Suicide Attempt and Suicide Death in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study
Abstract
Objective: suicide attempts and suicide death fall within a category of psychological disorders that is under the influence of economic, social, and cultural factors. Awareness of the prevalence of this phenomenon is essential for the adoption of preventive policies. Accordingly, the current study was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of suicide attempts and suicide deaths via Meta-analysis in Iran.
Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles published between 2010 and 2021 to estimate the prevalence of suicide attempts and suicide deaths in Iran. Accordingly, databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran were searched and all related articles were extracted by the statistical tests of random and fixed effects model, meta-regression, and funnel plot using the STATA software. These articles were then analyzed.
Results: A total of 20 studies were entered into the systematic review, with a total of 271,212 attempted suicides and 22,780 suicide deaths. Accordingly, the prevalence of suicide attempts in the whole population was 131.0 (CI 95%: 124.0 – 137.0) per 100,000 people (152 per 100,000 women and 128 per 100,000 men). Moreover, the prevalence of suicide death was 8.14 (CI 95% 7.8 – 8.5) per 100,000 people in the general population (5.0 per 100,000 women and 9.1 per 100,000 men).
Conclusion: According to these findings, Iran can be ranked among the countries with a low prevalence of suicide attempts and completed suicides (compared to the global average). Although the trend of completed suicides is declining, the trend of suicide attempts is increasing and has often affected young people.
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31. Rostami C, Karami K, Daliri S, Mardani A, Narimisa F. Epidemiological Study of Suicide in Khuzestan Province, South West of Iran, during 2011 to 2014. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2017;67(1):46-60.
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35. Rostami M, Jalilian A, Rezaei-Zangeneh R, Jamshidi T, Rezaeian M. Suicide pattern in Kermanshah province, west of Iran: March 2012–March 2013. MEJFM. 2016;14(8):38-48.
36. Poorolajal J, Rostami M, Mahjub H, Esmailnasab N. Completed suicide and associated risk factors: a six-year population based survey. Arch Iran Med. 2015;18(1):39-43.
37. Kiadaliri AA, Saadat S, Shahnavazi H, Haghparast-Bidgoli H. Overall, gender and social inequalities in suicide mortality in Iran, 2006-2010: a time trend province-level study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e005227.
38. Gorgi Z, SheikhFathollahi M, Askarizadeh M, Rezaeian M. Epidemiology of suicide and attempted suicide in the Larestan and Gerash during 2008 to 2012. JRUMS. 2014;13(7):597-608.
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42. Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Ranjbaran M, Hemmati R, Pejhan A, Asadollahi K, et al. Fatal Suicide and Modelling its Risk Factors in a Prevalent Area of Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2016;19(8):571-6.
43. Borges G, Nock MK, Haro Abad JM, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, et al. Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(12):1617-28.
44. Turhan E, Inandi T, Aslan M, Zeren C. Epidemiology of attempted suicide in Hatay, Turkey. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2011;16(4):347-52.
45. Rostami C, Daliri S, Sayehmiri K, Delpisheh A, Sayehmiri F. The incidence of suicide attempt in Iran (2001-12): A meta-analysis. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2016;19(7):1-15.
46. Olfson M, Blanco C, Wall M, Liu SM, Saha TD, Pickering RP, et al. National Trends in Suicide Attempts Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(11):1095-103.
47. Tsirigotis K, Gruszczynski W, Tsirigotis M. Gender differentiation in methods of suicide attempts. Med Sci Monit. 2011;17(8):Ph65-70.
48. Anbari M, Bahrami A. The Relationship between Cultural Beliefs and Suicide. JSS. 2010;21:121-54.
49. Anbari M, Bahrami A. Relationship between Poverty, Domestic Violence and Suicide in Iran (Case Study: Rural Areas in Poldokhtar City). IJSP. 2010;1(2):1-30.
50. Zarani F, Ahmadi Z. Suicide in Iranian culture: A systematic review study. RRJ. 2021;10(9):205-16.
51. Zare Shahabadi A, Shafiee Nejad M, Madahi J. Suicidal behavior among women of Abdanan: motivations and conditions. JWDP. 2017; 15(3):427-46.
