Association of Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Traffic Injuries in Tabriz - Iran
-
Shahrokh Amiri
,
Fatemeh Ranjbar
,
Homayon Sadeghi-Bazargani
,
Arash Jodeiri Eslami
,
Amir Mohammad Navali
,
Farnaz Saedi
Abstract
Objective: Nowadays, it is well known that the attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not confined to children and adolescents. Recent data showed that a considerable portion of the general adult population may be affected by ADHD. On the other hand, the impact of ADHD on driving performance, a major area of adult life, has gained enthusiasm. More recent studies revealed an association between adult ADHD and undesirable driving problems. This study was performed to determine the association between presence of adult ADHD and traffic injuries.
Methods: In this case-control study, in a 13 month period, 140 subjects (70 drivers/riders injured in traffic accidents ,and 70 age- and sexmatched non traumatic controls) were selected to participate in the study and were placed in two groups . Subjects with psychiatric comorbidities were excluded. The Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) selfreport (screening version) was used for screening adult ADHD in both groups. Finally, the occurrence of this cond tion was compared between the case and control groups .
Results: Sixty- nine males and one female were recruited in each group with a mean age of 29.31±9.32 (18-61) years in the case and 29.03±9.07 (range: 18-60) years in the control groups (P > 0.05). Previous history of traffic accident was significantly higher in the case group (15.7% vs. 4.3%, P=0.024). The mean driving time in a day was also significantly higher in the case group. In the case group, the scores of CAARS (the ADHD index, ADHD symptoms total, inattentive subscale and hyperactive/impulsive subscale) were positive (higher than 70) in 4.3, 10, 7.1 and 10 percent of patients respectively. Among the controls, the corresponding proportions were 4.3, 14.3, 8.6 and 8.6 percent respectively. The two groups were comparable for the mentioned rates.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed no significant association between ADHD and traffic injuries in Tabriz- Iran.
Greenlill LL, Hechtman LI. Attention- Deficit Disorders. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, Kaplan HI, eds. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Sadock BJ, Kaplan HI, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
Hebrani P, Alaghband Rad J, Mohammadi MR. Psychiatric Disorders in Families of ADHD Children. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology 2003; 9: 12-19.
Esman AH. Volume 24 of Adolescent Psychiatry: Annals of the American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry. England: Routledg; 1999.
Montazeri A. Road-traffic-related mortality in Iran: a descriptive study. Public Health 2004; 118: 110-113.
Khorasani-Zavareh D, Mohammadi R, Khankeh HR, Laflamme L, Bikmoradi A, Haglund BJ. The requirements and challenges in preventing of road traffic injury in Iran. A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 486.
Soori H, Royanian M, Zali AR, Movahedinejad A. Road traffic injuries in Iran: the role of interventions implemented by traffic police. Traffic Inj Prev 2009; 10: 375-378.
Akbari ME, Naghavi M, Soori H. Epidemiology of deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2006; 12: 382-390.
Cannada LK, Jones AL. Demographic, social and economic variables that affect lower extremity injury outcomes. Injury 2006; 37: 1109-1116.
Thompson AL, Molina BS, Pelham W Jr, Gnagy EM. Risky driving in adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol 2007; 32: 745-759.
Kaya A, Taner Y, Guclu B, Taner E, Kaya Y, Bahcivan HG, et al. Trauma and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Int Med Res 2008; 36: 9-16.
Conners CK, Erhardt D, Sparrow E. The conners adult ADHD rating scale (CAARS). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems Inc; 1998.
Delavar A, Mohammadi MR, Hooshyari Z. The Construction and Norm-Finding of a Rating Scale for Diagnosing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. Iran J Psychiatry 2008; 3: 9-15.
Sharifi V, Asaadi SM, Mohammadi MR, Amini H, kaviani H, Semnani Y, et al. Reliability and feasibility of the Persian Translation of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Advances in Cognitive Science 2004; 6: 10-22.
Hechtman L, Weiss G, Perlman T. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children who received long-term stimulant treatment. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984; 23: 261-269.
