Cigarette Smoking and its Relationship with Perceived Familial Support and Religiosity of University Students in Tabriz
,
Abstract
Objective: The goal of the present study was to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its relationship to other risk taking behaviors, perceived familial support and religiosity among college students in Tabriz, Iran .
Method:In this study, 1837 randomly selected students participated and completed a self-administered questionnaire inquiring demographic characteristics, risk taking behaviors, Aneshensel and Sucoff’s 13-items one-dimensional perceived Parental support scale and 28 - items Kendler’s general religiosity scale.
Results: In general, 15.8 % of the students were cigarette smokers. The results indicated that being male (OR = 3.21), living alone or with friends (OR = 2.00), having a part-time job (OR = 1.98), alcohol consumption during the past 30 days (OR = 3.67), hookah use (OR = 5.23), substance abuse (OR = 1.69), familial support (OR = 0.97) and religiosity (OR = 0.98) have statistically significant relationships with cigarette smoking .
Conclusion:Our study represents the co-occurrence of risky behaviors. Cultural context in the traditional communities seems to show the crucial role of familial support and religiosity traits with the female gender as predictive factors to not smoke cigarette and perform other risky behaviors.
CDC. The health consequences of smoking: a report of the surgeon general; 2004.
WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2009: implementing smoke-free environments. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
Rock VJ, Malarcher A, Kahende JW, Asman K, Husten C, Caraballo R. Cigarette smoking among adults in United States, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007; 56: 1157-1161.
Van Den Bree M, Whitmer MD, Pickworth WB. Predictors of smoking development in a population-based sample of adolescents: a prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2004; 35: 172-181.
Wakgari D, Aklilu A. Substance use and its predictors among undergraduate medical students of Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 660.
Saatci E, Inan S, Bozdemir N, Akpinar E, Ergun G. Predictors of smoking behavior of first year university students: questionnaire survey. Croat Med J 2004; 45: 76-79.
Koura MR, Al-Dossary AF, Bahnassy AA. Smoking pattern among female college students in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family and Community Medicine 2011; 18: 63.
Haddad LG, Malak MZ. Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among university students in Jordan. International journal of nursing studies 2002; 39: 793-802.
Piko BF, Fitzpatrick KM. Substance use, religiosity, and other protective factors among Hungarian adolescents. Addictive Behaviors 2004; 29: 1095-1107.
Tyas SL, Pederson LL. Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a critical review of the literature. Tobacco control 1998; 7: 409.
Epstein JA, Williams C, Botvin GJ, Diaz T, Ifill-Williams M. Psychosocial predictors of cigarette smoking among adolescents living in public housing developments. Tobacco control 1999; 8 : 45-52.
Brook JS, Whiteman M, Czeisler LJ, Shapiro J, Cohen P. Cigarette smoking in young adults: Childhood and adolescent personality, familial, and peer antecedents. The Journal of genetic psychology 1997; 158: 172-188.
Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Mitchell JE, Dahlgren LA. Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. The American journal of psychiatry 1986.
Husten CG, McCarty MC, Giovino GA, Chrismon JH, Zhu B. Intermittent smokers: a descriptive analysis of persons who have never smoked daily. American Journal of Public Health 1998; 88: 86.
Farhadinasab A, Allahverdipour H, Bashirian S, Mahjoub H. Lifetime pattern of substance abuse, parental support, religiosity, and locus of control in adolescent and young male users. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2008; 37.
Gryczynski J, Ward BW. Social Norms and the Relationship Between Cigarette Use and Religiosity Among Adolescents in the United States. Health Education & Behavior 2011; 38: 39-48.
Dew RE, Daniel SS, Armstrong TD, Goldston DB, Triplett MF, Koenig HG. Religion/spirituality and adolescent psychiatric symptoms: A review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2008; 39: 381-398.
Burling TA, Ziff DC. Tobacco smoking: a comparison between alcohol and drug abuse inpatients. Addictive Behaviors 1988; 13: 185-190.
Rigotti NA, Lee JE, Wechsler H. US college students' use of tobacco products. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 284: 699.
Koenig HG, McCullough ME, Larson DB. Handbook of religion and health. USA Oxford University Press; 2001.
Whooley MA, Boyd AL, Gardin JM, Williams DR. Religious involvement and cigarette smoking in young adults: the CARDIA study. Archives of internal medicine 2002; 162: 1604.
Rabinowitz YG, Mausbach BT, Atkinson PJ, Gallagher-Thompson D. The relationship between religiosity and health behaviors in female caregivers of older adults with dementia. Aging and Mental Health 2009; 13: 788-798.
Seybold KS, Hill PC. The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2001; 10: 21-24.
Townsend M, Kladder V, Ayele H, Mulligan T. Systematic review of clinical trials examining the effects of religion on health. Southern medical journal 2002; 95: 1429.
Piko B. Perceived social support from parents and peers: which is the stronger predictor of adolescent substance use? Substance use & misuse 2000; 35: 617-630.
