Posttraumatic Growth and Depreciation from University Students’ Perspectives
,
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated whether a sample of Iranian university students considered posttraumatic depreciation (PTD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) as negative or positive. Also, possible gender and religiosity differences in understanding of changes in PTD and PTG were evaluated.
Method: The present cross-sectional study was conducted during 2019-2020. The target sample Consisted of 298 students (mean age = 23.79) from 3 Universities in Esfahan and Tehran (Iran), recruited by convenience sampling. The sample answered to the scales, including Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Posttraumatic Depreciation Inventory; and Iranian version of The Clark and Stark Religious questionnaire.
Results: Despite the overall support for the PTG and PTD constructs, the present study showed that there are cross-cultural differences that can affect people's perception of item evaluation positively or negatively. In this study, almost all items that were evaluated differently with operationally defined PTG and PTD belonged to “Relating to Others” factor. The result also displayed gender and religiosity differences in perceptions of growth and depreciation.
Conclusion: These results suggest that it is necessary to identify the concept of PTG and PTD in each culture and the individual differences that may affect the perception of PTG and PDT be considered.
1. Oshiro R, Kopitz J, Soejima T, Kibi S, Kamibeppu K, Sakamoto S, et al. Perceptions of positive and negative changes for posttraumatic growth and depreciation: Judgments from Japanese undergraduates. Pers Individ Dif. 2019;137:17–21.
2. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9(3):455-71.
3. Baker JM, Kelly C, Calhoun LG, Cann A, Tedeschi RG. An examination of posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic depreciation: Two exploratory studies. J Loss Trauma. 2008;13(5):450–65.
4. Zięba M, Wiecheć K, Biegańska-Banaś J, Mieleszczenko-Kowszewicz W. Coexistence of Post-traumatic Growth and Post-traumatic Depreciation in the Aftermath of Trauma: Qualitative and Quantitative Narrative Analysis. Front Psychol. 2019;10:687.
5. Michélsen H, Therup-Svedenlöf C, Backheden M, Schulman A. Posttraumatic growth and depreciation six years after the 2004 tsunami. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(1):1302691.
6. Chen HM, Chen VC, Hsiao HP, Weng YP, Hsu YT, Weng JC, et al. Correlations And Correlates Of Post-Traumatic Growth And Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms In Patients With Breast Cancer. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:3051-60.
7. Wang W, Wu X, Lan X. Rumination mediates the relationships of fear and guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya'an earthquake. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1704993.
8. Vishnevsky T, Cann A, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, Demakis GJ. Gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychol Women Q. 2010;34(1):110–20.
9. Jin Y, Xu J, Liu D. The relationship between post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth: gender differences in PTG and PTSD subgroups. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(12):1903-10.
10. Gerber MM, Boals A, Schuettler D. The unique contributions of positive and negative religious coping to posttraumatic growth and PTSD. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2011;3(4):298.
11. Rezaei H, Forouzi MA, Roudi Rasht Abadi OS, Tirgari B. Relationship between religious beliefs and post-traumatic growth in patients with cancer in southeast of Iran. Ment Health Relig Cult. 2017;20(1):89–100.
12. García FE, Páez D, Reyes-Reyes A, Álvarez R. Religious coping as moderator of psychological responses to stressful events: A longitudinal study. Religions. 2017;8(4):62.
13. Chan CS, Rhodes JE. Religious coping, posttraumatic stress, psychological distress, and posttraumatic growth among female survivors four years after Hurricane Katrina. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(2):257-65.
14. Mardiah A, Syahriati E. Can religious coping predict posttraumatic growth. TARBIYA J Educ Muslim Soc. 2016;2(1):61–9.
15. Nikmanesh Z, Khagebafgi E. Role of religious coping in predicting post traumatic growth in patients with breast cancer. J Res Heal. 2016;6(4):445–51.
16. Taku K. Posttraumatic growth in American and Japanese men: Comparing levels of growth and perceptions of indicators of growth. Psychol Men Masc. 2013;14(4):423.
17. Taku K. Commonly-defined and individually-defined posttraumatic growth in the US and Japan. Pers Individ Dif. 2011;51(2):188–93.
18. Ghyasvand A. Iranian Behaviors and Beliefs. Soc Sci. 2016;23(73):211–51.
19. Tedeschi RG, Cann A, Taku K, Senol-Durak E, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A Revision Integrating Existential and Spiritual Change. J Trauma Stress. 2017;30(1):11-8.
20. Heidarzadeh M, Naseri P, Shamshiri M, Dadkhah B, Rassouli M, Gholchin M. Evaluating the Factor Structure of the Persian Version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in Cancer Patients. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2017;11(3):180-6.
21. Serajzadeh H. Religious attitudes and behaviors of Tehranian adolescents and their implications for secularization theory. Res Index. 2000;9 & 10:105–18.
22. Dakof GA, Taylor SE. Victims’ perceptions of social support: What is helpful from whom? J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;58(1):80.
23. Taylor SE, Welch WT, Kim HS, Sherman DK. Cultural differences in the impact of social support on psychological and biological stress responses. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(9):831-7.
24. Shavitt S, Cho YI, Johnson TP, Jiang D, Holbrook A, Stavrakantonaki M. Culture moderates the relation between perceived stress, social support, and mental and physical health. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2016;47(7):956–80.
25. Triandis HC, Gelfand MJ. Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(1):118.
26. Shields GS, Trainor BC, Lam JC, Yonelinas AP. Acute stress impairs cognitive flexibility in men, not women. Stress. 2016;19(5):542-6.
