Mediators for Effect of Mindfulness in Promoting Marital Satisfaction: Modeling Structural Equations in an Experimental Study
,
Abstract
Objective: The present study evaluated the model of mediating variables concerning effectiveness of mindfulness in improving women's marital satisfaction.
Method: This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control groups. The statistical population included every married woman in Tehran in the year 1396 (2017). The research sample was composed of 60 married women with moderate marital satisfaction. They were chosen using the convenient sampling technique and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The experimental group attended 8 sessions of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and the control group was on a waiting list. Both groups answered the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Interpersonal Reactivity Inventory (IRI), Needs for Intimacy Questionnaire of Bagarozi, Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI) before and at end of intervention. The data were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using PLS-22 and SPSS-23.
Results: In the initial hypothetical model, which included the direct effect of mindfulness on marital satisfaction and its indirect effects through psychological distress, emotion regulation, empathy, marital intimacy and positive emotion on marital satisfaction, coefficients of all model paths were significant at 95% level except direct path of mindfulness to marital satisfaction (t = 1.14), marital intimacy to marital satisfaction (t = 0.48) and positive affection to marital satisfaction (t = 1.75). After removing the non-significant paths, the model was tested again and the model fit index (GOF = 0.47) was a very good fit for the modified overall model.
Conclusion: The results identified mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention was effective in enhancing marital satisfaction through reducing psychological distress and improving emotion regulation and empathy.
1. Amato PR. The consequences of divorce for adults and children. J Marriage Fam.2000; 62(4):1269–1287.
2. Amato PR. The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and family. 2000;62(4):1269-87.
3. Gottman JM, Notarius CI. Marital research in the 20th century and a research agenda for the 21st century. Fam Process. 2002;41(2):159-97.
4. Schoenborn CA. Marital status and health: United States, 1999-2002. Adv Data. 2004;351(15): 1-30.
5. Gurman AS. Clinical Handbook of Couple Therapy:The Guilford Press;2008.
6. Seligman ME, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology. An introduction. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):5-14.
7. Sayers SL, Kohn CS, Heavey C. Prevention of marital dysfunction: Behavioral practice on intimate relationships.Contemp Fam Ther.1998; 32(2):135–54.
8. Baucom DH, Hahlweg K, Kuschel A. Are waiting-list control groups needed in future marital therapy outcome research? Behav Ther. 2003;34(2):179-88.
9. Johnson SM, Greenberg LS. Differential effects of experiential and problem-solving interventions in resolving marital conflict. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1985;53(2):175-84.
10. Guerney B. Relationship enhancement. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass;1977.
11. Markman HJ, Floyd FJ, Stanley SM, Storaasli RD. Prevention of marital distress: a longitudinal investigation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(2):210-7.
12. Gambrel LE, Keeling ML. Relational aspects of mindfulness: Implications for the practice of marriage and family therapy. Contemp Fam Ther. 2010;32(4):412-26.
13. Seigel DJ. The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are:Mind Your Brain;2012.
14. Seigel DJ. An Interpersonal Approach to Psychotherapy. Psychiatr Ann. 2006;36(4):250.
15. Hölzel BK, Lazar SW, Gard T, Schuman-Olivier Z, Vago DR, Ott U. How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011;6(6):537-59.
16. Kim Halford W, Pepping CA, Hilpert P, Bodenmann G, Wilson KL, Busby D, et al. Immediate effect of couple relationship education on low-satisfaction couples: a randomized clinical trial plus an uncontrolled trial replication. Behav Ther. 2015;46(3):409-21.
17. Whisman MA, Uebelacker LA, Bruce ML. Longitudinal association between marital dissatisfaction and alcohol use disorders in a community sample. J Fam Psychol. 2006;20(1):164-7.
18. Christensen A, Heavey CL. Interventions for couples. Annu Rev Psychol.1999;50:165-90.
19. Gottman JM. The science of trust: Emotional attunement for couples:Norton & Company;2011.
20. Christensen A, Sevier M, Simpson LE, Gattis KS. Acceptance, mindfulness, and change in couple therapy. Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. 2004:288-309.
