The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion-Focused Therapy on Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression
,
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of self-compassion-focused therapy on cognitive vulnerability to depression as one of the causes of the onset or recurrence of depressive episodes in people who were not depressed at the time of the research but were cognitively susceptible to depression.
Method: The statistical population included all students of Bu-Ali Sina University in 2020. The sample was selected through the available sampling method. First, 52 people were screened, and finally, by random assignment, 20 people were placed in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group. The experimental group underwent compassion-focused therapy for eight 90-minutes-long sessions. The instruments included the Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, the Cognitive Triad Inventory, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the 2ⁿᵈ edition Beck Depression Inventory.
Results: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that self-compassion-focused therapy was effective in terms of cognitive vulnerability to depression (P < 0.01, F = 22.78), dysfunctional attitudes (P < 0.01, F = 15.53), self-esteem (P < 0.01, F = 30.07), general attribution style for negative events (P < 0.01, F = 11.41), stable attribution style for negative events (P < 0.01, F = 14.48) and internal attribution style for negative events (P < 0.01, F = 12.45).
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that self-compassion-focused therapy can reduce cognitive vulnerability to depression. It seems that this has been achieved through the regulation of emotional systems and the increase of mindfulness, which leads to the reduction of safety-seeking behaviors and the modification of cognitive patterns that take place around the axis of the compassionate mind.
1. Garmezy N. Stressors of childhood. In N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, coping, and development in children. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1983. P. 43-84.
2. Ingram RE, Price JM. The role of vulnerability in understanding psychopathology. In R. E. Ingram & J. M. Price (Eds.), Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan. New York: The Guilford Press; 2001. P. 3-19.
3. LeMoult J, Gotlib IH. Depression: A cognitive perspective. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;69:51-66.
4. Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev 1989; 96(2): 358-72.
5. Beck AT. Cognitive models of depression. J Cognit Psychother 1987; 1(1): 5–37.
6. Brown GW, Harris T. Social origins of depression: a reply. Psychol Med. 1978;8(4):577-88.
7. Reilly LC, Ciesla JA, Felton JW, Weitlauf AS, Anderson NL. Cognitive vulnerability to depression: a comparison of the weakest link, keystone and additive models. Cogn Emot. 2012;26(3):521-33.
8. Abela JR, Skitch SA. Dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and hassles: cognitive vulnerability to depression in children of affectively ill parents. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(6):1127-40.
9. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press; 1976.
10. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy. A 30-year retrospective. Am Psychol. 1991;46(4):368-75.
11. Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression: convergence with neurobiological findings. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010;14(9):418-24.
12. Seligman ME, Schulman P, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD. The prevention of depression and anxiety. Prev Treat.1999; 2(1): Article 8a.
13. Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Ident. 2003;2(3):223-50.
14. Neff K. Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self Ident. 2003;2(2):85-101.
15. Barnard LK, Curry JF. Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Rev Gen Psychol. 2011;15(4):289-303.
16. MacBeth A, Gumley A. Exploring compassion: a meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32(6):545-52.
17. Gilbert P. Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2009; 15(3): 199-208.
18. Ashworth F, Gracey F, Gilbert P. Compassion focused therapy after traumatic brain injury: Theoretical foundations and a case illustration. Brain Impair. 2011;12(2):128-39.
19. Saadati N, Rostami M, Darbani SA. Comparing the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on improving self-esteem and post-divorce adaptation in women. Fam Psychol 2017; 3(2): 45-58. (Persian)
20. Nouri HR, Naghavi M. Investigating the Effectiveness of Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) in the Adjustment of Early Maladaptive Schemas in Opiate Addicts under Methadone Maintenance Treatment. etiadpajohi 2018; 11(44): 187-208. (Persian)
21. Khonsari M, Tajeri B, Sardari Pour M, Hatami M, Hossein Zadeh Taghvaee M. The comparison of the effectiveness of group compassion and choice theory training on learned helplessness and self-efficacy in studens. J Psychol Sci 2019; 17(73): 17-27. (Persian)
22. Allen NB, Knight WEJ. Mindfulness, compassion for self, and compassion for others: Implications for understanding the psychopathology and treatment of depression. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. London: Routledge; 2005. P. 239-62.
23. Allen AB, Leary MR. Self‐Compassion, stress, and coping. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2010; 4(2): 107-18.
24. Gale C, Gilbert P, Read N, Goss K. An evaluation of the impact of introducing compassion focused therapy to a standard treatment programme for people with eating disorders. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2014;21(1):1-12.
