Exploring Deviation from Time Perspective in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Comparative Analysis in the Clinical Context
-
Hamed Rezaei Golezani
,
Abbas Bakhshipour
,
Mahmonir Haghighi
,
Issa Hekmati
,
Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar
Abstract
Objective: A growing body of research stresses the effect of time perspective (TP) on the genesis and maintenance of psychological disorders. However, the variations in the TP configuration of individuals with different disorders have not yet been completely investigated. We aimed to compare the differences in TP among patients with three common psychiatric disorders.
Method: We recruited 30 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 30 with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants completed Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). The one-way MANOVA was utilized for the comparison of TP dimensions among the three disordered groups.
Results: The results showed that TP was significantly affected in all three clinical groups. The effect of the disorder on time perspective was significant for Past Negative (PN) (F (2, 84) = 11.86, P < 0.01), Past Positive (PP) (F (2, 84) = 6.66, P < 0.01), Present Fatalistic (PF) (F (2, 84) = 7.08, P < 0.01) and Future (F) (F (2, 84) = 26.40, P < 0.01), but not for Present Hedonistic (PH). The findings revealed that the MDD group scored the highest on PN, with the GAD group scoring higher than the OCD group. The GAD and OCD groups reported higher PP than the MDD group. In addition, the MDD group scored higher than both the GAD and OCD groups on PF. Finally, the GAD patients reported higher scores than both the MDD and OCD patients on the F dimension, while the OCD patients scored higher than the MDD patients.
Conclusion: Individuals with MDD tend to obtain higher scores in PN and PF time perspective, whereas those with GAD and OCD showed higher PP and F scores. These findings demonstrate the significance of examining TP in clinical patients and prompt further research into the association between TP and the disorders being studied. Perspectives on therapy are also explored.
1. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. In Time perspective theory; review, research and application: Essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo 2014 Oct 16 (pp. 17-55). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
2. Lewin K. Field theory in social science: selected theoretical papers (Edited by Dorwin Cartwright.).
3. Boniwell I, Zimbardo PG. Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. Positive psychology in practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life. 2015 Apr 3:223-36.
4. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders: Penguin; 1979.
5. Dalgleish T, Williams JM, Golden AM, Perkins N, Barrett LF, Barnard PJ, et al. Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory and depression: the role of executive control. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2007;136(1):23-42.
6. Van Vreeswijk MF, De Wilde EJ. Autobiographical memory specificity, psychopathology, depressed mood and the use of the Autobiographical Memory Test: a meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(6):731-43.
7. Belzung C, Willner P, Philippot P. Depression: from psychopathology to pathophysiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015;30:24-30.
8. Miranda R, Mennin DS. Depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and certainty in pessimistic predictions about the future. Cogn Ther Res. 2007;31:71-82.
9. Kaya Lefèvre H, Mirabel-Sarron C, Docteur A, Leclerc V, Laszcz A, Gorwood P, et al. Time perspective differences between depressed patients and non-depressed participants, and their relationships with depressive and anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:320-6.
10. Simon E, Zsidó AN, Birkás B, Gács B, Csathó Á. Negative time perspective predicts the self-perceived affective and physical components of pain independently from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2022;224:103536.
11. Carpenter RK, Horton JC, Alloway TP. Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Depression in Non-Clinical Samples: Is There a Link? J Psychol. 2022;156(6):414-34.
12. Anagnostopoulos F, Griva F. Exploring time perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Soc Indic Res. 2012;106:41-59.
13. McKay MT, Cole JC. The relationship between balanced and negative time perspectives, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113383.
14. Carelli MG, Wiberg B, Wiberg M. Development and construct validation of the Swedish Zimbardo time perspective inventory. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2011.
15. Tyrer P, Baldwin D. Generalised anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2006;368(9553):2156-66.
16. Li J, Duan X, Cui Q, Chen H, Liao W. More than just statics: temporal dynamics of intrinsic brain activity predicts the suicidal ideation in depressed patients. Psychol Med. 2019;49(5):852-60.
17. Lyu H, Du G, Rios K. The relationship between future time perspective and self-esteem: A cross-cultural study of Chinese and American college students. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1518.
18. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. InTime perspective theory; review, research and application: Essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo 2014 Oct 16 (pp. 17-55). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
19. Anagnostopoulos F, Griva F. Exploring time perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Soc indic res. 2012;106:41-59.
20. Griffin E, Wildbur D. Effects of time-perspective on the well-being, success and mental health of undergraduate students. Working Paper. De Montfort University Leicester; 2013.
