Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU)
Abstract
Objective: Social anxiety refers to an excessive concern or fear about social situations. It seems that social media, which has become one of the most popular and effective tools for communication today, can be one of the contexts of social anxiety. Due to the lack of a Persian instrument to assess social anxiety in the context of social networks, the current study was undertaken to analyze the psychometric criteria of the Iranian version of the Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU). The SAS-SMU is a 21-item questionnaire designed by Alkis and colleagues (2017) to measure social anxiety emerging from the social media platforms.
Method: In this study, a total of 842 participants within the age range of 11 to 82 years old (mean age 33.11 ± 12.134), 59% female) answered the questions in an online survey. The original version of the scale was translated into Persian using the back translation procedure. All participants completed a Demographic Questionnaire, the SAS-SMU, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In order to analyze the collected data, internal and external consistency, factor analysis, construct validity, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were examined. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered to determine statistical significance.
Results: Four subscales were obtained from the exploratory factor analysis (SCA, PCA, IA, and SEA), which were confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was found to be 0.931 for the total scale and 0.920, 0.846, 0.901, 0.828 for SCA, PCA, IA, and SEA, respectively. In addition, the test-retest scores of 30 participants (interval: between 2 to 3 weeks) for all four subscales (SCA = 0.641, PCA = 0.773, IA = 0.688, SEA = 0.727) indicated acceptable stability of the questionnaire over time.
Conclusion: This study validates the Persian version of the SAS-SMU for use in studies in the field of psychological problems related to social media and online communications.
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12. Al-Naggar RA. Prevalence and associated factors of phobia and social anxiety among university students. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry July-December. 2012;13(2):112-21.
13. Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, Stein MB, Höfler M, Lieb R, et al. Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64(8):903-12.
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29. Vally Z, Alghraibeh AM, Elhai JD. Severity of depression and anxiety in relation to problematic smartphone use in the United Arab Emirates: The mediational roles of rumination and fear of missing out. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies. 2018.
30. Vannucci A, Flannery KM, Ohannessian CM. Social media use and anxiety in emerging adults. Journal of affective disorders. 2017;207:163-6.
31. Wang C, Lee MK, Hua Z. A theory of social media dependence: Evidence from microblog users. Decision support systems. 2015;69:40-9.
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35. Yıldız Durak H. Modeling of variables related to problematic internet usage and problematic social media usage in adolescents. Current Psychology. 2018:1-13.
36. Pitcho-Prelorentzos S, Heckel C, Ring L. Predictors of social anxiety among online dating users. Computers in Human Behavior. 2020;110:106381.
37. Zsido AN, Arato N, Lang A, Labadi B, Stecina D, Bandi SA. The connection and background mechanisms of social fears and problematic social networking site use: A Structural Equation Modeling analysis. Psychiatry research. 2020;292:113323.
38. Wolniewicz CA, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Elhai JD. Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry research. 2018;262:618-23.
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40. CR G, TV M, JL B, KH L. Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: Development and validation of a self-statement questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1982;6:37-55.
41. MR L. A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and social psychology bulletin. 1983;9(3):371-5.
42. Hassanvand Amouzadeh M, Fardaei Benam K. Psychometric properties of social phobia inventory among Iranian students. Journal of Research and Health. 2015;5(2):149-58.
43. Mosarezaee M, Tavoli A, Montazeri A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of social anxiety questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):1-7.
44. Rezian S, Fathi-Ashtiani A, Hassanabadi H, Ashrafi E. Reliability and Validity Measurment of the Persian Version of Social Phobia Scale Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Social Phobia Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2019;11(3):1-10.
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52. Aluh DO, Chukwuobasi T, Mosanya AU. A cross-sectional survey of Social Media Anxiety among students of University of Nigeria. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour. 2019;24(1):51-6.
53. Farrell L. Social media interaction: Effects on self-esteem and anxiety comparing age, gender and socio economic status. 2019.
54. Ruggieri S, Santoro G, Pace U, Passanisi A, Schimmenti A. Problematic Facebook use and anxiety concerning use of social media in mothers and their offspring: An actor–partner interdependence model. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 2020;11:100256.
55. Erliksson OJ, Lindner P, Mörtberg E. Measuring associations between social anxiety and use of different types of social media using the Swedish social anxiety scale for social media users: a psychometric evaluation and Cross‐Sectional Study. Scandinavian journal of psychology. 2020;61(6):819-26.
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58. Fata L, Birashk B, Atefvahid M, Dabson K. Meaning assignment structures/schema, emotional states and cognitive processing of emotional information: comparing two conceptual frameworks. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology. 2005;11(3):312-26.
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69. Stevens JP. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Routledge; 2012.
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2. Barlow DH. Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic: Guilford press; 2004.
3. Craske M, Rauch S, Ursano R, Prenoveau J, Pine D, Zinbarg R. What is an anxiety disorder? Depression Anxiety. 2009;26(12):1066-85.
4. Rapee RM. Descriptive psychopathology of social phobia. 1995.
5. Liebowitz M. Social phobia. Modern problems of pharmacopsychiatry. 1987.
6. Alahmadi AM. Prevalence of anxiety among college and school students in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review. Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries. 2019;13(1).