52. Links P, Nisenbaum R, Ambreen M, Balderson K, Bergmans Y, Eynan R, et al. Prospective study of risk factors for increased suicide ideation and behavior following recent discharge. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34(1):88-97.
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56. Shojaei A, Moradi S, Alaeddini F, Khodadoost M, Abdizadeh A, Khademi A. Evaluating the temporal trend of completed suicides referred to the Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization during 2006-2010. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;39:104-8.
57. Ghoreyshi S, Mousavinasab S. Systematic review of researches on suicide and suicide attempt in Iran. IJPCP. 2008;10(14 (2)):115-21.
58. Daliri S, Bazyar J, Sayehmiri K, Delpisheh A, Sayehmiri F. Investigation of the Incidence rate of suicide in Iran During Years 2001-2014 A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis study. JSSU. 2016;15(24 (9)):757-68.
59. Faridpak A, Nikakhtar Z, Mosa-Farkhani E. An Epidemiologic Study of Suicide in Cities under Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. JBEYHAGH. 2016;21(1):21-9.
60. Riyahi ME, Mahmudabadi Z. Sociological Study of the Effects of Gender Roles on Depression via Self Silencing. JAS. 2018;29(1):129-46.
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2. Murray BL, Wright K. Integration of a suicide risk assessment and intervention approach: the perspective of youth. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2006;13(2):157-64.
3. Memari AM, Ramim T, Amirmoradi F, Khosravi KH, Godarzi Z. Causes of suicide in married women. Hayat. 2006;12(1):47-53.
4. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Borges G, Nock M, Wang PS. Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. Jama. 2005;293(20):2487-95.
5. World Health Organization. [Book] The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. World Health Organization; 2002.
6. Astaraki P, Kikhavani S, Bashiri S, Mansoorian M, Ghorbani M. A comparative study of the causes and methods of suicide lead to death referred to ilam legal medicine center in 2004-2009. IJFM. 2014;;20(4):385-92.
7. Qi X, Hu W, Page A, Tong S. Dynamic pattern of suicide in Australia, 1986-2005: a descriptive-analytic study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e005311.
8. Rezaeian M. Suicide among young Middle Eastern Muslim females. Crisis. 2010;31(1):36-42.
9. Afifi M. Adolescent suicide in the Middle East: ostrich head in sand. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84(10):840.
10. Khajeh M, Behrouzian F, Ghanavati F. The investigation of relationship between hopelessness and suicide among mood disorders patients. JSMJ. 2010;8(4):407-13.
11. Khani SS, Rahgouy A, Masoud FK, Mahdi R. Effects of problem solving training on coping skills of suicidal clients. IJNR. 2007;1(3):31-9.
12. Inoue K, Tanii H, Fukunaga T, Abe S, Nishimura Y, Kaiya H, et al. A correlation between increases in suicide rates and increases in male unemployment rates in Mie prefecture, Japan. Ind Health. 2007;45(1):177-80.
13. Monsef Kasmaie V, Asadi P, Maleki Ziabari S. A Demographic study of suicide methods in the patients aided by emergency Paramedics Guilan. JGUMS. 2013;22(87):31-7.
14. Rezaeian M. Comparing the statistics of Iranian Ministry of Health with data of Iranian Statistical Center regarding recorded suicidal cases in Iran. JHSR. 2012;8(7):1190-6.
15. Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, Ayubi E, Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of important poisoning methods used in Iranian suicides: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Koomesh. 2013;14(3):257-64.
16. Rafiei M, Seyfi A. Epidemiologic Study of Suicide Attempt Referred to Hospitals of University of Medical Sciences in Markazi-Province from 2002 to 2006. IJE. 2009;4(4-3):59-69.
17. Izadi N, Mirtorabi SD, Najafi F, Nazparvar B, Nazari Kangavari H, Hashemi Nazari SS. Trend of years of life lost due to suicide in Iran (2006-2015). Int J Public Health. 2018;63(8):993-1000.
18. Fässberg MM, Van Orden KA, Duberstein P, Erlangsen A, Lapierre S, Bodner E, et al. A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(3):722-45.
