Comparison of Caregivers’ Burden among Family Members of Patients with Severe Mental Disorders and Patients with Substance Use Disorder
-
Ronak Mihan
,
Seiedeh Bentolhoda Mousavi
,
Mohammad Reza Khodaie Ardakani
,
Hamed Rezaei
,
Samaneh Hosseinzadeh
,
Ali Nazeri Astaneh
,
Rosa Alikhani
Abstract
Objective: The burden on caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders is significantly higher than the care burden of patients with other medical conditions. Substance use disorder is also one of the most common psychiatric disorders that has negative effects on people's quality of life. This study was designed to investigate caregiver burden in severe mental disorders versus substance use disorder.
Method: First-degree relatives of patients admitted to the Razi Psychiatric Hospital of Tehran with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder type1, schizoaffective disorder, or substance use disorder entered this study. They completed the sociodemographic questionnaire for patients and caregivers and the Zarit burden interview for caregivers.
Results: Our study shows that caregiver burden in substance use disorder has no significant difference with that in severe mental disorders (P > 0.05). In both groups, the highest spectrum of burden was moderate to severe. To find caregiver burden related factors, a general linear regression model with multiple predictor variables was fitted. In this model, caregivers’ burden was significantly higher in patients with comorbidity (P = 0.007), poor compliance (P < 0.001), and in female caregivers (P = 0.013).
Conclusion: Statistically speaking, the caregiver burden in substance use disorders is as severe as other mental disorders. The considerable burden on both groups necessitates serious efforts to minimize its negative effects.
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2. Taheri Mirghaed M, Abolghasem Gorji H, Panahi S. Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med. 2020;11:21.
3. Charlson F, van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, Cornett J, Whiteford H, Saxena S. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):240-8.
4. Ampalam P, Gunturu S, Padma V. A comparative study of caregiver burden in psychiatric illness and chronic medical illness. Indian J Psychiatry. 2012;54(3):239-43.
5. Hardoon S, Hayes JF, Blackburn R, Petersen I, Walters K, Nazareth I, et al. Recording of severe mental illness in United Kingdom primary care, 2000-2010. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82365.
6. Navidian A, Bahari F. Burden experienced by family caregivers of patients with mental disorders. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 2008 Jun 22;23(1-2):19-29.
7. Möller-Leimkühler AM, Wiesheu A. Caregiver burden in chronic mental illness: the role of patient and caregiver characteristics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262(2):157-66.
8. Pai S, Kapur RL. The burden on the family of a psychiatric patient: development of an interview schedule. Br J Psychiatry. 1981;138:332-5.
9. Sales E. Family burden and quality of life. Quality of life research. 2003 Jan;12:33-41.
10. Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Lin J. Perceived Burden and Quality of Life in Chinese Caregivers of People With Serious Mental Illness: A Comparison Cross-Sectional Survey. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2017;53(3):183-9.
11. Walke SC, Chandrasekaran V, Mayya SS. Caregiver Burden among Caregivers of Mentally Ill Individuals and Their Coping Mechanisms. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2018;9(2):180-5.
12. Mattoo SK, Nebhinani N, Kumar BN, Basu D, Kulhara P. Family burden with substance dependence: a study from India. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(4):704-11.
13. Cicek E, Demirel B, Ozturk HI, Kayhan F, Cicek IE, Eren I. Burden of care and quality of life in relatives of opioid dependent male subjects. Psychiatr Danub. 2015;27(3):273-7.
14. Astals M, Domingo-Salvany A, Buenaventura CC, Tato J, Vazquez JM, Martín-Santos R, et al. Impact of substance dependence and dual diagnosis on the quality of life of heroin users seeking treatment. Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(5):612-32.
15. Bizzarri J, Rucci P, Vallotta A, Girelli M, Scandolari A, Zerbetto E, et al. Dual diagnosis and quality of life in patients in treatment for opioid dependence. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(12):1765-76.
16. Vaishnavi R, Karthik MS, Balakrishnan R, Sathianathan R. Caregiver Burden in Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. J Addict. 2017;2017:8934712.
17. Perlick DA, Miklowitz DJ, Link BG, Struening E, Kaczynski R, Gonzalez J, et al. Perceived stigma and depression among caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:535-6.
18. Saunders JC. Families living with severe mental illness: a literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2003;24(2):175-98.
19. Tsang HW, Tam PK, Chan F, Cheung WM. Sources of burdens on families of individuals with mental illness. Int J Rehabil Res. 2003;26(2):123-30.
20. Vella SL, Pai N. The measurement of burden of care in serious mental illness: a qualitative review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47(3):222-34.
21. Eloia SC, Oliveira EN, Lopes MVO, Parente JRF, Eloia SMC, Lima DDS. Family burden among caregivers of people with mental disorders: an analysis of health services. Cien Saude Colet. 2018;23(9):3001-11.
22. Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist. 1980;20(6):649-55.
23. Rehm J, Shield KD. Global Burden of Disease and the Impact of Mental and Addictive Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(2):10.
24. Mousavi SB, Higgs P, Piri N, Sadri E, Pourghasem M, Jafarzadeh Fakhari S, et al. Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychotic Patients and Determining Its Strongest Predictor. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(2):124-30.
25. Degenhardt L, Chiu WT, Sampson N, Kessler RC, Anthony JC, Angermeyer M, et al. Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Med. 2008;5(7):e141.
26. Buckley PF, Miller BJ, Lehrer DS, Castle DJ. Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(2):383-402.
27. McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Keck PE, Jr., Frye MA, Denicoff KD, et al. Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(3):420-6.