21. Kozlowski A. Mindful mating: Exploring the connection between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. Sex Relation Ther. 2013;28(1-2):92-104.
22. Carson JW, Carson KM, Gil KM, Baucom DH, Gil KM. Mindfulness-based relationship enhancement (MBRE) for couples. In R. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications. Elsevier Academic Press; 2006. p.309-31.
23. Fredrickson BL, Cohn MA, Coffey KA, Pek J, Finkel SM. Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008;95(5):1045-62.
24. Pruitt IT, McCollum EE. Voices of experienced meditators: The impact of meditation practice on intimate relationships. Contemp Fam Ther. 2010;32(2):135-54.
25. Burpee LC, Langer EJ. Mindfulness and marital satisfaction. J Adult Dev. 2005;12(1):43-51.
26. McGil J, Adler-Baeder F, Rodriguez P. Mindfully in Love: A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Mindfulness and Relationship Satisfaction. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension.2016;4(1):89-101.
27. Yousefi N, Sohrabi A .Comparison of the effectiveness of family therapy approaches based on mindfulness and metacognition on the quality of marital relations in clients on the eve of divorce. Fam Couns Psychother.2011;1(2):192-211.
28. Mirkhosh Ceke M, Ghahari Sh. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Education Based on Cognitive Therapy on Women's Anxiety and Adaptability. 2nd Iranian Scientific Research Conference on Educational Sciences and Psychology of Social and Cultural Injuries. Soroush Hekmat Mortazavi Center for Islamic Studies and Research:Qom; 2015.
29. Motahhari Z, Ahmadi KH, Behzadpour S, Azmoudeh F. The effectiveness of mindfulness on reducing the marital boredom of mothers with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Fam Couns Psychother.2013; 3(4); 591-613.
30. Ismaeilpour N. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Relationship Improvement Program on Increasing Couples' Marital Acceptance and Adaptation. Master Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University:Tehran;2011.
31. Kazdin AE. Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2007;3:1-27.
32. Proulx CM, Helms HM, Buehler C. Marital quality and personal well‐being: A meta‐analysis. J Marriage Fam. 2007;69(3):576-93.
33. Rezaei Z, Hassanzadeh R, Mirzaeian B. Comparison of Marital Satisfaction, Lifestyle and Mental Health in retired and non-retired men and women. Knowl Res in Appl Psychol. 2013;14 (54):53-60.
34. Ghofraniypoor F, Amin Shokrovi F, Torkashvand R. The Relationship between Demographic Factors and Marital Satisfaction of Divorced Couples Visiting the Family Judicial Complex of Boroujerd County. Iran Health Educ Promot. 2017;5 (1):43-50.
35. Gottman JM, Coan J, Carrere S, Swanson C. Predicting marital happiness and stability from newlywed interactions. J Marriage Fam. 1998:5-22.
36. Barnes S, Brown KW, Krusemark E, Campbell WK, Rogge RD. The role of mindfulness in romantic relationship satisfaction and responses to relationship stress. J Marital Fam Ther. 2007;33(4):482-500.
37. Madani Y, Hojjati S. The effect of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on marital satisfaction and quality of life of couples. J Psychol Appl Res. 2015;6 (2): 39-60.
38. Locke HJ, Wallace KM. Short marital-adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and family living. 1959;21(3):251-5.
39. Forouzeh Yekta F, Yaghoubi H, Mutabi F, Roshan R, Gholami Fesharaki M, Omidi A. The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on psychological distress, emotion regulation, and promotion of women's marital satisfaction. J Clin Psychol Studies. 2019;8(31):67-90.
40. Ramezani N. Comparison of stubbornness in couples. Master Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University:Tehran;2008.
41. Sadeghi M. Marital Interactive Pattern in Iranian Culture and the Effectiveness of Culture-Based Communication Skills Training on Increasing Adaptability of Incompatible Couples, PhD Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University:Tehran;2010.
42. Sadeghi M, Mazaheri MA, Mutabi F. Adult Attachment and Couples' Quality of Communication Based on Observing Their Interactions. J Psychol. 2011;15(1):3-22.
43. Funk JL, Rogge RD. Testing the ruler with item response theory: increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index. J Fam Psychol. 2007;21(4):572-83.