25. Zhou L, Chen J, Liu X, Lu D, Su L. Negative cognitive style as a mediator between self-compassion and hopelessness depression. Soc Behav Pers. 2013; 41(9): 1511-8.
26. Delavar A. Research Methodology in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: Virayesh Publishing; 2012. (Persian)
27. Peterson C, Semmel A, Von Baeyer C, Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Seligman ME. The attribution style questionnaire. Cognit Ther Res.1982; 6(3): 287-99.
28. Weissman A, Beck, AT. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale paper presented at the annual convention of the association for the advancement of Behavior Therapy. J Res Dev Educ.1978; 4(2): 33-41.
29. Haji Alizadeh K, Bahrainian SA, Naziri Q, Modarres Gharavi M. (). A comparison of dysfunctional attitudes in substance abusers and control group and its psychological outcome. etiadpajohi 2008; 2(7): 67-78. (Persian)
30. Hassan Shahi MM. Dysfunctional Beliefs and Thought-Control Strategies in Patients with Non-Clinical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Adv Cognit Sci 2004; 5(4): 50-6. (Persian)
31. Kaviani H, Javaheri F, Bahiray H. Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Reducing Automatic Thoughts, Dysfunctional Attitude, Depression and Anxiety: A Sixty-Day Follow-Up. Adv Cognit Sci 2005; 7(1): 49-59. (Persian)
32. Burnett S, Wright K. The relationship between connectedness with family and self-esteem in University students. Furman University Press; 2002.
33. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1965.
34. Rusticus SA, Hubley AM, Zumbo BD. Cross-national comparability of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Vancouver, BC, Canada: University of British Columbia. 2004.
35. Rajabi Gh, Buhlul N. Reliability and Validity Measurement of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in New-Year Students of Shahid Chamran University. Educ Psychol Res 2007; 3(2): 33-48. (Persian)
36. Beckham EE, Leber WR, Watkins JT, Boyer JL, Cook JB. Development of an instrument to measure Beck's cognitive triad: the Cognitive Triad Inventory. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54(4):566-7.
37. Wong SS. The Relations of Cognitive Triad, Dysfunctional Attitudes, Automatic Thoughts, and Irrational Beliefs with Test Anxiety. Curr Psychol. 2008;27(3):177-91.
38. Kimiaee SA, Gorjian Mahlabani H. Validating of cognitive triad inventory in students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. J Fund Ment Health 2011; 13(3): 230-241. (Persian)
39. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio.1996; 78(2): 490-98.
40. Fata L, Birshak B, Atefvahid M, Dobson KS. Meaning Assignment Structures/ Schema, Emotional States and Cognitive Processing of Emotional Information: Comparing Two Conceptual Frameworks. Iran J Psychiatr Clin Psychol 2005; 11(3): 312-26. (Persian)
41. İskender M. The influence of self-compassion on academic procrastination and dysfunctional attitudes. Educ Res Rev 2011; 6(2): 230-4.
42. Kirschner H, Kuyken W, Wright K, Roberts H, Brejcha C, Karl A. Soothing Your Heart and Feeling Connected: A New Experimental Paradigm to Study the Benefits of Self-Compassion. Clin Psychol Sci. 2019;7(3):545-65.
43. Zhang R, Xie R, Ding W, Wang X, Song S, Li W. Why is my world so dark? Effects of child physical and emotional abuse on child depression: The mediating role of self-compassion and negative automatic thoughts. Child Abuse Negl. 2022;129:105677.
44. Saheb M, Hassanzade R, Mirzaian B. Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Emotional Regulation Strategies, Dysfunctional Attitudes, and Resilience in Women with Major Depression. Community Health journal.2022; 16 (1): 12-22.
45. Kirschner H, Kuyken W, Karl A. A Biobehavioural Approach to Understand How Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Reduces Dispositional Negative Self-Bias in Recurrent Depression. Mindfulness. 2022;13(4):928-41.
46. Çelikbaş Z, Yalçınkaya-Alkar Ö. The Relationship Between Attachment Styles, Ruminative Response Styles, Dysfunctional Attitudes and Major Depression Diagnosis. J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther.2022; 1-23.
47. Tanaka M, Wekerle C, Schmuck ML, Paglia-Boak A. The linkages among childhood maltreatment, adolescent mental health, and self-compassion in child welfare adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;35(10):887-98.
48. Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press; 2007.
49. Baldwin MW. (ed.) Interpersonal cognition. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
50. Elaine Beaumont CJ, Hollins M. Exploration of a training program for student therapists that employs Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) to develop compassion for self and others. Arts Psychother 2016; 22: 5-13.
