Cross Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Version of Smart Phone Addiction Scale in the Persian Language
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Abstract
Objective: The addiction pattern of smartphone usage has increased concerns about potential complications. The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), a self-administered questionnaire, evaluates smartphone usage and dependency. The study’s purpose was to translate and culturally adapt the SAS short-version into the Persian language (SAS-SV-Pr), and evaluate its psychometric properties.
Method: The SAS-SV translation used standardized procedures that involved double-forward and backward translations. A convenience sample, from three medical universities in the city of Teheran (n = 250 students), was recruited to complete the SAS-SV and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). The content validity index (CVI) and the floor and ceiling effect were considered to evaluate content validity. To evaluate internal consistency and test-retest reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha and the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC2.1) were utilized respectively. Criterion validity was measured by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the total scores of SAS-SV-Pr and IAT (Pearson’s r correlation coefficient). Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and ratified with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Results: During translation and cultural adaptation, only minor wording changes were performed. The correlation between the SAS-SV-Pr and IAT was good (r = 0.57), which determined validity. There was high internal consistency (α = 0.88), split-half reliability (0.84), composite reliability (CR) (0.78) and test-retest reliability (ICC (2.1) = 0.89). Subsequent EFA demonstrated an ambiguous factor structure, being border-line between one- and two-factors, which explained 50.28% of total variance. The CFA confirmed that the two-factor solution was preferred. Our data did not show floor or ceiling effects.
Conclusion: The Persian SAS-SV is a two-factor structure outcome measure to evaluate the dependency of smartphone users. It has demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties for validity, reliability and factor structure, and is suitable for screening and research aims among Persian subjects.
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2. Sfendla A, Laita M, Nejjar B, Souirti Z, Touhami AAO, Senhaji M. Reliability of the Arabic Smartphone Addiction Scale and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version in Two Different Moroccan Samples. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2018;21(5):325-32.
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4. Hwang, K.-H., Yoo, Y.-S., & Cho, O.-H. (2012). Smartphone overuse and upper extremity pain, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal relationships among college students. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 12(10), 365-375.
5. Rozgonjuk D, Saal K, Täht K. Problematic Smartphone Use, Deep and Surface Approaches to Learning, and Social Media Use in Lectures. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):92.
6. Gustafsson E, Thomée S, Grimby-Ekman A, Hagberg M. Texting on mobile phones and musculoskeletal disorders in young adults: A five-year cohort study. Appl Ergon. 2017;58:208-14.
7. Misra S, Cheng L, Genevie J, Yuan M. The iPhone effect: The quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices. Environment and Behavior. 2016;48(2):275-98.
8. Hassim SR, Arifin WN, Kueh YC, Yaacob NA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Malay Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale among Medical Students in Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3820.
9. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558.
10. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56936.
11. Harris B, Regan T, Schueler J, Fields SA. Problematic Mobile Phone and Smartphone Use Scales: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2020;11:672.
12. Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, Tseng HW, Kuo TB, Chen SH. Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98312.
13. Merlo LJ, Stone AM, Bibbey A. Measuring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the PUMP Scale. J Addict. 2013;2013:912807.
14. Kuss DJ, Harkin L, Kanjo E, Billieux J. Problematic Smartphone Use: Investigating Contemporary Experiences Using a Convergent Design. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):142.
15. Kim D, Lee Y, Lee J, Nam JK, Chung Y. Development of Korean Smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97920.
16. Ching SM, Yee A, Ramachandran V, Sazlly Lim SM, Wan Sulaiman WA, Foo YL, et al. Validation of a Malay Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale among Medical Students in Malaysia. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139337.
17. Mokhtarinia H, Rafinia M, Shahbazi A, Khodaie Ardakani MR, Ghaedamini Harouni GR, Gabel CP. The Cross-cultural Adaptation of the Smartphone Addiction Scale to Persian. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal (IRJ). 2020;18(1):91-8.
