessment of executive functioning using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). New York: Springer; 2014.
38. Mani A, Ghelijkhani S, Haghighat R, Ahmadzadeh L, Chohedri E, et al. Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Self-Report Form of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A), Shiraz E-Med J. 2018 ; 19(2):e14295.
39. Conner BT, Rahm-Knigge RL, Jenkins AL. Revision and clarification of the sensitivity to punishment sensitivity to reward questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2018; 121: 31-40.
40. Mohammadzadeh Ebrahimi A, Rahimi Pordanjani T. The Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire-Clarified and Revised. J Res Behav Sci. 2018;16(3): 241-52.
41. Gehring WJ, Himle J, Nisenson LG. Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Sci. 2000;11(1):1-6.
42. Carver CS, Connor-Smith J. Personality and coping. Annu Rev Psychol. 2010; 61: 679–704.
43. Corr PJ. Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 28(3):317-32.
44. Khanjani Z, Mohammadi F, Hashemi T, Bakhshipouor A, Bairami M. The effect of brain-behavioural systems and affects on dimensional obsessive-compulsive signs, J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2014;18(2):e74166.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v17i2.8908 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Executive Functions Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Reinforcement | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Amani M, Keyvanlo S. Executive Functions and Reinforcement Sensitivity in Women with Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(2):177-186.