21. Griffin E, Wildbur D. The role of balanced time perspective on student well-being and mental health: A mixed-methods study. Ment Health Prev. 2020;18:200181.
22. Carelli MG, Wiberg B, Åström E. Broadening the TP profile: Future negative time perspective. Time perspective theory; Review, research and application: Essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo. 2015:87-97.
23. Van Beek W, Berghuis H, Kerkhof A, Beekman A. Time perspective, personality and psychopathology: Zimbardo’s time perspective inventory in psychiatry. Time & soc. 2011;20(3):364-74.
24. Papastamatelou J, Unger A, Giotakos O, Athanasiadou F. Is time perspective a predictor of anxiety and perceived stress? Some preliminary results from Greece. Psychol Stud. 2015;60:468-77.
25. Anderson DK, Lord C, Risi S, DiLavore PS, Shulman C, Thurm A, Pickles A. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author. The Linguistic and Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2017 Apr;21:175.
26. Marcks BA, Weisberg RB, Dyck I, Keller MB. Longitudinal course of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with anxiety disorders: a 15-year prospective follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(6):670-7.
27. Veale D, Roberts A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Bmj. 2014;348:g2183.
28. Mackillop J, Anderson EJ, Castelda BA, Mattson RE, Donovick PJ. Convergent validity of measures of cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and time perspective with pathological gambling. Psychol Addict Behav. 2006;20(1):75-9.
29. Esfahani M, Kajbaf M, Abedi M. The effect of time perspective therapy on severity of obsession and compulsion symptoms. J Clin Psychol. 2015;6(4):33-40.
30. Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Riddle MA, Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BA, et al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(4):287-93.
31. Yaryura-Tobias JA, Grunes MS, Todaro J, McKay D, Neziroglu FA, Stockman R. Nosological insertion of axis I disorders in the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2000;14(1):19-30.
32. Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle M, Bienvenu OJ, 3rd, Liang KY, LaBuda M, et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(4):358-63.
33. Black DW, Goldstein RB, Noyes R, Jr., Blum N. Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with obsessive-compulsive disorder and co-morbid major depression or generalized anxiety. Psychiatr Genet. 1995;5(1):37-41.
34. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy: past, present, and future. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(2):194-8.
35. Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice. Guilford Press; 2011 Aug 10.
36. Jaswal S, Dewan A. The relationship between locus of control and depression. Journal of personality and clinical studies. 1997;13:25-8.
37. Yu X, Fan G. Direct and indirect relationship between locus of control and depression. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(7):1293-8.
38. Lemarié L, Bellavance F, Chebat JC. Regulatory focus, time perspective, locus of control and sensation seeking as predictors of risky driving behaviors. Accid Anal Prev. 2019;127:19-27.
39. Ost LG. Cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: 40 years of progress. Nord J Psychiatry. 2008;62 Suppl 47:5-10.
40. Otte C. Cognitive behavioral therapy in anxiety disorders: current state of the evidence. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(4):413-21.
41. Edition F. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychological Association, Washington. 1994.
42. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-91.
43. First M, Williams J, Karg R, Spitzer R. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5–Research Version. APA. 2015.
44. Golestaneh SM, Afshin SA, Dehghani Y. The Relationship between the Time Perspective and Achievement Goal, the Academic Procrastination and Academic Achievement of Students in Various Colleges of the University of the Gulf. Soc Cogn. 2016;5(2):52-71.
45. First MB, Williams JB, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. User's guide for the SCID-5-CV Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5® disorders: Clinical version: APPI. 2016.
46. Spinhoven P, Bamelis L, Molendijk M, Haringsma R, Arntz A. Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory in Cluster C personality disorders and the role of depression, worry, and experiential avoidance. J Abnorm Psychol. 2009;118(3):520-30.
47. Sharifi V, Asadi SM, Mohammadi MR, Amini H, Kaviani H, Semnani Y, et al. Reliability and feasibility of the Persian version of the structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Adv Cogn Psychol. 2004;6(1):10-22.
48. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown G. Beck depression inventory–II. Psychol Assess. 1996.
49. Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(4):185-92.
50. Hodgson RJ, Rachman S. Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behav Res Ther. 1977;15(5):389-95.
51. Sternberger LG, Burns GL. Compulsive Activity Checklist and the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory: Psychometric properties of two measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Ther. 1990;21(1):117-27.