19. Sadock B, SV K. Sadock’s. [Book] comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Lippincott. Williams & Wilkins; 2000; 1(1) :938-50.
20. Mousavi F, Shahmohammadi D, Kaffashi A. Epidemiological survey of suicide in rural areas. IJPCP. 2000;5(4):103-10.
21. Herman DB, Susser ES, Struening EL, Link BL. Adverse childhood experiences: are they risk factors for adult homelessness? Am J Public Health. 1997;87(2):249-55.
22. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):e297.
23. Fakhari A, Farahbakhsh M, Esmaeili ED, Azizi H. A longitudinal study of suicide and suicide attempt in northwest of Iran: incidence, predictors, and socioeconomic status and the role of sociocultural status. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1486.
24. Balvardi M, Imani-Goghary Z, Babaee K, Izadabadi Z. The Study of Suicide and Attempted Suicide Epidemiology in Sirjan in 2018. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2021;10(2):1-7.
25. Mirahmadizadeh A, Rezaei F, Mokhtari AM, Gholamzadeh S, Baseri A. Epidemiology of suicide attempts and deaths: a population-based study in Fars, Iran (2011-16). J Public Health (Oxf). 2020;42(1):e1-e11.
26. Mohamadian F, Cheraghi F, Narimani S, Direkvand-Moghadam A. The epidemiology of suicide death and associated factors, Ilam, Iran (2012-2016): a longitudinal study. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2019;13(2).
27. Hassanipour S, Kazemi H, Ghayour AR, Kazemi-Najafabadi A, Nikbakht HA, Ghaem H. Epidemiological trend of suicide in center of Iran from 2012 to 2016. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2019;7(4):559-63.
28. Ebrahimi Kebria S, Hashemi Nazari SS, Mehrabi Y, Nazparvar B, Shojaei A, Mirtorabi SD. Investigation of the pattern of the effect of age group, time period, and birth cohort on the incidence of suicidal deaths in Lorestan Povince, 2006-2015. IJE. 2019;15(1):29-39.
29. Alami A, Nejatian M, Lael-Monfared E, Jafari A. Epidemiology of Suicide/Suicide Attempt and Its Association with Individual, Family, and Social Factors in Eastern Part of Iran: A Historical Cohort Study. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(8):1469-77.
30. Veisani Y, Delpisheh A, Sayehmiri K, Moradi G, Hassanzadeh J. Suicide attempts in Ilam Province, West of Iran, 2010-2014: a time trend study. JRHS. 2016;16(2):64-7.
31. Rostami C, Karami K, Daliri S, Mardani A, Narimisa F. Epidemiological Study of Suicide in Khuzestan Province, South West of Iran, during 2011 to 2014. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2017;67(1):46-60.
32. Khadem Rezaiyan M, Jarahi L, Moharreri F, Afshari R, Motamedalshariati S, Okhravi N, et al. Epidemiology of suicide attempts in Khorasan Razavi province, 2014-2015. IJE. 2017;13(2):128-35.
33. Nazari Kangavari H, Shojaei A, Hashemi Nazari SS. Suicide Mortality Trends in Four Provinces of Iran with the Highest Mortality, from 2006-2016. J Res Health Sci. 2017;17(2):e00382.
34. Veisani Y, Delpisheh A, Mohamadian F, Valizadeh R. Trends of Suicide Attempts and Completed Suicide in Ilam Province of Iran; A Demographic Analysis Study. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2018;6(3):245-8.
35. Rostami M, Jalilian A, Rezaei-Zangeneh R, Jamshidi T, Rezaeian M. Suicide pattern in Kermanshah province, west of Iran: March 2012–March 2013. MEJFM. 2016;14(8):38-48.
36. Poorolajal J, Rostami M, Mahjub H, Esmailnasab N. Completed suicide and associated risk factors: a six-year population based survey. Arch Iran Med. 2015;18(1):39-43.
37. Kiadaliri AA, Saadat S, Shahnavazi H, Haghparast-Bidgoli H. Overall, gender and social inequalities in suicide mortality in Iran, 2006-2010: a time trend province-level study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e005227.