7. Baxter AJ, Scott K, Vos T, Whiteford H. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological medicine. 2013;43(5):897.
8. Guo X, Meng Z, Huang G, Fan J, Zhou W, Ling W, et al. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of anxiety disorders in mainland China from 2000 to 2015. Scientific reports. 2016;6(1):1-15.
9. Remes O, Brayne C, Van Der Linde R, Lafortune L. A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain and behavior. 2016;6(7):e00497.
10. Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2015;17(3):327.
11. Hajebi A, Motevalian SA, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Sharifi V, Amin-Esmaeili M, Radgoodarzi R, et al. Major anxiety disorders in Iran: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and service utilization. BMC psychiatry. 2018;18(1):1-8.
12. Al-Naggar RA. Prevalence and associated factors of phobia and social anxiety among university students. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry July-December. 2012;13(2):112-21.
13. Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, Stein MB, Höfler M, Lieb R, et al. Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64(8):903-12.
14. Grant BF, Hasin DS, Blanco C, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Goldstein RB, et al. The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2005;66(11):1351-61.
15. Mekuria K, Mulat H, Derajew H, Mekonen T, Fekadu W, Belete A, et al. High Magnitude of Social Anxiety Disorder in School Adolescents. Psychiatry Journal. 2017;2017:5643136.
16. Stein DJ, Lim CC, Roest AM, De Jonge P, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, et al. The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. BMC medicine. 2017;15(1):1-21.
17. Vilaplana-Pérez A, Pérez-Vigil A, Sidorchuk A, Brander G, Isomura K, Hesselmark E, et al. Much more than just shyness: The impact of social anxiety disorder on educational performance across the lifespan. Psychological medicine. 2020:1-9.
18. Turner SM, Beidel DC, Dancu CV, Stanley MA. An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1989;1(1):35.
19. Antony MM, Swinson RP. The shyness and social anxiety workbook: Proven, step-by-step techniques for overcoming your fear: New Harbinger Publications; 2010.
20. Newby J, Pitura VA, Penney AM, Klein RG, Flett GL, Hewitt PL. Neuroticism and perfectionism as predictors of social anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017;106:263-7.
21. Villarosa-Hurlocker MC, Whitley RB, Capron DW, Madson MB. Thinking while drinking: Fear of negative evaluation predicts drinking behaviors of students with social anxiety. Addictive behaviors. 2018;78:160-5.
22. Pawijit Y, Likhitsuwan W, Ludington J, Pisitsungkagarn K. Looks can be deceiving: body image dissatisfaction relates to social anxiety through fear of negative evaluation. International journal of adolescent medicine and health. 2019;31(4).
23. Chegeni M, Nakhaee N, Shahrbabaki ME, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Javadi S, Haghdoost A. Prevalence and motives of social media use among the Iranian population. J Environ Public Health. 2022;2022.
24. Dhir A, Yossatorn Y, Kaur P, Chen S. Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management. 2018;40:141-52.
25. Elhai JD, Tiamiyu M, Weeks J. Depression and social anxiety in relation to problematic smartphone use. Internet Research. 2018.
26. Hussain Z, Wegmann E, Yang H, Montag C. Social networks use disorder and associations with depression and anxiety symptoms: a systematic review of recent research in China. Frontiers in psychology. 2020;11:211.
27. Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A. A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 2020;25(1):79-93.
28. Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Lewis RF. Frequent use of social networking sites is associated with poor psychological functioning among children and adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2015;18(7):380-5.
29. Vally Z, Alghraibeh AM, Elhai JD. Severity of depression and anxiety in relation to problematic smartphone use in the United Arab Emirates: The mediational roles of rumination and fear of missing out. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies. 2018.
30. Vannucci A, Flannery KM, Ohannessian CM. Social media use and anxiety in emerging adults. Journal of affective disorders. 2017;207:163-6.
31. Wang C, Lee MK, Hua Z. A theory of social media dependence: Evidence from microblog users. Decision support systems. 2015;69:40-9.
32. Young GK. Examination of Communication and Social Media Usage among Socially Anxious Individuals. 2019.
33. Obar JA, Wildman SS. Social media definition and the governance challenge-an introduction to the special issue. Obar, JA and Wildman, S(2015) Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue Telecommunications policy. 2015;39(9):745-50.
34. Apaolaza V, Hartmann P, D'Souza C, Gilsanz A. Mindfulness, compulsive mobile social media use, and derived stress: The mediating roles of self-esteem and social anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2019;22(6):388-96.
35. Yıldız Durak H. Modeling of variables related to problematic internet usage and problematic social media usage in adolescents. Current Psychology. 2018:1-13.
36. Pitcho-Prelorentzos S, Heckel C, Ring L. Predictors of social anxiety among online dating users. Computers in Human Behavior. 2020;110:106381.
37. Zsido AN, Arato N, Lang A, Labadi B, Stecina D, Bandi SA. The connection and background mechanisms of social fears and problematic social networking site use: A Structural Equation Modeling analysis. Psychiatry research. 2020;292:113323.