52. Sánchez-Meca J, López-Pina JA, López-López JA, Marín-Martínez F, Rosa-Alcázar AI, Gómez-Conesa A. The Maudsley obsessive-compulsive inventory: a reliability generalization meta- analysis. IJPSY. 2011;11(3):473-93.
53. Dadfar M, Bou Aj, Malakouti Sk, Bayan ZS. Prevalence of the obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms.
54. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092-7.
55. Naeinian M, Shaeiri M, Sharif M, Hadian M. To study reliability and validity for a brief measure for assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). CPAP. 2011;9(1):41-50.
56. Omani-Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Ghaheri A, Navid B. Generalized anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in people with infertility: a reliability and validity study. Middle East Fertil Soc J.2018;23(4):446-9.
57. Statistics I. IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Google Search. 2013.
58. Addis DR, Hach S, Tippett LJ. Do strategic processes contribute to the specificity of future simulation in depression? Br J Clin Psychol. 2016;55(2):167-86.
59. Young KD, Bellgowan PS, Bodurka J, Drevets WC. Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of autobiographical memory deficits in patients with depression and individuals at high risk for depression. JAMA psychiatry. 2013;70(7):698-708.
60. Zaleski Z, Sobol-Kwapinska M, Przepiorka A, Meisner M. Development and validation of the Dark Future scale. Time Soc. 2019;28(1):107-23.
61. Akirmak U. How is time perspective related to perceptions of self and of interpersonal relationships? Span J Psychol. 2014;17:E92.
62. Hekmati I, Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Eskin M, Drake CE, Jobson L. The moderating role of experiential avoidance on the relationship between cognitive fusion and psychological distress among Iranian students. Current Psychology. 2021 Mar 2:1-8.
63. Luszczynska A, Gibbons FX, Piko BF, Tekozel M. Self-regulatory cognitions, social comparison, and perceived peers’ behaviors as predictors of nutrition and physical activity: A comparison among adolescents in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and USA. Psychol Health. 2004;19(5):577-93.
64. Ranjbar HA, Abdulcebbar A, Yilmaz E, Kantarci L, Altintas S, Eskin M, et al. Deviation from balanced time perspective and psychological distress: The mediating roles of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance. Curr Psychol. 2022:1-11.
65. Carelli MG, Wiberg B. Time out of mind: temporal perspective in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2012;16(6):460-6.
66. Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Parhoon H, Mohammadkhani S, Munawar K, Moradi A, Jobson L. Investigating cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation in Iranian depressed women with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2021;51(3):586-95.
67. Maxwell SE, Cole DA, Mitchell MA. Bias in Cross-Sectional Analyses of Longitudinal Mediation: Partial and Complete Mediation Under an Autoregressive Model. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46(5):816-41.
68. Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Hekmati I, Eskin M, Jobson L. Examining the psychometric properties of the behavioral emotion regulation questionnaire-PERSIAN version (BERQ-PV) among Iranians. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(8):6606-17.
69. Hekmati I, Ranjbar HA, HajiSaghati R. Persian adaptation of avoidance and fusion questionnaire for youth (AFQ-Y): A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2020;17:46-54.
2. Lewin K. Field theory in social science: selected theoretical papers (Edited by Dorwin Cartwright.).
3. Boniwell I, Zimbardo PG. Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. Positive psychology in practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life. 2015 Apr 3:223-36.
4. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders: Penguin; 1979.
5. Dalgleish T, Williams JM, Golden AM, Perkins N, Barrett LF, Barnard PJ, et al. Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory and depression: the role of executive control. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2007;136(1):23-42.
6. Van Vreeswijk MF, De Wilde EJ. Autobiographical memory specificity, psychopathology, depressed mood and the use of the Autobiographical Memory Test: a meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(6):731-43.
7. Belzung C, Willner P, Philippot P. Depression: from psychopathology to pathophysiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015;30:24-30.
8. Miranda R, Mennin DS. Depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and certainty in pessimistic predictions about the future. Cogn Ther Res. 2007;31:71-82.
9. Kaya Lefèvre H, Mirabel-Sarron C, Docteur A, Leclerc V, Laszcz A, Gorwood P, et al. Time perspective differences between depressed patients and non-depressed participants, and their relationships with depressive and anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:320-6.
10. Simon E, Zsidó AN, Birkás B, Gács B, Csathó Á. Negative time perspective predicts the self-perceived affective and physical components of pain independently from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2022;224:103536.
11. Carpenter RK, Horton JC, Alloway TP. Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Depression in Non-Clinical Samples: Is There a Link? J Psychol. 2022;156(6):414-34.
