Original Article

A Social-Cognitive Educational Protocol for Parents with Adolescents at Risk of Substance Use: Impact on Adolescents' Life Skill

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to instruct social cognitive protocol based on life skills and parenting skills to parents with teenagers at substance use risk and also to investigate its effectiveness among teenagers.

Method: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up approach with a group in 3 stages of measurement. The statistical population included 70 adolescents at risk of substance abuse who were selected using the available sampling method. The survey consisted of 40 questions about adolescents' life skills in four subscales of self-control skills, assertiveness and saying no skills, decision-making skills, and problem-solving skills, and the reliability of the entire questionnaire was estimated to be 0.98 using the Cronbach's alpha method. In this study, adolescents were first given a test, and after two weeks, their parents learned the social cognitive protocol over a 12-week period and were asked to impart these skills to their adolescents at home. After that, the adolescents gave the same test after the intervention (posttest). Two months after the posttest, the follow-up test was performed without any training.

Results: Comparison of the mean of the three stages of measurement showed that the effect of the overall life skills score, according to the value of Wilkes Lambda multivariate test (0.666) with degrees of freedom two and 40, can be rejected as a null hypothesis (P <0.01). In addition, in the subscales of decision-making skills (0.781), problem-solving (0.688), and self-control (0.816), the mean score of the participants in the three measurements was simultaneously different; and in the follow-up stage, the scores were significantly different than the pretest. However, in terms of assertiveness and the skill of saying no, the scores did not differ simultaneously in the three measurements (0.986).

Conclusion: These scores show that teaching social cognitive protocol to parents of adolescents who are at risk of substance abuse is effective.

1. Report WD. Executive Summary-Conclusions and Policies, Presidential Drug Control Headquarters. World Drug Report 2019.
2. Executive Summary-Conclusions and Policies, Presidential Drug Control Headquarters [Internet]. UNODC. 2018.
3. Mitra Hefazi AR, Abbas Motevallian, Ahmad Hajabi, Reza Raadgoudarzi, Masoumeh Aminesmaili, Vendad Sharifi. National Survey of Mental Health 2010-2011. Tehran: Incas; 2010.
4. World Drug Report 2019. Executive Summary-Conclusions and Policies, Presidential Drug Control Headquarters, 2019 [Internet].
5. Drugs WRo. Drugs and Onset of Drug Use and Issues Pertaining Adolescents and the Elderly. 2018
6. Crime UNOoDa. International Standards on the Prevention of Drug Abuse. Iran: Translation by Iran’s Drug Control Headquarters, 2013.; 2013.
7. Botvin GJ. Preventing drug abuse in schools: social and competence enhancement approaches targeting individual-level etiologic factors. Addict Behav. 2000;25(6):887-97.
8. Hansen WB. School-based substance abuse prevention: a review of the state of the art in curriculum, 1980-1990. Health Educ Res. 1992;7(3):403-30.
9. Masoud M. investigating the factors affecting the resilience in People at Risk of Substance Abuse. Iranian J of Socie. 2005; 43(10): 1280-310.
10. Sohrabi FAZ. Taraghi Jah S, Falsafinejad S, Yaghoubi MR. A Study of the Prevalence of Substance Abuse among State University Students in 2006-2007. Iran: Research Report of the Central Office of the Ministry of Science; 2018.
11. Mohammadkhani S. The Structural Model of Substance Use in Teenagers at Risk: Assessing the Effect of Life Skills Training on Mediating Factors of Substance Use. Iran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; (2006).
12. Bere E, Klepp KI. Changes in accessibility and preferences predict children's future fruit and vegetable intake. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005;2:15.
13. Miller TR, Lestina DC, Smith GS. Injury risk among medically identified alcohol and drug abusers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(1):54-9.
14. Onrust SA, Otten R, Lammers J, Smit F. School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;44:45-59.
15. Kristjansson AL, Sigfusdottir ID, Thorlindsson T, Mann MJ, Sigfusson J, Allegrante JP. Population trends in smoking, alcohol use and primary prevention variables among adolescents in Iceland, 1997-2014. Addiction. 2016;111(4):645-52.
16. Van Ryzin MJ, Roseth CJ, Fosco GM, Lee YK, Chen IC. A component-centered meta-analysis of family-based prevention programs for adolescent substance use. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;45:72-80.
17. Strayhorn JM, Jr. Self-control: toward systematic training programs. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(1):17-27.
18. D'Zurilla TJ, Sheedy CF. Relation between social problem-solving ability and subsequent level of psychological stress in college students. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(5):841-6.
19. Brown RA, Kahler CW, Niaura R, Abrams DB, Sales SD, Ramsey SE, et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression in smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69(3):471-80.
20. Jalili T, Afshin Z. A study of the Effectiveness of Assertive Behavior on Dory on Reducing the Addiction Potential. Journal of Police Medicine. 2017;5(4):251-6.
21. Gaines A, Turner L. Improving fruit and vegetable intake among children: A review of interventions utilizing the social cognitive theory. J Health Promotion. 2009;7:52-66.
22. Etiology of Drug Addiction Sociology. Res on Addict. 2004;2(5):45-52.
23. Jazayeri A. Parent’s Addiction and Child Abuse. J Res Addict. 2002;1(1):1-49.
24. Gharaati Sotoudeh H. Healthy Family. 362/293, editor. Tehran.Iran: Raznahan; 2016. 202 p.
25. Gharaati Sotoudeh H, Arefnazari M. Normalization and Validation of a Questionnaire on Effective Life Skills for Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Addiction in Adolescents. Iranian Rehab J. 2020;18(2):231-38.
26. Rafiei H. Quick Assessment of the Status of Substance Abuse in Iran in 2018. Drug Control Headquarters, office of research and education; 2019.
27. Myers LS, Gamst, G. V. Garino, A. J. . Applied Multivariate Research. Roshd (original work release date); (2012).
28. Alirezaei S. The role of formality in Iran’s culture. Culture magazine. (2015)( Number 8): 101-14.
29. Mohammadi SB. The traditional pattern of authority structure in some Iranian families. Women's Research Letter. 2014; (2 ):111-37.
30. Bahrami FM, Amaneh. Hosseini al-Madani, Sayed Ali. The Effectiveness of Problem Solving and Decision Making Training on Reducing Positive Attitudes of Opioid Addicts. J Addict Res. 2013; (25): 57-72.
31. Botvin GJ, Griffin KW. Life skills training: Empirical findings and future directions. Journal of primary prevention. 2004;25(2):211-32.
Files
IssueVol 16 No 3 (2021) QRcode
SectionOriginal Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6255
Keywords
Adolescent Addiction Substance Abuse Prevention
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Gharaati Sotoudeh H, Aref Nazari M, Mirhashemi M. A Social-Cognitive Educational Protocol for Parents with Adolescents at Risk of Substance Use: Impact on Adolescents’ Life Skill. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(3):295-304.