Barkley RA, Guevremont DC, Anastopoulos AD, DuPaul GJ, Shelton TL. Driving-related risks and outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young adults: a 3- to 5-year follow-up survey. Pediatrics 1993; 92: 212-218.
Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Dupaul GI, Bush T. Driving in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: knowledge, performance, adverse outcomes, and the role of executive functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2002; 8: 655-672.
Jerome L, Segal A. ADHD, executive function and problem driving. ADHD Rep 2000; 8: 7-11.
Swensen A, Birnbaum HG, Ben Hamadi R, Greenberg P, Cremieux PY, Secnik K. Incidence and costs of accidents among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients. J Adolesc Health 2004; 35: 346 e341-349.
Canadian Medical Association. Determining medical fitness to drive: a guide for physicians, 6th ed. Ottawa: Canadian Medical Association; 2000.
Ludolph AG, Kolch M, Plener PL, Schulze UM, Sprober N, Fegert JM. [Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and road traffic - special considerations for the treatment of adolescents with ADHD]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 2009; 37: 405-411.
Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Kwasnik D. Motor vehicle driving competencies and risks in teens and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1996; 98: 1089-1095.
Cox DJ, Merkel RL, Kovatchev B, Seward R. Effect of stimulant medication on driving performance of young adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary double-blind placebo controlled trial. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000; 188: 230-234.
Cox DJ, Punja M, Powers K, Merkel RL, Burket R, Moore M, et al. Manual transmission enhances attention and driving performance of ADHD adolescent males: pilot study. J Atten Disord 2006; 10: 212-216.
Sobanski E, Sabljic D, Alm B, Skopp G, Kettler N, Mattern R, et al. Driving-related risks and impact of methylphenidate treatment on driving in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Neural Transm 2008; 115: 347-356.
Barkley RA. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment, 2nded. New York: The Guilford Press; 1998.
Moreau KR. The prevalence of attentiondeficit= hyperactivity disorder among treatment-seeking driving-under-the-influence first-time and repeat offenders. Dissertation Abstracts International 1997; 57: 4719.
Nada-Raja S, Langley JD, McGee R, Williams SM, Begg DJ, Reeder AI. Inattentive and hyperactive behaviors and driving offenses in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 515-522.
Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Driving outcomes of young people with attentional difficulties in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39: 627-634.
Bernfort L, Nordfeldt S, Persson J. ADHD from a socio-economic perspective. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97: 239-245.
Cox DJ, Merkel RL, Penberthy JK, Kovatchev B, Hankin CS. Impact of methylphenidate delivery profiles on driving performance of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 269-275.
Barkley RA, Murphy KR, O'Connell T, Connor DF. Effects of two doses of methylphenidate on simulator driving performance in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Safety Res 2005; 36: 121-131.
Mohammadi MR, Ghanizadeh A, Alaghband-Rad J, Tehranidoost M, Mesgarpour B, Soori H. Selegiline in comparison with methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children and adolescents in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2004; 14: 418-425.
Amiri S, Mohammadi MR, Mohammadi M, Nouroozinejad GH, Kahbazi M, Akhondzadeh S. Modafinil as a treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in children and adolescents: a double blind, randomized clinical trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32: 145-149.
Barkley RA, Cox D. A review of driving risks and impairments associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the effects of stimulant medication on driving performance. J Safety Res 2007; 38: 113-128.
Reimer B, D'Ambrosio LA, Coughlin JF, Fried R, Biederman J. Task-induced fatigue and collisions in adult drivers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Traffic Inj Prev 2007; 8: 290-299.
Richards TL, Deffenbacher JL, Rosen LA, Barkley RA, Rodricks T. Driving anger and driving behavior in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2006; 10: 54-64.
Naghavi M, Akbari ME. Epidemiology of injuries resulting from extrinsic causes (accidents) in Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Fekrat Cultural Publishing Institute, 2002.
Mehr Broadcasting Agency. The ominous shadow of death on insecure roads of the country. Iran Emrooz 2004; 6-12.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No 2 (2011) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Adult Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity Rrisk factors Traffic Accidents | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