12. Anagnostopoulos F, Griva F. Exploring time perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Soc Indic Res. 2012;106:41-59.
13. McKay MT, Cole JC. The relationship between balanced and negative time perspectives, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113383.
14. Carelli MG, Wiberg B, Wiberg M. Development and construct validation of the Swedish Zimbardo time perspective inventory. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2011.
15. Tyrer P, Baldwin D. Generalised anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2006;368(9553):2156-66.
16. Li J, Duan X, Cui Q, Chen H, Liao W. More than just statics: temporal dynamics of intrinsic brain activity predicts the suicidal ideation in depressed patients. Psychol Med. 2019;49(5):852-60.
17. Lyu H, Du G, Rios K. The relationship between future time perspective and self-esteem: A cross-cultural study of Chinese and American college students. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1518.
18. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. InTime perspective theory; review, research and application: Essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo 2014 Oct 16 (pp. 17-55). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
19. Anagnostopoulos F, Griva F. Exploring time perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Soc indic res. 2012;106:41-59.
20. Griffin E, Wildbur D. Effects of time-perspective on the well-being, success and mental health of undergraduate students. Working Paper. De Montfort University Leicester; 2013.
21. Griffin E, Wildbur D. The role of balanced time perspective on student well-being and mental health: A mixed-methods study. Ment Health Prev. 2020;18:200181.
22. Carelli MG, Wiberg B, Åström E. Broadening the TP profile: Future negative time perspective. Time perspective theory; Review, research and application: Essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo. 2015:87-97.
23. Van Beek W, Berghuis H, Kerkhof A, Beekman A. Time perspective, personality and psychopathology: Zimbardo’s time perspective inventory in psychiatry. Time & soc. 2011;20(3):364-74.
24. Papastamatelou J, Unger A, Giotakos O, Athanasiadou F. Is time perspective a predictor of anxiety and perceived stress? Some preliminary results from Greece. Psychol Stud. 2015;60:468-77.
25. Anderson DK, Lord C, Risi S, DiLavore PS, Shulman C, Thurm A, Pickles A. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author. The Linguistic and Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2017 Apr;21:175.
26. Marcks BA, Weisberg RB, Dyck I, Keller MB. Longitudinal course of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with anxiety disorders: a 15-year prospective follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(6):670-7.
27. Veale D, Roberts A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Bmj. 2014;348:g2183.
28. Mackillop J, Anderson EJ, Castelda BA, Mattson RE, Donovick PJ. Convergent validity of measures of cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and time perspective with pathological gambling. Psychol Addict Behav. 2006;20(1):75-9.
29. Esfahani M, Kajbaf M, Abedi M. The effect of time perspective therapy on severity of obsession and compulsion symptoms. J Clin Psychol. 2015;6(4):33-40.
30. Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Riddle MA, Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BA, et al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(4):287-93.
31. Yaryura-Tobias JA, Grunes MS, Todaro J, McKay D, Neziroglu FA, Stockman R. Nosological insertion of axis I disorders in the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2000;14(1):19-30.
32. Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle M, Bienvenu OJ, 3rd, Liang KY, LaBuda M, et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(4):358-63.
33. Black DW, Goldstein RB, Noyes R, Jr., Blum N. Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with obsessive-compulsive disorder and co-morbid major depression or generalized anxiety. Psychiatr Genet. 1995;5(1):37-41.
34. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy: past, present, and future. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(2):194-8.
35. Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice. Guilford Press; 2011 Aug 10.
36. Jaswal S, Dewan A. The relationship between locus of control and depression. Journal of personality and clinical studies. 1997;13:25-8.
37. Yu X, Fan G. Direct and indirect relationship between locus of control and depression. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(7):1293-8.
38. Lemarié L, Bellavance F, Chebat JC. Regulatory focus, time perspective, locus of control and sensation seeking as predictors of risky driving behaviors. Accid Anal Prev. 2019;127:19-27.
39. Ost LG. Cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: 40 years of progress. Nord J Psychiatry. 2008;62 Suppl 47:5-10.
40. Otte C. Cognitive behavioral therapy in anxiety disorders: current state of the evidence. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(4):413-21.
41. Edition F. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychological Association, Washington. 1994.
42. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-91.
43. First M, Williams J, Karg R, Spitzer R. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5–Research Version. APA. 2015.
44. Golestaneh SM, Afshin SA, Dehghani Y. The Relationship between the Time Perspective and Achievement Goal, the Academic Procrastination and Academic Achievement of Students in Various Colleges of the University of the Gulf. Soc Cogn. 2016;5(2):52-71.