51. Baldwin MW, Holmes JG. Salient private audiences and awareness of the self. J Pers Soc Psychol.1987; 52(6): 1087-98.
52. Karl A, Williams MJ, Cardy J, Kuyken W, Crane C. Dispositional self-compassion and responses to mood challenge in people at risk for depressive relapse/recurrence. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2018;25(5):621-33.
53. Muris P, Otgaar H, Meesters C, Heutz A, van den Hombergh M. Self-compassion and adolescents’ positive and negative cognitive reactions to daily life problems. J Child Fam Stud.2019; 28(5): 1433-1444.
54. Goldstein J, Kornfield J. Seeking the heart of wisdom: The path of insight meditation. Boston: Shambhala; 1987.
55. Diedrich A, Grant M, Hofmann SG, Hiller W, Berking M. Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2014; 58:43-51.
56. Lynch TR, Chapman AL, Rosenthal MZ, Kuo JR, Linehan MM. Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: theoretical and empirical observations. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(4):459-80.
57. Thomason S, Moghaddam N. Compassion-focused therapies for self-esteem: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Psychother. 2021;94(3):737-59.
58. Andersen B, Rasmussen PH. Transdiagnostic group therapy for people with self- critic and low self esteem, based on compassion focused therapy principles. Journal of Compassionate Health Care. 2017;4(1):14.
59. Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Allen AB, Hancock J. Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;92(5):887-904.
60. Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(4):615-23.
61. Muris P, Petrocchi N. Protection or Vulnerability? A Meta-Analysis of the Relations Between the Positive and Negative Components of Self-Compassion and Psychopathology. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2017;24(2):373-83.
62. Tickell A, Ball S, Bernard P, Kuyken W, Marx R, Pack S, et al. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services. Mindfulness. 2020;11(2):279-90.
63. Goodman SH, Gotlib IH. Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: a developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychol Rev. 1999;106(3):458-90.
64. Gilbert P. Psychotherapy and counseling for depression (3rd ed.). London: Sage; 2007.
65. Trompetter HR, de Kleine E, Bohlmeijer ET. Why Does Positive Mental Health Buffer Against Psychopathology? An Exploratory Study on Self-Compassion as a Resilience Mechanism and Adaptive Emotion Regulation Strategy. Cognit Ther Res. 2017;41(3):459-68.
2. Ingram RE, Price JM. The role of vulnerability in understanding psychopathology. In R. E. Ingram & J. M. Price (Eds.), Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan. New York: The Guilford Press; 2001. P. 3-19.
3. LeMoult J, Gotlib IH. Depression: A cognitive perspective. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;69:51-66.
4. Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev 1989; 96(2): 358-72.
5. Beck AT. Cognitive models of depression. J Cognit Psychother 1987; 1(1): 5–37.
6. Brown GW, Harris T. Social origins of depression: a reply. Psychol Med. 1978;8(4):577-88.
7. Reilly LC, Ciesla JA, Felton JW, Weitlauf AS, Anderson NL. Cognitive vulnerability to depression: a comparison of the weakest link, keystone and additive models. Cogn Emot. 2012;26(3):521-33.
8. Abela JR, Skitch SA. Dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and hassles: cognitive vulnerability to depression in children of affectively ill parents. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(6):1127-40.
9. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press; 1976.
10. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy. A 30-year retrospective. Am Psychol. 1991;46(4):368-75.
11. Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression: convergence with neurobiological findings. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010;14(9):418-24.
12. Seligman ME, Schulman P, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD. The prevention of depression and anxiety. Prev Treat.1999; 2(1): Article 8a.
13. Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Ident. 2003;2(3):223-50.
14. Neff K. Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self Ident. 2003;2(2):85-101.
15. Barnard LK, Curry JF. Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Rev Gen Psychol. 2011;15(4):289-303.
16. MacBeth A, Gumley A. Exploring compassion: a meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32(6):545-52.
17. Gilbert P. Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2009; 15(3): 199-208.
18. Ashworth F, Gracey F, Gilbert P. Compassion focused therapy after traumatic brain injury: Theoretical foundations and a case illustration. Brain Impair. 2011;12(2):128-39.