44. Graham JM, Diebels KJ, Barnow ZB. The reliability of relationship satisfaction: a reliability generalization meta-analysis. J Fam Psychol. 2011;25(1):39-48.
45. Baer RA, Smith GT, Lykins E, Button D, Krietemeyer J, Sauer S, et al. Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment. 2008;15(3):329-42.
46. Tamanaeifar Sh, Asgharnejad Farid AA, Mirzaei M, Soleimani M. Psychometric properties of the five-factor questionnaire of mindfulness. Evol Psychol: Iran Psychologists. 2016;12(47):321-29.
47. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behave Res Ther.1995;33(3):335-43.
48. Sahebi A, Asghari MJ, Salari RS. Credit to the Depression Scale of DASS-21 for the Iranian Population. Iran J Psychologists. 2005;1(4):284-99.
49. Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41-54.
50. Khanzadeh M, Saeediyan M, Hosseinchari M, Edrissi F. Factor structure and psychometric properties of difficulties in emotional regulation scale. Behav Sci (Basel).2012;6(1):87-96.
51. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol.1983;44(1):113–26.
52. Allah Qolilo K, Abolghasemi A, Zahed A. The Relationship between Mindfulness Skills and Metacognitive Beliefs with Interpersonal Abuse of Substance Abuse. Clin Psychol. 2014;6(3):33-42.
53. Bagarozzi DA. Enhancing Intimacy in Marriage: A Clinician’s Handbook:Brunner-Routledge;2001.
54. Etemadi A. Study and comparison of the effectiveness of psychological-educational approach based on cognitive-behavioral and communication therapy on the intimacy of couples referring to counseling centers in Isfahan. PhD Thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University:Tehran;2005.
55. Khamseh A, Hosseinian S. A Study of Gender Differences between Different Dimensions of Intimacy in Married Students. Women Socio-Psychol Stud. 2008;6(1):35-52.
56. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(6):1063-70.
57. Bakhshipour A, Dejkam M. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Positive and Negative Emotion Scale. J Psychol. 2005;9(4):351-65.
58. Kabat-Zinn J. Wherever you go, There you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life:Hyperion; 1994.
59. Omidi A, Mohammadi A, Zargar F, Akbari H. Efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction on mood States of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Arch Trauma Res. 2013;1(4):151-4.
60. Hsu SH, Chen WH, Hsieh MJ. Robustness testing of PLS, LISREL, EQS and ANN-based SEM for measuring customer satisfaction. Total Qual Manag Bus Excell. 2006;17(3):355-72.
61. Davari A, Rezazadeh A. Structural Equation Modeling with PLS Software:Jahad Daneshgahi Publishing Organization;2016.
62. Wetzels M, Odekerken-Schröder G, Van Oppen C. Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Q. 2009:177-95.
63. Wachs K, Cordova JV. Mindful relating: exploring mindfulness and emotion repertoires in intimate relationships. J Marital Fam Ther. 2007;33(4):464-81.
64. Walsh JJ, Balint MG, SJ DRS, Fredericksen LK, Madsen S. Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. Pers Individ Dif. 2009;46(2):94-9.
65. McGill J, Adler-Baeder F, Rodriguez P. Mindfully in love: A meta-analysis of the association between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension. 2016;4(1).
66. Gillespie B, Davey MP, Flemke K. Intimate partners’ perspectives on the relational effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction training: A qualitative research study. Contemp Fam Ther. 2015;37(4):396-407.
67. Khaddouma A, Coop Gordon K, Strand EB. Mindful Mates: A Pilot Study of the Relational Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Participants and Their Partners. Fam Process. 2017;56(3):636-51.
68. Hosseini SO, Khajavizadeh Z. The relationship between mindfulness and marital satisfaction in married men and women working in the welfare management of Kurdistan province. Quart J Pathol Couns Fam Enrich. 2016;1(2):14-24.
69. Madani Y, Hojjati S.The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on marital satisfaction and couples' quality of life. Quart J Appl Psychol Res. 2015;6(2):39-60.