38. Gorgi Z, SheikhFathollahi M, Askarizadeh M, Rezaeian M. Epidemiology of suicide and attempted suicide in the Larestan and Gerash during 2008 to 2012. JRUMS. 2014;13(7):597-608.
39. Hajebi A, Ahmadzad-Asl M, Davoudi F, Ghayyomi R. Trend of suicide in Iran during 2009 to 2012: Epidemiological evidences from national suicide registration. IJPBS. 2016;10(4).
40. Moqaddasi Amiri M, Ahmadi Livani A, Moosazadeh M, Mirzajani M, Dehghan A. Seasonal Pattern in Suicide in Iran. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2015;9(3):e842.
41. Kashfi SM, Yazdankhah M, Khani Jeihooni A, Motamedi M, Babaei Heydarabadi A, Vejdani M. Study of important risk factors of suicide attempts in patients admitted to hospitals covered by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. JSUMS. 2016;23(4):634-43.
42. Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Ranjbaran M, Hemmati R, Pejhan A, Asadollahi K, et al. Fatal Suicide and Modelling its Risk Factors in a Prevalent Area of Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2016;19(8):571-6.
43. Borges G, Nock MK, Haro Abad JM, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, et al. Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(12):1617-28.
44. Turhan E, Inandi T, Aslan M, Zeren C. Epidemiology of attempted suicide in Hatay, Turkey. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2011;16(4):347-52.
45. Rostami C, Daliri S, Sayehmiri K, Delpisheh A, Sayehmiri F. The incidence of suicide attempt in Iran (2001-12): A meta-analysis. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2016;19(7):1-15.
46. Olfson M, Blanco C, Wall M, Liu SM, Saha TD, Pickering RP, et al. National Trends in Suicide Attempts Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(11):1095-103.
47. Tsirigotis K, Gruszczynski W, Tsirigotis M. Gender differentiation in methods of suicide attempts. Med Sci Monit. 2011;17(8):Ph65-70.
48. Anbari M, Bahrami A. The Relationship between Cultural Beliefs and Suicide. JSS. 2010;21:121-54.
49. Anbari M, Bahrami A. Relationship between Poverty, Domestic Violence and Suicide in Iran (Case Study: Rural Areas in Poldokhtar City). IJSP. 2010;1(2):1-30.
50. Zarani F, Ahmadi Z. Suicide in Iranian culture: A systematic review study. RRJ. 2021;10(9):205-16.
51. Zare Shahabadi A, Shafiee Nejad M, Madahi J. Suicidal behavior among women of Abdanan: motivations and conditions. JWDP. 2017; 15(3):427-46.
52. Links P, Nisenbaum R, Ambreen M, Balderson K, Bergmans Y, Eynan R, et al. Prospective study of risk factors for increased suicide ideation and behavior following recent discharge. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34(1):88-97.
53. Värnik P. Suicide in the world. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(3):760-71.
54. Abbas MJ, Alhemiary N, Razaq EA, Naosh S, Appleby L. The Iraqi national study of suicide: Report on suicide data in Iraq in 2015 and 2016. J Affect Disord. 2018;229:56-62.
55. Naghavi M. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. bmj. 2019;364 (1):1-10.
56. Shojaei A, Moradi S, Alaeddini F, Khodadoost M, Abdizadeh A, Khademi A. Evaluating the temporal trend of completed suicides referred to the Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization during 2006-2010. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;39:104-8.
57. Ghoreyshi S, Mousavinasab S. Systematic review of researches on suicide and suicide attempt in Iran. IJPCP. 2008;10(14 (2)):115-21.
58. Daliri S, Bazyar J, Sayehmiri K, Delpisheh A, Sayehmiri F. Investigation of the Incidence rate of suicide in Iran During Years 2001-2014 A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis study. JSSU. 2016;15(24 (9)):757-68.
59. Faridpak A, Nikakhtar Z, Mosa-Farkhani E. An Epidemiologic Study of Suicide in Cities under Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. JBEYHAGH. 2016;21(1):21-9.
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| Issue | Vol 18 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i2.12370 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Iran Meta-Analysis Prevalence Suicide Attempt Suicide Death | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Asadiyun M, Daliri S. Suicide Attempt and Suicide Death in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(2):191-212.