18. Lopez-Fernandez O. Short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale adapted to Spanish and French: Towards a cross-cultural research in problematic mobile phone use. Addict Behav. 2017;64:275-80.
19. Nikolic A, Bukurov B, Kocic I, Soldatovic I, Mihajlovic S, Nesic D, et al. The Validity and Reliability of the Serbian Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3):1245.
20. Akın A, Altundağ Y, Turan ME, Akın U. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smart phone addiction scale-short form for adolescent. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;152:74-7.
21. De Pasquale C, Sciacca F, Hichy Z. Italian validation of smartphone addiction scale short version for adolescents and young adults (SAS-SV). Psychology. 2017;8(10):1513-8.
22. Luk TT, Wang MP, Shen C, Wan A, Chau PH, Oliffe J, et al. Short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in Chinese adults: Psychometric properties, sociodemographic, and health behavioral correlates. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(4):1157-65.
23. Andrade ALM, Scatena A, Martins GDG, de Oliveira Pinheiro B, da Silva AB, Enes CC, et al. Validation of smartphone addiction scale–Short version (SAS-SV) in Brazilian adolescents. Addictive Behaviors. 2020;110:106540.
24. Mohammadsalehi N, Mohammadbeigi A, Jadidi R, Anbari Z, Ghaderi E, Akbari M. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Language Version of Yang Internet Addiction Questionnaire: An Explanatory Factor Analysis. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2015;4(3):e21560.
25. Lai CM, Mak KK, Cheng C, Watanabe H, Nomachi S, Bahar N, et al. Measurement Invariance of the Internet Addiction Test Among Hong Kong, Japanese, and Malaysian Adolescents. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking. 2015;18(10):609-17.
26. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186-91.
27. Mokhtarinia HR, Hosseini A, Maleki-Ghahfarokhi A, Gabel CP, Zohrabi M. Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Persian version of the spine functional index. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):95.
28. Shafeei A, Mokhtarinia HR, Maleki-Ghahfarokhi A, Piri L. Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire. Asian Spine J. 2017;11(4):520-30.
29. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34-42.
30. Chakrabartty SN. Best split-half and maximum reliability. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education. 2013;3(1):1-8.
31. Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53-5.
32. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34-42.
33. McDowell I. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires: Oxford University Press, USA; 2006.
34. Polit DF, Yang FM. Measurement and the measurement of change. 1st ed: LWW; 2016. 352 p.
35. Terwee CB, Prinsen CAC, Chiarotto A, Westerman MJ, Patrick DL, Alonso J, et al. COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: a Delphi study. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1159-70.
36. Esposito Vinzi V, Chin WW, Henseler J, Wang H. Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications. Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer; 2010 850 p.
37. Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical methods for rates and proportions: john wiley & sons; 2013.
38. Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: sage; 2013.
39. Hu Lt, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1-55.
40. Jackson DL, Gillaspy JA, Purc-Stephenson R. Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations. Psychol Methods. 2009;14(1):6-23.
41. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34-42.
42. Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical methods for rates and proportions: john wiley & sons; 2013.
43. Li L, Wang HM, Shen Y. Chinese SF-36 Health Survey: translation, cultural adaptation, validation, and normalisation. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(4):259-63.
44. Al-Hadidi F, Bsisu I, AlRyalat SA, Al-Zu'bi B, Bsisu R, Hamdan M, et al. Association between mobile phone use and neck pain in university students: A cross-sectional study using numeric rating scale for evaluation of neck pain. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217231.
45. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558.
46. Mescollotto FF, Castro EM, Pelai EB, Pertille A, Bigaton DR. Translation of the short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale into Brazilian Portuguese: cross-cultural adaptation and testing of measurement properties. Braz J Phys Ther. 2019;23(3):250-6.
47. Ching SM, Lee KW, Yee A, Sivaratnam D, Hoo FK, Wan Sulaiman WA, et al. The Malay version of smartphone addiction scale: Development, factor structure and validation of a short form for Malaysian adolescents. Med J Malaysia. 2020;75(5):561-7.