70. Mansour S, Givi F, Yazdanfar T, Sabet M, Bahrani M. The Efficacy of Cognitive Mindfulness Treatment in Decreasing Irrational Communicative Beliefs of Couples of Tehran City: An Independent Project. Int J Indian Psychol. 2016;3(4): 58.
71. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173-82.
72. Jones KC, Welton SR, Oliver TC, Thoburn JW. Mindfulness, spousal attachment, and marital satisfaction: A mediated model. Fam J. 2011;19(4):357-61.
73. Labelle LE, Campbell TS, Faris P, Carlson LE. Mediators of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): assessing the timing and sequence of change in cancer patients. J Clin Psychol. 2015;71(1):21-40.
2. Amato PR. The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and family. 2000;62(4):1269-87.
3. Gottman JM, Notarius CI. Marital research in the 20th century and a research agenda for the 21st century. Fam Process. 2002;41(2):159-97.
4. Schoenborn CA. Marital status and health: United States, 1999-2002. Adv Data. 2004;351(15): 1-30.
5. Gurman AS. Clinical Handbook of Couple Therapy:The Guilford Press;2008.
6. Seligman ME, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology. An introduction. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):5-14.
7. Sayers SL, Kohn CS, Heavey C. Prevention of marital dysfunction: Behavioral practice on intimate relationships.Contemp Fam Ther.1998; 32(2):135–54.
8. Baucom DH, Hahlweg K, Kuschel A. Are waiting-list control groups needed in future marital therapy outcome research? Behav Ther. 2003;34(2):179-88.
9. Johnson SM, Greenberg LS. Differential effects of experiential and problem-solving interventions in resolving marital conflict. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1985;53(2):175-84.
10. Guerney B. Relationship enhancement. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass;1977.
11. Markman HJ, Floyd FJ, Stanley SM, Storaasli RD. Prevention of marital distress: a longitudinal investigation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(2):210-7.
12. Gambrel LE, Keeling ML. Relational aspects of mindfulness: Implications for the practice of marriage and family therapy. Contemp Fam Ther. 2010;32(4):412-26.
13. Seigel DJ. The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are:Mind Your Brain;2012.
14. Seigel DJ. An Interpersonal Approach to Psychotherapy. Psychiatr Ann. 2006;36(4):250.
15. Hölzel BK, Lazar SW, Gard T, Schuman-Olivier Z, Vago DR, Ott U. How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011;6(6):537-59.
16. Kim Halford W, Pepping CA, Hilpert P, Bodenmann G, Wilson KL, Busby D, et al. Immediate effect of couple relationship education on low-satisfaction couples: a randomized clinical trial plus an uncontrolled trial replication. Behav Ther. 2015;46(3):409-21.
17. Whisman MA, Uebelacker LA, Bruce ML. Longitudinal association between marital dissatisfaction and alcohol use disorders in a community sample. J Fam Psychol. 2006;20(1):164-7.
18. Christensen A, Heavey CL. Interventions for couples. Annu Rev Psychol.1999;50:165-90.
19. Gottman JM. The science of trust: Emotional attunement for couples:Norton & Company;2011.
20. Christensen A, Sevier M, Simpson LE, Gattis KS. Acceptance, mindfulness, and change in couple therapy. Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. 2004:288-309.
21. Kozlowski A. Mindful mating: Exploring the connection between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. Sex Relation Ther. 2013;28(1-2):92-104.
22. Carson JW, Carson KM, Gil KM, Baucom DH, Gil KM. Mindfulness-based relationship enhancement (MBRE) for couples. In R. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications. Elsevier Academic Press; 2006. p.309-31.
23. Fredrickson BL, Cohn MA, Coffey KA, Pek J, Finkel SM. Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008;95(5):1045-62.
24. Pruitt IT, McCollum EE. Voices of experienced meditators: The impact of meditation practice on intimate relationships. Contemp Fam Ther. 2010;32(2):135-54.
25. Burpee LC, Langer EJ. Mindfulness and marital satisfaction. J Adult Dev. 2005;12(1):43-51.
26. McGil J, Adler-Baeder F, Rodriguez P. Mindfully in Love: A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Mindfulness and Relationship Satisfaction. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension.2016;4(1):89-101.