Sneed CD, Morisky DE, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Ebin VJ, Malotte CK. Patterns of adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use over a 6-month period. Addictive Behaviors 2001; 26: 415-423.
Wills TA, Resko JA, Ainette MG, Mendoza D. Role of parent support and peer support in adolescent substance use: a test of mediated effects. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors; Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2004; 18: 122.
Milani HS, Abadi AR, Helmzadeh Z, Abachizadeh K. Prevalence of Ecstasy use and predisposing factors among Iranian female high school students. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2011; 61: 566-571.
Wakschlag LS, Metzger A, Darfler A, Ho J, Mermelstein R, Rathouz PJ. The Family Talk About Smoking (FTAS) Paradigm: New Directions for Assessing Parent-teen Communications About Smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010; 13: 103-112.
Shankar A, McMunn A, Banks J, Steptoe A. Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology 2011; 30: 377-385.
Refaat A. Practice and awareness of health risk behaviour among Egyptian university students. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2004; 10: 72-81.
Aneshensel CS, Sucoff CA. The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. Journal of health and social behavior 1996: 293-310.
Kendler KS, Liu XQ, Gardner CO, McCullough ME, Larson D, Prescott CA. Dimensions of religiosity and their relationship to lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 496-503.
Piko BF, Balazs MA. Authoritative parenting style and adolescent smoking and drinking. Addict Behav 2012; 37: 353-356.
Roche KM, Ahmed S, Blum RW. Enduring consequences of parenting for risk behaviors from adolescence into early adulthood. Social Science & Medicine 2008; 66: 2023-2034.
Ennett ST, Foshee VA, Bauman KE, Hussong A, Cai L, Reyes HLMN, et al. The social ecology of adolescent alcohol misuse. Child development 2008;79: 1777-1791.
CDC. The health consequences of smoking: a report of the surgeon general. 2004.
WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2009: implementing smoke-free environments. Geneva: WHO. 2009.
Rock VJ, Malarcher A, Kahende JW, Asman K, Husten C, Caraballo R. Cigarette smoking among adults in United States, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007; 56: 1157-61.
Van Den Bree M, Whitmer MD, Pickworth WB. Predictors of smoking development in a population-based sample of adolescents: a prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2004; 35: 172-181.
Wakgari D, Aklilu A. Substance use and its predictors among undergraduate medical students of Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 660.
Saatci E, Inan S, Bozdemir N, Akpinar E, Ergun G. Predictors of smoking behavior of first year university students: questionnaire survey. Croat Med J. 2004; 45: 76-79.
Koura MR, Al-Dossary AF, Bahnassy AA. Smoking pattern among female college students in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family and Community Medicine. 2011; 18: 63.
Haddad LG, Malak MZ. Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among university students in Jordan. International journal of nursing studies. 2002; 39: 793-802.
Piko BF, Fitzpatrick KM. Substance use, religiosity, and other protective factors among Hungarian adolescents. Addictive Behaviors. 2004; 29: 1095-1007.
Tyas SL, Pederson LL. Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a critical review of the literature. Tobacco control. 1998; 7: 409.
Epstein JA, Williams C, Botvin GJ, Diaz T, Ifill-Williams M. Psychosocial predictors of cigarette smoking among adolescents living in public housing developments. Tobacco control. 1999; 8 : 45-52.
Brook JS, Whiteman M, Czeisler LJ, Shapiro J, Cohen P. Cigarette smoking in young adults: Childhood and adolescent personality, familial, and peer antecedents. The Journal of genetic psychology. 1997;158: 172-188.
Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Mitchell JE, Dahlgren LA. Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. The American journal of psychiatry. 1986.
Husten CG, McCarty MC, Giovino GA, Chrismon JH, Zhu B. Intermittent smokers: a descriptive analysis of persons who have never smoked daily. American Journal of Public Health 1998; 88: 86.
Farhadinasab A, Allahverdipour H, Bashirian S, Mahjoub H. Lifetime pattern of substance abuse, parental support, religiosity, and locus of control in adolescent and young male users. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2008; 37.
Gryczynski J, Ward BW. Social Norms and the Relationship Between Cigarette Use and Religiosity Among Adolescents in the United States. Health Education & Behavior 2011; 38: 39-48.
Dew RE, Daniel SS, Armstrong TD, Goldston DB, Triplett MF, Koenig HG. Religion/spirituality and adolescent psychiatric symptoms: A review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2008; 39: 381-398.
Burling TA, Ziff DC. Tobacco smoking: a comparison between alcohol and drug abuse inpatients. Addictive Behaviors. 1988;13: 185-190.
Rigotti NA, Lee JE, Wechsler H. US college students' use of tobacco products. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000; 284: 699.
Koenig HG, McCullough ME, Larson DB. Handbook of religion and health: Oxford University Press, USA; 2001.
Whooley MA, Boyd AL, Gardin JM, Williams DR. Religious involvement and cigarette smoking in young adults: the CARDIA study. Archives of internal medicine. 2002; 162: 1604.