48. Fathalla MM. Egyptian validation of smartphone addiction scale short version for adolescents (SAS-SV). Psycho-Educational Research Reviews. 2019:7-10.
49. Andrade ALM, Scatena A, Martins GDG, Pinheiro BO, Becker da Silva A, Enes CC, et al. Validation of smartphone addiction scale - Short version (SAS-SV) in Brazilian adolescents. Addict Behav. 2020;110:106540.
2. Sfendla A, Laita M, Nejjar B, Souirti Z, Touhami AAO, Senhaji M. Reliability of the Arabic Smartphone Addiction Scale and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version in Two Different Moroccan Samples. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2018;21(5):325-32.
3. Mohammadi Kalhori S, Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Jannatifard F, Sepahbodi G, Baba Reisi M, et al. Validation and Psychometric Properties of Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS) in University Students of Tehran. Iran J Psychiatry. 2015;10(1):25-31.
4. Hwang, K.-H., Yoo, Y.-S., & Cho, O.-H. (2012). Smartphone overuse and upper extremity pain, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal relationships among college students. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 12(10), 365-375.
5. Rozgonjuk D, Saal K, Täht K. Problematic Smartphone Use, Deep and Surface Approaches to Learning, and Social Media Use in Lectures. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):92.
6. Gustafsson E, Thomée S, Grimby-Ekman A, Hagberg M. Texting on mobile phones and musculoskeletal disorders in young adults: A five-year cohort study. Appl Ergon. 2017;58:208-14.
7. Misra S, Cheng L, Genevie J, Yuan M. The iPhone effect: The quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices. Environment and Behavior. 2016;48(2):275-98.
8. Hassim SR, Arifin WN, Kueh YC, Yaacob NA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Malay Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale among Medical Students in Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3820.
9. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558.
10. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56936.
11. Harris B, Regan T, Schueler J, Fields SA. Problematic Mobile Phone and Smartphone Use Scales: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2020;11:672.
12. Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, Tseng HW, Kuo TB, Chen SH. Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98312.
13. Merlo LJ, Stone AM, Bibbey A. Measuring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the PUMP Scale. J Addict. 2013;2013:912807.
14. Kuss DJ, Harkin L, Kanjo E, Billieux J. Problematic Smartphone Use: Investigating Contemporary Experiences Using a Convergent Design. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):142.
15. Kim D, Lee Y, Lee J, Nam JK, Chung Y. Development of Korean Smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97920.
16. Ching SM, Yee A, Ramachandran V, Sazlly Lim SM, Wan Sulaiman WA, Foo YL, et al. Validation of a Malay Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale among Medical Students in Malaysia. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139337.
17. Mokhtarinia H, Rafinia M, Shahbazi A, Khodaie Ardakani MR, Ghaedamini Harouni GR, Gabel CP. The Cross-cultural Adaptation of the Smartphone Addiction Scale to Persian. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal (IRJ). 2020;18(1):91-8.
18. Lopez-Fernandez O. Short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale adapted to Spanish and French: Towards a cross-cultural research in problematic mobile phone use. Addict Behav. 2017;64:275-80.
19. Nikolic A, Bukurov B, Kocic I, Soldatovic I, Mihajlovic S, Nesic D, et al. The Validity and Reliability of the Serbian Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3):1245.
20. Akın A, Altundağ Y, Turan ME, Akın U. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smart phone addiction scale-short form for adolescent. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;152:74-7.
21. De Pasquale C, Sciacca F, Hichy Z. Italian validation of smartphone addiction scale short version for adolescents and young adults (SAS-SV). Psychology. 2017;8(10):1513-8.
22. Luk TT, Wang MP, Shen C, Wan A, Chau PH, Oliffe J, et al. Short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in Chinese adults: Psychometric properties, sociodemographic, and health behavioral correlates. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(4):1157-65.