27. Yousefi N, Sohrabi A .Comparison of the effectiveness of family therapy approaches based on mindfulness and metacognition on the quality of marital relations in clients on the eve of divorce. Fam Couns Psychother.2011;1(2):192-211.
28. Mirkhosh Ceke M, Ghahari Sh. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Education Based on Cognitive Therapy on Women's Anxiety and Adaptability. 2nd Iranian Scientific Research Conference on Educational Sciences and Psychology of Social and Cultural Injuries. Soroush Hekmat Mortazavi Center for Islamic Studies and Research:Qom; 2015.
29. Motahhari Z, Ahmadi KH, Behzadpour S, Azmoudeh F. The effectiveness of mindfulness on reducing the marital boredom of mothers with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Fam Couns Psychother.2013; 3(4); 591-613.
30. Ismaeilpour N. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Relationship Improvement Program on Increasing Couples' Marital Acceptance and Adaptation. Master Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University:Tehran;2011.
31. Kazdin AE. Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2007;3:1-27.
32. Proulx CM, Helms HM, Buehler C. Marital quality and personal well‐being: A meta‐analysis. J Marriage Fam. 2007;69(3):576-93.
33. Rezaei Z, Hassanzadeh R, Mirzaeian B. Comparison of Marital Satisfaction, Lifestyle and Mental Health in retired and non-retired men and women. Knowl Res in Appl Psychol. 2013;14 (54):53-60.
34. Ghofraniypoor F, Amin Shokrovi F, Torkashvand R. The Relationship between Demographic Factors and Marital Satisfaction of Divorced Couples Visiting the Family Judicial Complex of Boroujerd County. Iran Health Educ Promot. 2017;5 (1):43-50.
35. Gottman JM, Coan J, Carrere S, Swanson C. Predicting marital happiness and stability from newlywed interactions. J Marriage Fam. 1998:5-22.
36. Barnes S, Brown KW, Krusemark E, Campbell WK, Rogge RD. The role of mindfulness in romantic relationship satisfaction and responses to relationship stress. J Marital Fam Ther. 2007;33(4):482-500.
37. Madani Y, Hojjati S. The effect of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on marital satisfaction and quality of life of couples. J Psychol Appl Res. 2015;6 (2): 39-60.
38. Locke HJ, Wallace KM. Short marital-adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and family living. 1959;21(3):251-5.
39. Forouzeh Yekta F, Yaghoubi H, Mutabi F, Roshan R, Gholami Fesharaki M, Omidi A. The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on psychological distress, emotion regulation, and promotion of women's marital satisfaction. J Clin Psychol Studies. 2019;8(31):67-90.
40. Ramezani N. Comparison of stubbornness in couples. Master Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University:Tehran;2008.
41. Sadeghi M. Marital Interactive Pattern in Iranian Culture and the Effectiveness of Culture-Based Communication Skills Training on Increasing Adaptability of Incompatible Couples, PhD Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University:Tehran;2010.
42. Sadeghi M, Mazaheri MA, Mutabi F. Adult Attachment and Couples' Quality of Communication Based on Observing Their Interactions. J Psychol. 2011;15(1):3-22.
43. Funk JL, Rogge RD. Testing the ruler with item response theory: increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index. J Fam Psychol. 2007;21(4):572-83.
44. Graham JM, Diebels KJ, Barnow ZB. The reliability of relationship satisfaction: a reliability generalization meta-analysis. J Fam Psychol. 2011;25(1):39-48.
45. Baer RA, Smith GT, Lykins E, Button D, Krietemeyer J, Sauer S, et al. Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment. 2008;15(3):329-42.
46. Tamanaeifar Sh, Asgharnejad Farid AA, Mirzaei M, Soleimani M. Psychometric properties of the five-factor questionnaire of mindfulness. Evol Psychol: Iran Psychologists. 2016;12(47):321-29.
47. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behave Res Ther.1995;33(3):335-43.
48. Sahebi A, Asghari MJ, Salari RS. Credit to the Depression Scale of DASS-21 for the Iranian Population. Iran J Psychologists. 2005;1(4):284-99.
49. Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41-54.