Rabinowitz YG, Mausbach BT, Atkinson PJ, Gallagher-Thompson D. The relationship between religiosity and health behaviors in female caregivers of older adults with dementia. Aging and Mental Health. 2009; 13: 788-798.
Seybold KS, Hill PC. The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2001;10: 21-24.
Townsend M, Kladder V, Ayele H, Mulligan T. Systematic review of clinical trials examining the effects of religion on health. Southern medical journal 2002; 95:1429.
Piko B. Perceived social support from parents and peers: which is the stronger predictor of adolescent substance use? Substance use & misuse 2000; 35: 617-630.
Sneed CD, Morisky DE, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Ebin VJ, Malotte CK. Patterns of adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use over a 6- month period. Addictive Behaviors 2001; 26: 415-423.
Wills TA, Resko JA, Ainette MG, Mendoza D. Role of parent support and peer support in adolescent substance use: a test of mediated effects. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors; Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2004;18: 122.
Milani HS, Abadi AR, Helmzadeh Z, Abachizadeh K. Prevalence of Ecstasy use and predisposing factors among Iranian female high school students. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2011;61: 566-571.
Wakschlag LS, Metzger A, Darfler A, Ho J, Mermelstein R, Rathouz PJ. The Family Talk About Smoking (FTAS) Paradigm: New Directions for Assessing Parent-teen Communications About Smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010;13: 103-112.
Shankar A, McMunn A, Banks J, Steptoe A. Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology 2011; 30: 377-385.
Refaat A. Practice and awareness of health risk behaviour among Egyptian university students. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2004;10: 72-81.
Aneshensel CS, Sucoff CA. The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. Journal of health and social behavior. 1996:293-310.
Kendler KS, Liu XQ, Gardner CO, McCullough ME, Larson D, Prescott CA. Dimensions of religiosity and their relationship to lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003;160: 496-503.
Piko BF, Balazs MA. Authoritative parenting style and adolescent smoking and drinking. Addict Behav 2012; 37: 353-356.
Roche KM, Ahmed S, Blum RW. Enduring consequences of parenting for risk behaviors from adolescence into early adulthood. Social Science & Medicine 2008;66: 2023-2034.
Ennett ST, Foshee VA, Bauman KE, Hussong A, Cai L, Reyes HLMN, et al. The social ecology of adolescent alcohol misuse. Child development 2008;79: 1777-1791.
Li X, Stanton B, Feigelman S. Impact of perceived parental monitoring on adolescent risk behavior over 4 years. Journal of adolescent health 2000; 27: 49-56.
Ackard DM, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Perry C. Parent-child connectedness and behavioral and emotional health among adolescents. American journal of preventive medicine 2006; 30: 59-66.
Gutman LM, Eccles JS, Peck S, Malanchuk O. The influence of family relations on trajectories of cigarette and alcohol use from early to late adolescence. Journal of adolescence 2010; 34: 119-128.
Unger JB, Ritt-Olson A, Teran L, Huang T, Hoffman BR, Palmer P. Cultural values and substance use in a multiethnic sample of California adolescents. Addiction Research & Theory 2002; 10: 257-279.
Yeung JW, Chan YC, Lee BL. Youth religiosity and substance use: a meta-analysis from 1995 to 2007. Psychol Rep 2009 ; 105: 255-266.
Gillum RF. Religiosity and the validity of self-reported smoking: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Review of religious research 2005: 190-196.
Berg C, Choi WS, Kaur H, Nollen N, Ahluwalia JS. The roles of parenting, church attendance, and depression in adolescent smoking. Journal of community health 2009; 34: 56-63.
Kliewer W, Murrelle L. Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use: findings from a study in selected Central American countries. Journal of adolescent health 2007; 40: 448-455.
Sinha JW, Cnaan RA, Gelles RJ. Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: Findings from a national study. Journal of adolescence 2007; 30: 231-249.
Galduroz JC, Fonseca AM, Noto AR, Carlini EA. Decrease in tobacco use among Brazilian students: a possible consequence of the ban on cigarette advertising? Addict Behav 2007; 32: 1309-1313.
Nakhaee N, Divsalar K, Bahreinifar S. Prevalence of and factors associated with cigarette smoking among university students: a study from Iran. Asia Pac J Public Health 2009; 23: 151-156.
Ghouri N, Atcha M, Sheikh A. Influence of Islam on smoking among Muslims. BMJ 2006; 332: 291-294.
Islam SMS, Johnson CA. Correlates of smoking behavior among Muslim Arab-American adolescents. Ethnicity & Health 2003; 8: 319-337.
Divsalar K, Nejadnaderi S, Nakhaee N, Rouhani S. Religious Attitude Associated with General Health and Smoking in Iranian Students. Addiction and Health 2010; 2: 1-2.
Zabin LS. The association between smoking and sexual behavior among teens in US contraceptive clinics. American Journal of Public Health 1984; 74: 261.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 3 (2015) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cigarette Smoking Perceived Familial Support Religiosity Risk Taking behaviors Students | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