23. Andrade ALM, Scatena A, Martins GDG, de Oliveira Pinheiro B, da Silva AB, Enes CC, et al. Validation of smartphone addiction scale–Short version (SAS-SV) in Brazilian adolescents. Addictive Behaviors. 2020;110:106540.
24. Mohammadsalehi N, Mohammadbeigi A, Jadidi R, Anbari Z, Ghaderi E, Akbari M. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Language Version of Yang Internet Addiction Questionnaire: An Explanatory Factor Analysis. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2015;4(3):e21560.
25. Lai CM, Mak KK, Cheng C, Watanabe H, Nomachi S, Bahar N, et al. Measurement Invariance of the Internet Addiction Test Among Hong Kong, Japanese, and Malaysian Adolescents. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking. 2015;18(10):609-17.
26. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186-91.
27. Mokhtarinia HR, Hosseini A, Maleki-Ghahfarokhi A, Gabel CP, Zohrabi M. Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Persian version of the spine functional index. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):95.
28. Shafeei A, Mokhtarinia HR, Maleki-Ghahfarokhi A, Piri L. Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire. Asian Spine J. 2017;11(4):520-30.
29. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34-42.
30. Chakrabartty SN. Best split-half and maximum reliability. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education. 2013;3(1):1-8.
31. Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53-5.
32. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34-42.
33. McDowell I. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires: Oxford University Press, USA; 2006.
34. Polit DF, Yang FM. Measurement and the measurement of change. 1st ed: LWW; 2016. 352 p.
35. Terwee CB, Prinsen CAC, Chiarotto A, Westerman MJ, Patrick DL, Alonso J, et al. COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: a Delphi study. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1159-70.
36. Esposito Vinzi V, Chin WW, Henseler J, Wang H. Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications. Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer; 2010 850 p.
37. Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical methods for rates and proportions: john wiley & sons; 2013.
38. Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: sage; 2013.
39. Hu Lt, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1-55.
40. Jackson DL, Gillaspy JA, Purc-Stephenson R. Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations. Psychol Methods. 2009;14(1):6-23.
41. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34-42.
42. Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical methods for rates and proportions: john wiley & sons; 2013.
43. Li L, Wang HM, Shen Y. Chinese SF-36 Health Survey: translation, cultural adaptation, validation, and normalisation. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(4):259-63.
44. Al-Hadidi F, Bsisu I, AlRyalat SA, Al-Zu'bi B, Bsisu R, Hamdan M, et al. Association between mobile phone use and neck pain in university students: A cross-sectional study using numeric rating scale for evaluation of neck pain. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217231.
45. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558.
46. Mescollotto FF, Castro EM, Pelai EB, Pertille A, Bigaton DR. Translation of the short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale into Brazilian Portuguese: cross-cultural adaptation and testing of measurement properties. Braz J Phys Ther. 2019;23(3):250-6.
47. Ching SM, Lee KW, Yee A, Sivaratnam D, Hoo FK, Wan Sulaiman WA, et al. The Malay version of smartphone addiction scale: Development, factor structure and validation of a short form for Malaysian adolescents. Med J Malaysia. 2020;75(5):561-7.
48. Fathalla MM. Egyptian validation of smartphone addiction scale short version for adolescents (SAS-SV). Psycho-Educational Research Reviews. 2019:7-10.
49. Andrade ALM, Scatena A, Martins GDG, Pinheiro BO, Becker da Silva A, Enes CC, et al. Validation of smartphone addiction scale - Short version (SAS-SV) in Brazilian adolescents. Addict Behav. 2020;110:106540.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i1.11411 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Addiction Psychometrics Persian Smartphone Validation | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mokhtarinia HR, Khodaie Ardakani MR, Ebadi A, Gabel CP. Cross Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Version of Smart Phone Addiction Scale in the Persian Language. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;18(1):35-44.