45. First MB, Williams JB, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. User's guide for the SCID-5-CV Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5® disorders: Clinical version: APPI. 2016.
46. Spinhoven P, Bamelis L, Molendijk M, Haringsma R, Arntz A. Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory in Cluster C personality disorders and the role of depression, worry, and experiential avoidance. J Abnorm Psychol. 2009;118(3):520-30.
47. Sharifi V, Asadi SM, Mohammadi MR, Amini H, Kaviani H, Semnani Y, et al. Reliability and feasibility of the Persian version of the structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Adv Cogn Psychol. 2004;6(1):10-22.
48. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown G. Beck depression inventory–II. Psychol Assess. 1996.
49. Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(4):185-92.
50. Hodgson RJ, Rachman S. Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behav Res Ther. 1977;15(5):389-95.
51. Sternberger LG, Burns GL. Compulsive Activity Checklist and the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory: Psychometric properties of two measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Ther. 1990;21(1):117-27.
52. Sánchez-Meca J, López-Pina JA, López-López JA, Marín-Martínez F, Rosa-Alcázar AI, Gómez-Conesa A. The Maudsley obsessive-compulsive inventory: a reliability generalization meta- analysis. IJPSY. 2011;11(3):473-93.
53. Dadfar M, Bou Aj, Malakouti Sk, Bayan ZS. Prevalence of the obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms.
54. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092-7.
55. Naeinian M, Shaeiri M, Sharif M, Hadian M. To study reliability and validity for a brief measure for assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). CPAP. 2011;9(1):41-50.
56. Omani-Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Ghaheri A, Navid B. Generalized anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in people with infertility: a reliability and validity study. Middle East Fertil Soc J.2018;23(4):446-9.
57. Statistics I. IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Google Search. 2013.
58. Addis DR, Hach S, Tippett LJ. Do strategic processes contribute to the specificity of future simulation in depression? Br J Clin Psychol. 2016;55(2):167-86.
59. Young KD, Bellgowan PS, Bodurka J, Drevets WC. Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of autobiographical memory deficits in patients with depression and individuals at high risk for depression. JAMA psychiatry. 2013;70(7):698-708.
60. Zaleski Z, Sobol-Kwapinska M, Przepiorka A, Meisner M. Development and validation of the Dark Future scale. Time Soc. 2019;28(1):107-23.
61. Akirmak U. How is time perspective related to perceptions of self and of interpersonal relationships? Span J Psychol. 2014;17:E92.
62. Hekmati I, Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Eskin M, Drake CE, Jobson L. The moderating role of experiential avoidance on the relationship between cognitive fusion and psychological distress among Iranian students. Current Psychology. 2021 Mar 2:1-8.
63. Luszczynska A, Gibbons FX, Piko BF, Tekozel M. Self-regulatory cognitions, social comparison, and perceived peers’ behaviors as predictors of nutrition and physical activity: A comparison among adolescents in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and USA. Psychol Health. 2004;19(5):577-93.
64. Ranjbar HA, Abdulcebbar A, Yilmaz E, Kantarci L, Altintas S, Eskin M, et al. Deviation from balanced time perspective and psychological distress: The mediating roles of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance. Curr Psychol. 2022:1-11.
65. Carelli MG, Wiberg B. Time out of mind: temporal perspective in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2012;16(6):460-6.
66. Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Parhoon H, Mohammadkhani S, Munawar K, Moradi A, Jobson L. Investigating cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation in Iranian depressed women with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2021;51(3):586-95.
67. Maxwell SE, Cole DA, Mitchell MA. Bias in Cross-Sectional Analyses of Longitudinal Mediation: Partial and Complete Mediation Under an Autoregressive Model. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46(5):816-41.
68. Abdollahpour Ranjbar H, Hekmati I, Eskin M, Jobson L. Examining the psychometric properties of the behavioral emotion regulation questionnaire-PERSIAN version (BERQ-PV) among Iranians. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(8):6606-17.
69. Hekmati I, Ranjbar HA, HajiSaghati R. Persian adaptation of avoidance and fusion questionnaire for youth (AFQ-Y): A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2020;17:46-54.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i4.13625 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Time Perception Depression Generalized Anxiety Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rezaei Golezani H, Bakhshipour A, Haghighi M, Hekmati I, Abdollahpour Ranjbar H. Exploring Deviation from Time Perspective in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Comparative Analysis in the Clinical Context. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(4):380-387.