50. Khanzadeh M, Saeediyan M, Hosseinchari M, Edrissi F. Factor structure and psychometric properties of difficulties in emotional regulation scale. Behav Sci (Basel).2012;6(1):87-96.
51. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol.1983;44(1):113–26.
52. Allah Qolilo K, Abolghasemi A, Zahed A. The Relationship between Mindfulness Skills and Metacognitive Beliefs with Interpersonal Abuse of Substance Abuse. Clin Psychol. 2014;6(3):33-42.
53. Bagarozzi DA. Enhancing Intimacy in Marriage: A Clinician’s Handbook:Brunner-Routledge;2001.
54. Etemadi A. Study and comparison of the effectiveness of psychological-educational approach based on cognitive-behavioral and communication therapy on the intimacy of couples referring to counseling centers in Isfahan. PhD Thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University:Tehran;2005.
55. Khamseh A, Hosseinian S. A Study of Gender Differences between Different Dimensions of Intimacy in Married Students. Women Socio-Psychol Stud. 2008;6(1):35-52.
56. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(6):1063-70.
57. Bakhshipour A, Dejkam M. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Positive and Negative Emotion Scale. J Psychol. 2005;9(4):351-65.
58. Kabat-Zinn J. Wherever you go, There you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life:Hyperion; 1994.
59. Omidi A, Mohammadi A, Zargar F, Akbari H. Efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction on mood States of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Arch Trauma Res. 2013;1(4):151-4.
60. Hsu SH, Chen WH, Hsieh MJ. Robustness testing of PLS, LISREL, EQS and ANN-based SEM for measuring customer satisfaction. Total Qual Manag Bus Excell. 2006;17(3):355-72.
61. Davari A, Rezazadeh A. Structural Equation Modeling with PLS Software:Jahad Daneshgahi Publishing Organization;2016.
62. Wetzels M, Odekerken-Schröder G, Van Oppen C. Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Q. 2009:177-95.
63. Wachs K, Cordova JV. Mindful relating: exploring mindfulness and emotion repertoires in intimate relationships. J Marital Fam Ther. 2007;33(4):464-81.
64. Walsh JJ, Balint MG, SJ DRS, Fredericksen LK, Madsen S. Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. Pers Individ Dif. 2009;46(2):94-9.
65. McGill J, Adler-Baeder F, Rodriguez P. Mindfully in love: A meta-analysis of the association between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension. 2016;4(1).
66. Gillespie B, Davey MP, Flemke K. Intimate partners’ perspectives on the relational effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction training: A qualitative research study. Contemp Fam Ther. 2015;37(4):396-407.
67. Khaddouma A, Coop Gordon K, Strand EB. Mindful Mates: A Pilot Study of the Relational Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Participants and Their Partners. Fam Process. 2017;56(3):636-51.
68. Hosseini SO, Khajavizadeh Z. The relationship between mindfulness and marital satisfaction in married men and women working in the welfare management of Kurdistan province. Quart J Pathol Couns Fam Enrich. 2016;1(2):14-24.
69. Madani Y, Hojjati S.The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on marital satisfaction and couples' quality of life. Quart J Appl Psychol Res. 2015;6(2):39-60.
70. Mansour S, Givi F, Yazdanfar T, Sabet M, Bahrani M. The Efficacy of Cognitive Mindfulness Treatment in Decreasing Irrational Communicative Beliefs of Couples of Tehran City: An Independent Project. Int J Indian Psychol. 2016;3(4): 58.
71. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173-82.
72. Jones KC, Welton SR, Oliver TC, Thoburn JW. Mindfulness, spousal attachment, and marital satisfaction: A mediated model. Fam J. 2011;19(4):357-61.
73. Labelle LE, Campbell TS, Faris P, Carlson LE. Mediators of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): assessing the timing and sequence of change in cancer patients. J Clin Psychol. 2015;71(1):21-40.
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| Issue | Vol 17 No 1 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v17i1.8051 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Marital Relationship Mindfulness Personal Satisfaction Statistical Model | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Forouzeh Yekta F, Yaghoubi H, Ghomian S, Gholami Fesharaki M. Mediators for Effect of Mindfulness in Promoting Marital Satisfaction: Modeling Structural Equations in an Experimental Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(1):72-83.