28. Hajebi A, Naserbakht M, Minoletti A. Burden experienced by caregivers of schizophrenia patients and its related factors. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:54.
29. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2):155-62.
30. Noghani F, Seyedfatemi N, Karimirad MR, Akbarzadeh A, Hasanpour-Dehkordi A. Health Related Quality of Life in Family Caregivers of Patients Suffering from Mental Disorders. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(11):Vc05-vc9.
31. Maurin JT, Boyd CB. Burden of mental illness on the family: a critical review. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1990;4(2):99-107.
2. Taheri Mirghaed M, Abolghasem Gorji H, Panahi S. Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med. 2020;11:21.
3. Charlson F, van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, Cornett J, Whiteford H, Saxena S. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):240-8.
4. Ampalam P, Gunturu S, Padma V. A comparative study of caregiver burden in psychiatric illness and chronic medical illness. Indian J Psychiatry. 2012;54(3):239-43.
5. Hardoon S, Hayes JF, Blackburn R, Petersen I, Walters K, Nazareth I, et al. Recording of severe mental illness in United Kingdom primary care, 2000-2010. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82365.
6. Navidian A, Bahari F. Burden experienced by family caregivers of patients with mental disorders. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 2008 Jun 22;23(1-2):19-29.
7. Möller-Leimkühler AM, Wiesheu A. Caregiver burden in chronic mental illness: the role of patient and caregiver characteristics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262(2):157-66.
8. Pai S, Kapur RL. The burden on the family of a psychiatric patient: development of an interview schedule. Br J Psychiatry. 1981;138:332-5.
9. Sales E. Family burden and quality of life. Quality of life research. 2003 Jan;12:33-41.
10. Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Lin J. Perceived Burden and Quality of Life in Chinese Caregivers of People With Serious Mental Illness: A Comparison Cross-Sectional Survey. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2017;53(3):183-9.
11. Walke SC, Chandrasekaran V, Mayya SS. Caregiver Burden among Caregivers of Mentally Ill Individuals and Their Coping Mechanisms. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2018;9(2):180-5.
12. Mattoo SK, Nebhinani N, Kumar BN, Basu D, Kulhara P. Family burden with substance dependence: a study from India. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(4):704-11.
13. Cicek E, Demirel B, Ozturk HI, Kayhan F, Cicek IE, Eren I. Burden of care and quality of life in relatives of opioid dependent male subjects. Psychiatr Danub. 2015;27(3):273-7.
14. Astals M, Domingo-Salvany A, Buenaventura CC, Tato J, Vazquez JM, Martín-Santos R, et al. Impact of substance dependence and dual diagnosis on the quality of life of heroin users seeking treatment. Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(5):612-32.
15. Bizzarri J, Rucci P, Vallotta A, Girelli M, Scandolari A, Zerbetto E, et al. Dual diagnosis and quality of life in patients in treatment for opioid dependence. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(12):1765-76.
16. Vaishnavi R, Karthik MS, Balakrishnan R, Sathianathan R. Caregiver Burden in Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. J Addict. 2017;2017:8934712.
17. Perlick DA, Miklowitz DJ, Link BG, Struening E, Kaczynski R, Gonzalez J, et al. Perceived stigma and depression among caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:535-6.
18. Saunders JC. Families living with severe mental illness: a literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2003;24(2):175-98.
19. Tsang HW, Tam PK, Chan F, Cheung WM. Sources of burdens on families of individuals with mental illness. Int J Rehabil Res. 2003;26(2):123-30.
20. Vella SL, Pai N. The measurement of burden of care in serious mental illness: a qualitative review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47(3):222-34.
21. Eloia SC, Oliveira EN, Lopes MVO, Parente JRF, Eloia SMC, Lima DDS. Family burden among caregivers of people with mental disorders: an analysis of health services. Cien Saude Colet. 2018;23(9):3001-11.
22. Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist. 1980;20(6):649-55.
23. Rehm J, Shield KD. Global Burden of Disease and the Impact of Mental and Addictive Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(2):10.
24. Mousavi SB, Higgs P, Piri N, Sadri E, Pourghasem M, Jafarzadeh Fakhari S, et al. Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychotic Patients and Determining Its Strongest Predictor. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(2):124-30.
25. Degenhardt L, Chiu WT, Sampson N, Kessler RC, Anthony JC, Angermeyer M, et al. Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Med. 2008;5(7):e141.
26. Buckley PF, Miller BJ, Lehrer DS, Castle DJ. Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(2):383-402.
27. McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Keck PE, Jr., Frye MA, Denicoff KD, et al. Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(3):420-6.
28. Hajebi A, Naserbakht M, Minoletti A. Burden experienced by caregivers of schizophrenia patients and its related factors. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:54.
29. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2):155-62.
30. Noghani F, Seyedfatemi N, Karimirad MR, Akbarzadeh A, Hasanpour-Dehkordi A. Health Related Quality of Life in Family Caregivers of Patients Suffering from Mental Disorders. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(11):Vc05-vc9.
31. Maurin JT, Boyd CB. Burden of mental illness on the family: a critical review. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1990;4(2):99-107.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i2.12369 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Caregiver Burden Severe Mental Disorders Substance Use Disorder | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mihan R, Mousavi SB, Khodaie Ardakani MR, Rezaei H, Hosseinzadeh S, Nazeri Astaneh A, Alikhani R. Comparison of Caregivers’ Burden among Family Members of Patients with Severe Mental Disorders and Patients with Substance Use Disorder. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(2):183-190.