38. Wolniewicz CA, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Elhai JD. Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry research. 2018;262:618-23.
39. Mohammadi MR, Salehi M, Khaleghi A, Hooshyari Z, Mostafavi SA, Ahmadi N, et al. Social anxiety disorder among children and adolescents: A nationwide survey of prevalence, socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors and co-morbidities. Journal of affective disorders. 2020;263:450-7.
40. CR G, TV M, JL B, KH L. Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: Development and validation of a self-statement questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1982;6:37-55.
41. MR L. A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and social psychology bulletin. 1983;9(3):371-5.
42. Hassanvand Amouzadeh M, Fardaei Benam K. Psychometric properties of social phobia inventory among Iranian students. Journal of Research and Health. 2015;5(2):149-58.
43. Mosarezaee M, Tavoli A, Montazeri A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of social anxiety questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):1-7.
44. Rezian S, Fathi-Ashtiani A, Hassanabadi H, Ashrafi E. Reliability and Validity Measurment of the Persian Version of Social Phobia Scale Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Social Phobia Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2019;11(3):1-10.
45. Shokri O, Geravand F, Naghsh Z, Ali Tarkhan R, Paeezi M. The Psychometric Properties of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2008;14(3):316-25.
46. Tavoli A, Allahyari A, Azadfallah P, Fathi Ashtiani A, Melyani M, Sahragard M. Validity and reliability of the farsi version of social interaction anxiety scale (sias). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology. 2012;18(3).
47. Quist N. Social media and interpersonal relationships: for better or worse? The Journal of clinical ethics. 2011;22(2):191-3.
48. Turel O, Brevers D, Bechara A. Time distortion when users at-risk for social media addiction engage in non-social media tasks. Journal of psychiatric research. 2018;97:84-8.
49. Villanti AC, Johnson AL, Ilakkuvan V, Jacobs MA, Graham AL, Rath JM. Social media use and access to digital technology in US young adults in 2016. Journal of medical Internet research. 2017;19(6):e196.
50. Zivnuska S, Carlson JR, Carlson DS, Harris RB, Harris KJ. Social media addiction and social media reactions: The implications for job performance. The Journal of social psychology. 2019;159(6):746-60.
51. Alkis Y, Kadirhan Z, Sat M. Development and validation of social anxiety scale for social media users. Computers in Human Behavior. 2017;72:296-303.
52. Aluh DO, Chukwuobasi T, Mosanya AU. A cross-sectional survey of Social Media Anxiety among students of University of Nigeria. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour. 2019;24(1):51-6.
53. Farrell L. Social media interaction: Effects on self-esteem and anxiety comparing age, gender and socio economic status. 2019.
54. Ruggieri S, Santoro G, Pace U, Passanisi A, Schimmenti A. Problematic Facebook use and anxiety concerning use of social media in mothers and their offspring: An actor–partner interdependence model. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 2020;11:100256.
55. Erliksson OJ, Lindner P, Mörtberg E. Measuring associations between social anxiety and use of different types of social media using the Swedish social anxiety scale for social media users: a psychometric evaluation and Cross‐Sectional Study. Scandinavian journal of psychology. 2020;61(6):819-26.
56. Bi-zhong C, Qi-lin Z, Rui-min Z, Xue Z. Online social anxiety: a negative interpersonal experience on social media. Chin J Appl Psychol. 2020;26:180-92.
57. Steer RA, Beck AT. Beck Anxiety Inventory. 1997.
58. Fata L, Birashk B, Atefvahid M, Dabson K. Meaning assignment structures/schema, emotional states and cognitive processing of emotional information: comparing two conceptual frameworks. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology. 2005;11(3):312-26.
59. Fabrigar LR, Wegener DT, MacCallum RC, Strahan EJ. Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological methods. 1999;4(3):272.
60. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5): pearson Boston. MA; 2007.
61. Guttman L. Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis. Psychometrika. 1954;19(2):149-61.
62. Kaiser HF. A note on Guttman's lower bound for the number of common factors. British Journal of Statistical Psychology. 1961.
63. Hayton JC, Allen DG, Scarpello V. Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational research methods. 2004;7(2):191-205.
64. O’connor BP. SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers. 2000;32(3):396-402.
65. Cattell RB. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate behavioral research. 1966;1(2):245-76.
66. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research: Guilford publications; 2015.
67. Hoyle RH. DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF FACTORS IN EXPLORATORY. The Sage handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences. 2004:301.
68. Scherer RF, Luther DC, Wiebe FA, Adams JS. Dimensionality of coping: Factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire. Psychological reports. 1988;62(3):763-70.
69. Stevens JP. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Routledge; 2012.
70. Rao CR, Miller JP, Rao D. Essential statistical methods for medical statistics: North Holland; 2011.
71. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling. 2006;13(1):130-41.
72. Fornell C, Larcker DF. Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA; 1981.
73. Fornell C. Issues in the application of covariance structure analysis: A comment. Journal of Consumer Research. 1983;9(4):443-8.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i4.13628 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Social Anxiety Social Media Social Networking Validation Study | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Faghani N, Moghadasin M. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU). Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(4):406-419.