19. Saadati N, Rostami M, Darbani SA. Comparing the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on improving self-esteem and post-divorce adaptation in women. Fam Psychol 2017; 3(2): 45-58. (Persian)
20. Nouri HR, Naghavi M. Investigating the Effectiveness of Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) in the Adjustment of Early Maladaptive Schemas in Opiate Addicts under Methadone Maintenance Treatment. etiadpajohi 2018; 11(44): 187-208. (Persian)
21. Khonsari M, Tajeri B, Sardari Pour M, Hatami M, Hossein Zadeh Taghvaee M. The comparison of the effectiveness of group compassion and choice theory training on learned helplessness and self-efficacy in studens. J Psychol Sci 2019; 17(73): 17-27. (Persian)
22. Allen NB, Knight WEJ. Mindfulness, compassion for self, and compassion for others: Implications for understanding the psychopathology and treatment of depression. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. London: Routledge; 2005. P. 239-62.
23. Allen AB, Leary MR. Self‐Compassion, stress, and coping. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2010; 4(2): 107-18.
24. Gale C, Gilbert P, Read N, Goss K. An evaluation of the impact of introducing compassion focused therapy to a standard treatment programme for people with eating disorders. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2014;21(1):1-12.
25. Zhou L, Chen J, Liu X, Lu D, Su L. Negative cognitive style as a mediator between self-compassion and hopelessness depression. Soc Behav Pers. 2013; 41(9): 1511-8.
26. Delavar A. Research Methodology in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: Virayesh Publishing; 2012. (Persian)
27. Peterson C, Semmel A, Von Baeyer C, Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Seligman ME. The attribution style questionnaire. Cognit Ther Res.1982; 6(3): 287-99.
28. Weissman A, Beck, AT. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale paper presented at the annual convention of the association for the advancement of Behavior Therapy. J Res Dev Educ.1978; 4(2): 33-41.
29. Haji Alizadeh K, Bahrainian SA, Naziri Q, Modarres Gharavi M. (). A comparison of dysfunctional attitudes in substance abusers and control group and its psychological outcome. etiadpajohi 2008; 2(7): 67-78. (Persian)
30. Hassan Shahi MM. Dysfunctional Beliefs and Thought-Control Strategies in Patients with Non-Clinical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Adv Cognit Sci 2004; 5(4): 50-6. (Persian)
31. Kaviani H, Javaheri F, Bahiray H. Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Reducing Automatic Thoughts, Dysfunctional Attitude, Depression and Anxiety: A Sixty-Day Follow-Up. Adv Cognit Sci 2005; 7(1): 49-59. (Persian)
32. Burnett S, Wright K. The relationship between connectedness with family and self-esteem in University students. Furman University Press; 2002.
33. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1965.
34. Rusticus SA, Hubley AM, Zumbo BD. Cross-national comparability of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Vancouver, BC, Canada: University of British Columbia. 2004.
35. Rajabi Gh, Buhlul N. Reliability and Validity Measurement of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in New-Year Students of Shahid Chamran University. Educ Psychol Res 2007; 3(2): 33-48. (Persian)
36. Beckham EE, Leber WR, Watkins JT, Boyer JL, Cook JB. Development of an instrument to measure Beck's cognitive triad: the Cognitive Triad Inventory. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54(4):566-7.
37. Wong SS. The Relations of Cognitive Triad, Dysfunctional Attitudes, Automatic Thoughts, and Irrational Beliefs with Test Anxiety. Curr Psychol. 2008;27(3):177-91.
38. Kimiaee SA, Gorjian Mahlabani H. Validating of cognitive triad inventory in students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. J Fund Ment Health 2011; 13(3): 230-241. (Persian)
39. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio.1996; 78(2): 490-98.
40. Fata L, Birshak B, Atefvahid M, Dobson KS. Meaning Assignment Structures/ Schema, Emotional States and Cognitive Processing of Emotional Information: Comparing Two Conceptual Frameworks. Iran J Psychiatr Clin Psychol 2005; 11(3): 312-26. (Persian)
41. İskender M. The influence of self-compassion on academic procrastination and dysfunctional attitudes. Educ Res Rev 2011; 6(2): 230-4.
42. Kirschner H, Kuyken W, Wright K, Roberts H, Brejcha C, Karl A. Soothing Your Heart and Feeling Connected: A New Experimental Paradigm to Study the Benefits of Self-Compassion. Clin Psychol Sci. 2019;7(3):545-65.
43. Zhang R, Xie R, Ding W, Wang X, Song S, Li W. Why is my world so dark? Effects of child physical and emotional abuse on child depression: The mediating role of self-compassion and negative automatic thoughts. Child Abuse Negl. 2022;129:105677.
44. Saheb M, Hassanzade R, Mirzaian B. Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Emotional Regulation Strategies, Dysfunctional Attitudes, and Resilience in Women with Major Depression. