The Global Prevalence of Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
,
Abstract
Objective: There has been little effort to conduct systematic reviews or meta-analyses of the available literature to find global prevalence rates of conduct disorder and analyze the sources of heterogeneity.
Method: We searched multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify cross-sectional studies with random or nonrandom sampling to assess the global prevalence of conduct disorder in children and adolescents aged under 18 in the general or school-based populations. Quality assessment and data extraction were independently carried out by two authors. Subgroup analysis was used to find the potential sources of heterogeneity.
Results: We reached 50 studies, incorporating 186,056 children and adolescents from 35 countries. The total prevalence of conduct disorder was 8% (CI: 7-9%; I2: 99.77%), including 7% in females (CI: 4-9%; I2: 99.56%) and 11% in males (CI: 7-15%; I2: 99.74%). The results of subgroup analysis showed that total heterogeneity could be explained by measurement tools. When diagnostic interviews such as the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) were employed, the pooled prevalence rates for conduct disorder were 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively, and heterogeneity decreased. However, the use of the screening tools such as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)-parent or teacher report and SDQ-self report increased the pooled prevalence of conduct disorder to 10% and 16% respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of conduct disorder in the epidemiological studies should be estimated by employing the diagnostic interviews to reach accurately assessments.
1. Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition. Washington, DC, London, England: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
2. Fairchild G, Hawes DJ, Frick PJ, Copeland WE, Odgers CL, Franke B, et al. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):43.
3. Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Polanczyk GV, Moffitt TE, Murray CJ, Vos T, et al. The global burden of conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 2010. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(4):328-36.
4. Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(10):841-50.
5. Barry CT, Golmaryami FN, Rivera-Hudson N, Frick PJ. Evidence-Based Assessment of Conduct Disorder: Current Considerations and Preparation for DSM-5. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2013;44(1):56–63.
6. Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Nelson P, Polanczyk GV, Flaxman AD, Vos T, et al. Epidemiological modelling of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(12):1263-74.
7. Salmanian M, Asadian-Koohestani F, Mohammadi MR. A systematic review on the prevalence of conduct disorder in the Middle East. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52(11):1337-43.
8. Salmanian M, Mohammadi MR, Hooshyari Z, Mostafavi SA, Zarafshan H, Khaleghi A, et al. Prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder: the national epidemiology of Iranian children and adolescents psychiatric disorders (IRCAP). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;29(10):1385-99.
9. Xiaoli Y, Chao J, Wen P, Wenming X, Fang L, Ning L, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents in northeast China. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e111223.
10. Coker KL, Smith PH, Westphal A, Zonana HV, McKee SA. Crime and psychiatric disorders among youth in the US population: an analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(8):888-98, 98.e1-2.
11. Kovess-Masfety V, Husky MM, Keyes K, Hamilton A, Pez O, Bitfoi A, et al. Comparing the prevalence of mental health problems in children 6-11 across Europe. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(8):1093-103.
12. Ndetei DM, Mutiso V, Musyimi C, Mokaya AG, Anderson KK, McKenzie K, et al. The prevalence of mental disorders among upper primary school children in Kenya. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(1):63-71.
13. STROBE checklists: University of Bern; 2009 [cited 2020 12/27/2020]. Available from: https://www.strobe statement.org/index.php?id=available-checklists.
14. Salmanian M, Mohammadi MR, Keshavarzi Z, Brand S. An update on the global prevalence of conduct disorder (2011-2017): Study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;59:1-3.
15. Wagner G, Zeiler M, Waldherr K, Philipp J, Truttmann S, Dür W, et al. Mental health problems in Austrian adolescents: a nationwide, two-stage epidemiological study applying DSM-5 criteria. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(12):1483-99.
16. Petresco S, Anselmi L, Santos IS, Barros AJ, Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Barros FC, et al. Prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among 6-year-old children: 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(6):975-83.
17. Paula CS, Coutinho ES, Mari JJ, Rohde LA, Miguel EC, Bordin IA. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents from four Brazilian regions. Braz J Psychiatry. 2015;37(2):178-9.
18. Andrade BF, Tannock R. The direct effects of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity on peer problems and mediating roles of prosocial and conduct problem behaviors in a community sample of children. J Atten Disord. 2013;17(8):670-80.
19. Vicente B, Saldivia S, de la Barra F, Kohn R, Pihan R, Valdivia M, et al. Prevalence of child and adolescent mental disorders in Chile: a community epidemiological study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(10):1026-35.
20. Wang G, Xu G, Liu Z, Lu N, Ma R, Zhang E. Sleep patterns and sleep disturbances among Chinese school-aged children: prevalence and associated factors. Sleep Med. 2013;14(1):45-52.
21. Wang JN, Liu L, Wang L. Prevalence and associated factors of emotional and behavioural problems in Chinese school adolescents: a cross-sectional survey. Child Care Health Dev. 2014;40(3):319-26.
22. Mowafy M, Ahmed D, Halawa E, Din M. prevalence and predictors of emotional and behavioral problems among rural school Egyptian adolescents. The Egyptian journal of community medicine. 2015 01/01;33:79-92.
23. Asefa AZ, Tola B, Debele M, Etea D. Prevalence of Conduct Disorder among Primary School Students in West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research. 2017.
24. Maasalo K, Fontell T, Wessman J, Aronen ET. Sleep and behavioural problems associate with low mood in Finnish children aged 4-12 years: an epidemiological study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2016;10:37.
25. Fuchs S, Klein AM, Otto Y, von Klitzing K. Prevalence of emotional and behavioral symptoms and their impact on daily life activities in a community sample of 3 to 5-year-old children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2013;44(4):493-503.
26. Mishra A, Garg S, Desai SN. Prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in primary school children. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 2014;36(3):246-50.
27. Bansal PD, Barman R. Psychopathology of school going children in the age group of 10-15 years. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2011;1(1):43-7.
28. Bele SD, Bodhare TN, Valsangkar S, Saraf A. An epidemiological study of emotional and behavioral disorders among children in an urban slum. Psychol Health Med. 2013;18(2):223-32.
29. Azadyekta M. Prevalence of conduct disorder among elementary students in Tehran city. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;29:693-702.
30. Mohammadi MR, Arman S, Khoshhal Dastjerdi J, Salmanian M, Ahmadi N, Ghanizadeh A, et al. Psychological problems in Iranian adolescents: application of the self report form of strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Iran J Psychiatry. 2013;8(4):152-9.
31. Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Salmanian M, Asadian-Koohestani F, Ghanizadeh A, Alavi A, et al. Psychiatric Disorders in Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11(2):87-98.
32. Mohammadi MR, Salmanian M, Ghanizadeh A, Alavi A, Malek A, Fathzadeh H, et al. Psychological problems of Iranian children and adolescents: parent report form of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of Mental Health. 2014 2014/12/01;23(6):287-91.
33. Seyf Hashemi M, Yarian E, Bahadoran P, Jandaghi J, Mirmohammad Khani M. Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Children and Its Associated Socio-Familial Factors in Urban Population of Semnan, Iran (2012). Iran J Pediatr. 2015;25(2):e175.
34. Coughlan H, Tiedt L, Clarke M, Kelleher I, Tabish J, Molloy C, et al. Prevalence of DSM-IV mental disorders, deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation in early adolescence: an Irish population-based study. J Adolesc. 2014;37(1):1-9.
35. Hyland L, Ní Mháille G, Lodge A, McGilloway S. Conduct problems in young, school-going children in Ireland: Prevalence and teacher response. School Psychology International. 2014;35(5):516-29.
36. Gitonga M, Muriungi S, Ongaro K, Omondi M. Prevalence of Conduct Disorder among Adolescents in Secondary Schools: A Case of Kamukunji and Olympic Mixed Sub-County Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. African Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2017;1:85-101.
37. Park JH, Bang YR, Kim CK. Sex and Age Differences in Psychiatric Disorders among Children and Adolescents: High-Risk Students Study. Psychiatry Investig. 2014;11(3):251-7.
38. Park S, Kim BN, Cho SC, Kim JW, Shin MS, Yoo HJ. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidities of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in children in Seoul, Korea. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):Np1942-51.
39. Maalouf FT, Ghandour LA, Halabi F, Zeinoun P, Shehab AA, Tavitian L. Psychiatric disorders among adolescents from Lebanon: prevalence, correlates, and treatment gap. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(8):1105-16.
40. Ghossoub E, Ghandour LA, Halabi F, Zeinoun P, Shehab AAS, Maalouf FT. Prevalence and correlates of ADHD among adolescents in a Beirut community sample: results from the BEI-PSY Study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:20.
41. Gomez R, Suhaimi AF. Incidence rates of emotional and behavioural problems in Malaysian children as measured by parent ratings of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013;6(6):528-31.
42. Bot M, de Leeuw den Bouter BJ, Adriaanse MC. Prevalence of psychosocial problems in Dutch children aged 8-12 years and its association with risk factors and quality of life. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2011;20(4):357-65.
43. Abubakar-Abdullateef A, Adedokun B, Omigbodun O. A comparative study of the prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders in Almajiris and public primary school pupils in Zaria, Northwest Nigeria. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:29.
44. Wichstrøm L, Berg-Nielsen TS, Angold A, Egger HL, Solheim E, Sveen TH. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(6):695-705.
45. Reigstad B, Kvernmo S. Concurrent adversities among adolescents with conduct problems: the NAAHS study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(10):1429-38.
46. Emam M, Kazem A, Alzubaidi A. Emotional and behavioural difficulties among middle school students in Oman: an examination of prevalence rate and gender differences. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. 2016 04/11;21:1-15.
47. Elumour I, Thabet AA. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder among a school-based sample of palestinian children in the gaza strip. The Arab Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;44(1446):1-24.
48. Gleason MM, Zamfirescu A, Egger HL, Nelson CA, 3rd, Fox NA, Zeanah CH. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in very young children in a Romanian pediatric setting. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20(10):527-35.
49. Basterra V. [Percentage of psychoemotional problems in Spanish children and adolescents. Differences between 2006 and 2012]. Med Clin (Barc). 2016;147(9):393-6.
50. Siriwardhana C, Pannala G, Siribaddana S, Sumathipala A, Stewart R. Impact of exposure to conflict, tsunami and mental disorders on school absenteeism: findings from a national sample of Sri Lankan children aged 12-17 years. BMC public health. 2013 Jun 08;13:560. PubMed PMID: 23758997. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC3698150. Epub 2013/06/14. eng.
51. Humaida IAI. Research on the prevalence of conduct disorders among primary school pupils in Khartoum-Sudan. Health. 2012;4(03):125.
52. Gustafsson BM, Proczkowska-Björklund M, Gustafsson PA. Emotional and behavioural problems in Swedish preschool children rated by preschool teachers with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):110.
53. Stenmark H, Bergström E, Hägglöf B, Öhman A, Petersen S. Mental problems and their socio-demographic determinants in young schoolchildren in Sweden, a country with high gender and income equality. Scand J Public Health. 2016;44(1):18-26.
54. Plenty S, Ostberg V, Almquist YB, Augustine L, Modin B. Psychosocial working conditions: an analysis of emotional symptoms and conduct problems amongst adolescent students. J Adolesc. 2014;37(4):407-17.
55. Liu MC-C, Lan C-C, Hsu J-W, Huang K-L, Chen Y-S. Bullying victimization and conduct problems among high school students in Taiwan: Focus on fluid intelligence, mood symptoms and associated psychosocial adjustment. Children and Youth Services Review. 2014 2014/12/01/;47:231-8.
56. Teekavanich S, Chantaratin S, Sirisakpanit S, Tarugsa J. Prevalence and Factors Related to Behavioral and Emotional Problems among Preschool Children in Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2017;100(2):175-82.
57. Ercan ES, Bilaç Ö, Uysal Özaslan T, Akyol Ardic U. Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Turkish Children: The Effects of Impairment and Sociodemographic Correlates. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016;47(1):35-42.
58. Polier GG, Vloet TD, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Laurens KR, Hodgins S. Comorbidity of conduct disorder symptoms and internalising problems in children: investigating a community and a clinical sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21(1):31-8.
59. Brinkman WB, Epstein JN, Auinger P, Tamm L, Froehlich TE. Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder with early tobacco and alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;147:183-9.
60. Amstadter AB, Richardson L, Meyer A, Sawyer G, Kilpatrick DG, Tran TL, et al. Prevalence and correlates of probable adolescent mental health problems reported by parents in Vietnam. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(2):95-100.
61. Group TWB. Income level The World Bank Group, Inc.; 2020. Available from: Washington, DC.
62. Erskine HE, Baxter AJ, Patton G, Moffitt TE, Patel V, Whiteford HA, et al. The global coverage of prevalence data for mental disorders in children and adolescents. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017;26(4):395-402.
63. Maxim LD, Niebo R, Utell MJ. Screening tests: a review with examples. Inhal Toxicol. 2014;26(13):811-28.
64. Arman S, Amel AK, Maracy MR. Comparison of parent adolescent scores on Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(6):501-5.
2. Fairchild G, Hawes DJ, Frick PJ, Copeland WE, Odgers CL, Franke B, et al. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):43.
3. Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Polanczyk GV, Moffitt TE, Murray CJ, Vos T, et al. The global burden of conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 2010. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(4):328-36.
4. Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(10):841-50.
5. Barry CT, Golmaryami FN, Rivera-Hudson N, Frick PJ. Evidence-Based Assessment of Conduct Disorder: Current Considerations and Preparation for DSM-5. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2013;44(1):56–63.
6. Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Nelson P, Polanczyk GV, Flaxman AD, Vos T, et al. Epidemiological modelling of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(12):1263-74.
7. Salmanian M, Asadian-Koohestani F, Mohammadi MR. A systematic review on the prevalence of conduct disorder in the Middle East. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52(11):1337-43.
8. Salmanian M, Mohammadi MR, Hooshyari Z, Mostafavi SA, Zarafshan H, Khaleghi A, et al. Prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder: the national epidemiology of Iranian children and adolescents psychiatric disorders (IRCAP). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;29(10):1385-99.
9. Xiaoli Y, Chao J, Wen P, Wenming X, Fang L, Ning L, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents in northeast China. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e111223.
10. Coker KL, Smith PH, Westphal A, Zonana HV, McKee SA. Crime and psychiatric disorders among youth in the US population: an analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(8):888-98, 98.e1-2.
11. Kovess-Masfety V, Husky MM, Keyes K, Hamilton A, Pez O, Bitfoi A, et al. Comparing the prevalence of mental health problems in children 6-11 across Europe. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(8):1093-103.
12. Ndetei DM, Mutiso V, Musyimi C, Mokaya AG, Anderson KK, McKenzie K, et al. The prevalence of mental disorders among upper primary school children in Kenya. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(1):63-71.
13. STROBE checklists: University of Bern; 2009 [cited 2020 12/27/2020]. Available from: https://www.strobe statement.org/index.php?id=available-checklists.
14. Salmanian M, Mohammadi MR, Keshavarzi Z, Brand S. An update on the global prevalence of conduct disorder (2011-2017): Study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;59:1-3.
15. Wagner G, Zeiler M, Waldherr K, Philipp J, Truttmann S, Dür W, et al. Mental health problems in Austrian adolescents: a nationwide, two-stage epidemiological study applying DSM-5 criteria. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(12):1483-99.
16. Petresco S, Anselmi L, Santos IS, Barros AJ, Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Barros FC, et al. Prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among 6-year-old children: 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(6):975-83.
17. Paula CS, Coutinho ES, Mari JJ, Rohde LA, Miguel EC, Bordin IA. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents from four Brazilian regions. Braz J Psychiatry. 2015;37(2):178-9.
18. Andrade BF, Tannock R. The direct effects of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity on peer problems and mediating roles of prosocial and conduct problem behaviors in a community sample of children. J Atten Disord. 2013;17(8):670-80.
19. Vicente B, Saldivia S, de la Barra F, Kohn R, Pihan R, Valdivia M, et al. Prevalence of child and adolescent mental disorders in Chile: a community epidemiological study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(10):1026-35.
20. Wang G, Xu G, Liu Z, Lu N, Ma R, Zhang E. Sleep patterns and sleep disturbances among Chinese school-aged children: prevalence and associated factors. Sleep Med. 2013;14(1):45-52.
21. Wang JN, Liu L, Wang L. Prevalence and associated factors of emotional and behavioural problems in Chinese school adolescents: a cross-sectional survey. Child Care Health Dev. 2014;40(3):319-26.
22. Mowafy M, Ahmed D, Halawa E, Din M. prevalence and predictors of emotional and behavioral problems among rural school Egyptian adolescents. The Egyptian journal of community medicine. 2015 01/01;33:79-92.
23. Asefa AZ, Tola B, Debele M, Etea D. Prevalence of Conduct Disorder among Primary School Students in West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research. 2017.
24. Maasalo K, Fontell T, Wessman J, Aronen ET. Sleep and behavioural problems associate with low mood in Finnish children aged 4-12 years: an epidemiological study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2016;10:37.
25. Fuchs S, Klein AM, Otto Y, von Klitzing K. Prevalence of emotional and behavioral symptoms and their impact on daily life activities in a community sample of 3 to 5-year-old children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2013;44(4):493-503.
26. Mishra A, Garg S, Desai SN. Prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in primary school children. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 2014;36(3):246-50.
27. Bansal PD, Barman R. Psychopathology of school going children in the age group of 10-15 years. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2011;1(1):43-7.
28. Bele SD, Bodhare TN, Valsangkar S, Saraf A. An epidemiological study of emotional and behavioral disorders among children in an urban slum. Psychol Health Med. 2013;18(2):223-32.
29. Azadyekta M. Prevalence of conduct disorder among elementary students in Tehran city. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;29:693-702.
30. Mohammadi MR, Arman S, Khoshhal Dastjerdi J, Salmanian M, Ahmadi N, Ghanizadeh A, et al. Psychological problems in Iranian adolescents: application of the self report form of strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Iran J Psychiatry. 2013;8(4):152-9.
31. Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Salmanian M, Asadian-Koohestani F, Ghanizadeh A, Alavi A, et al. Psychiatric Disorders in Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11(2):87-98.
32. Mohammadi MR, Salmanian M, Ghanizadeh A, Alavi A, Malek A, Fathzadeh H, et al. Psychological problems of Iranian children and adolescents: parent report form of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of Mental Health. 2014 2014/12/01;23(6):287-91.
33. Seyf Hashemi M, Yarian E, Bahadoran P, Jandaghi J, Mirmohammad Khani M. Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Children and Its Associated Socio-Familial Factors in Urban Population of Semnan, Iran (2012). Iran J Pediatr. 2015;25(2):e175.
34. Coughlan H, Tiedt L, Clarke M, Kelleher I, Tabish J, Molloy C, et al. Prevalence of DSM-IV mental disorders, deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation in early adolescence: an Irish population-based study. J Adolesc. 2014;37(1):1-9.
35. Hyland L, Ní Mháille G, Lodge A, McGilloway S. Conduct problems in young, school-going children in Ireland: Prevalence and teacher response. School Psychology International. 2014;35(5):516-29.
36. Gitonga M, Muriungi S, Ongaro K, Omondi M. Prevalence of Conduct Disorder among Adolescents in Secondary Schools: A Case of Kamukunji and Olympic Mixed Sub-County Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. African Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2017;1:85-101.
37. Park JH, Bang YR, Kim CK. Sex and Age Differences in Psychiatric Disorders among Children and Adolescents: High-Risk Students Study. Psychiatry Investig. 2014;11(3):251-7.
38. Park S, Kim BN, Cho SC, Kim JW, Shin MS, Yoo HJ. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidities of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in children in Seoul, Korea. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):Np1942-51.
39. Maalouf FT, Ghandour LA, Halabi F, Zeinoun P, Shehab AA, Tavitian L. Psychiatric disorders among adolescents from Lebanon: prevalence, correlates, and treatment gap. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(8):1105-16.
40. Ghossoub E, Ghandour LA, Halabi F, Zeinoun P, Shehab AAS, Maalouf FT. Prevalence and correlates of ADHD among adolescents in a Beirut community sample: results from the BEI-PSY Study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:20.
41. Gomez R, Suhaimi AF. Incidence rates of emotional and behavioural problems in Malaysian children as measured by parent ratings of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013;6(6):528-31.
42. Bot M, de Leeuw den Bouter BJ, Adriaanse MC. Prevalence of psychosocial problems in Dutch children aged 8-12 years and its association with risk factors and quality of life. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2011;20(4):357-65.
43. Abubakar-Abdullateef A, Adedokun B, Omigbodun O. A comparative study of the prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders in Almajiris and public primary school pupils in Zaria, Northwest Nigeria. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:29.
44. Wichstrøm L, Berg-Nielsen TS, Angold A, Egger HL, Solheim E, Sveen TH. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(6):695-705.
45. Reigstad B, Kvernmo S. Concurrent adversities among adolescents with conduct problems: the NAAHS study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(10):1429-38.
46. Emam M, Kazem A, Alzubaidi A. Emotional and behavioural difficulties among middle school students in Oman: an examination of prevalence rate and gender differences. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. 2016 04/11;21:1-15.
47. Elumour I, Thabet AA. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder among a school-based sample of palestinian children in the gaza strip. The Arab Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;44(1446):1-24.
48. Gleason MM, Zamfirescu A, Egger HL, Nelson CA, 3rd, Fox NA, Zeanah CH. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in very young children in a Romanian pediatric setting. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20(10):527-35.
49. Basterra V. [Percentage of psychoemotional problems in Spanish children and adolescents. Differences between 2006 and 2012]. Med Clin (Barc). 2016;147(9):393-6.
50. Siriwardhana C, Pannala G, Siribaddana S, Sumathipala A, Stewart R. Impact of exposure to conflict, tsunami and mental disorders on school absenteeism: findings from a national sample of Sri Lankan children aged 12-17 years. BMC public health. 2013 Jun 08;13:560. PubMed PMID: 23758997. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC3698150. Epub 2013/06/14. eng.
51. Humaida IAI. Research on the prevalence of conduct disorders among primary school pupils in Khartoum-Sudan. Health. 2012;4(03):125.
52. Gustafsson BM, Proczkowska-Björklund M, Gustafsson PA. Emotional and behavioural problems in Swedish preschool children rated by preschool teachers with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):110.
53. Stenmark H, Bergström E, Hägglöf B, Öhman A, Petersen S. Mental problems and their socio-demographic determinants in young schoolchildren in Sweden, a country with high gender and income equality. Scand J Public Health. 2016;44(1):18-26.
54. Plenty S, Ostberg V, Almquist YB, Augustine L, Modin B. Psychosocial working conditions: an analysis of emotional symptoms and conduct problems amongst adolescent students. J Adolesc. 2014;37(4):407-17.
55. Liu MC-C, Lan C-C, Hsu J-W, Huang K-L, Chen Y-S. Bullying victimization and conduct problems among high school students in Taiwan: Focus on fluid intelligence, mood symptoms and associated psychosocial adjustment. Children and Youth Services Review. 2014 2014/12/01/;47:231-8.
56. Teekavanich S, Chantaratin S, Sirisakpanit S, Tarugsa J. Prevalence and Factors Related to Behavioral and Emotional Problems among Preschool Children in Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2017;100(2):175-82.
57. Ercan ES, Bilaç Ö, Uysal Özaslan T, Akyol Ardic U. Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Turkish Children: The Effects of Impairment and Sociodemographic Correlates. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016;47(1):35-42.
58. Polier GG, Vloet TD, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Laurens KR, Hodgins S. Comorbidity of conduct disorder symptoms and internalising problems in children: investigating a community and a clinical sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21(1):31-8.
59. Brinkman WB, Epstein JN, Auinger P, Tamm L, Froehlich TE. Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder with early tobacco and alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;147:183-9.
60. Amstadter AB, Richardson L, Meyer A, Sawyer G, Kilpatrick DG, Tran TL, et al. Prevalence and correlates of probable adolescent mental health problems reported by parents in Vietnam. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(2):95-100.
61. Group TWB. Income level The World Bank Group, Inc.; 2020. Available from: Washington, DC.
62. Erskine HE, Baxter AJ, Patton G, Moffitt TE, Patel V, Whiteford HA, et al. The global coverage of prevalence data for mental disorders in children and adolescents. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017;26(4):395-402.
63. Maxim LD, Niebo R, Utell MJ. Screening tests: a review with examples. Inhal Toxicol. 2014;26(13):811-28.
64. Arman S, Amel AK, Maracy MR. Comparison of parent adolescent scores on Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(6):501-5.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i2.5822 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Conduct Disorder Meta-Analysis Prevalence Systematic Review | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mohammadi M-R, Salmanian M, Keshavarzi Z. The Global Prevalence of Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(2):205-225.