27. Martos T, Thege BK, Steger MF. It’s not only what you hold, it’s how you hold it: Dimensions of religiosity and meaning in life. Pers Individ Dif. 2010;49(8):863–8.
28. Krok D. The Role of Meaning in Life Within the Relations of Religious Coping and Psychological Well-Being. J Relig Health. 2015;54(6):2292-308.
29. Chan SWY, Lau WWF, Hui CH, Lau EYY, Cheung S. Causal relationship between religiosity and value priorities: Cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2018.
2. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9(3):455-71.
3. Baker JM, Kelly C, Calhoun LG, Cann A, Tedeschi RG. An examination of posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic depreciation: Two exploratory studies. J Loss Trauma. 2008;13(5):450–65.
4. Zięba M, Wiecheć K, Biegańska-Banaś J, Mieleszczenko-Kowszewicz W. Coexistence of Post-traumatic Growth and Post-traumatic Depreciation in the Aftermath of Trauma: Qualitative and Quantitative Narrative Analysis. Front Psychol. 2019;10:687.
5. Michélsen H, Therup-Svedenlöf C, Backheden M, Schulman A. Posttraumatic growth and depreciation six years after the 2004 tsunami. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(1):1302691.
6. Chen HM, Chen VC, Hsiao HP, Weng YP, Hsu YT, Weng JC, et al. Correlations And Correlates Of Post-Traumatic Growth And Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms In Patients With Breast Cancer. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:3051-60.
7. Wang W, Wu X, Lan X. Rumination mediates the relationships of fear and guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya'an earthquake. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1704993.
8. Vishnevsky T, Cann A, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, Demakis GJ. Gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychol Women Q. 2010;34(1):110–20.
9. Jin Y, Xu J, Liu D. The relationship between post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth: gender differences in PTG and PTSD subgroups. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(12):1903-10.
10. Gerber MM, Boals A, Schuettler D. The unique contributions of positive and negative religious coping to posttraumatic growth and PTSD. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2011;3(4):298.
11. Rezaei H, Forouzi MA, Roudi Rasht Abadi OS, Tirgari B. Relationship between religious beliefs and post-traumatic growth in patients with cancer in southeast of Iran. Ment Health Relig Cult. 2017;20(1):89–100.
12. García FE, Páez D, Reyes-Reyes A, Álvarez R. Religious coping as moderator of psychological responses to stressful events: A longitudinal study. Religions. 2017;8(4):62.
13. Chan CS, Rhodes JE. Religious coping, posttraumatic stress, psychological distress, and posttraumatic growth among female survivors four years after Hurricane Katrina. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(2):257-65.
14. Mardiah A, Syahriati E. Can religious coping predict posttraumatic growth. TARBIYA J Educ Muslim Soc. 2016;2(1):61–9.
15. Nikmanesh Z, Khagebafgi E. Role of religious coping in predicting post traumatic growth in patients with breast cancer. J Res Heal. 2016;6(4):445–51.
16. Taku K. Posttraumatic growth in American and Japanese men: Comparing levels of growth and perceptions of indicators of growth. Psychol Men Masc. 2013;14(4):423.
17. Taku K. Commonly-defined and individually-defined posttraumatic growth in the US and Japan. Pers Individ Dif. 2011;51(2):188–93.
18. Ghyasvand A. Iranian Behaviors and Beliefs. Soc Sci. 2016;23(73):211–51.
19. Tedeschi RG, Cann A, Taku K, Senol-Durak E, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A Revision Integrating Existential and Spiritual Change. J Trauma Stress. 2017;30(1):11-8.
20. Heidarzadeh M, Naseri P, Shamshiri M, Dadkhah B, Rassouli M, Gholchin M. Evaluating the Factor Structure of the Persian Version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in Cancer Patients. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2017;11(3):180-6.
21. Serajzadeh H. Religious attitudes and behaviors of Tehranian adolescents and their implications for secularization theory. Res Index. 2000;9 & 10:105–18.
22. Dakof GA, Taylor SE. Victims’ perceptions of social support: What is helpful from whom? J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990;58(1):80.
23. Taylor SE, Welch WT, Kim HS, Sherman DK. Cultural differences in the impact of social support on psychological and biological stress responses. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(9):831-7.
24. Shavitt S, Cho YI, Johnson TP, Jiang D, Holbrook A, Stavrakantonaki M. Culture moderates the relation between perceived stress, social support, and mental and physical health. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2016;47(7):956–80.
25. Triandis HC, Gelfand MJ. Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(1):118.
26. Shields GS, Trainor BC, Lam JC, Yonelinas AP. Acute stress impairs cognitive flexibility in men, not women. Stress. 2016;19(5):542-6.
27. Martos T, Thege BK, Steger MF. It’s not only what you hold, it’s how you hold it: Dimensions of religiosity and meaning in life. Pers Individ Dif. 2010;49(8):863–8.
28. Krok D. The Role of Meaning in Life Within the Relations of Religious Coping and Psychological Well-Being. J Relig Health. 2015;54(6):2292-308.
29. Chan SWY, Lau WWF, Hui CH, Lau EYY, Cheung S. Causal relationship between religiosity and value priorities: Cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2018.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i2.5821 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Culture Gender Differences Iran Posttraumatic Growth | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mirzaee A, Alizade A, Dowran B, Shafiezadeh A. Posttraumatic Growth and Depreciation from University Students’ Perspectives. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(2):198-204.
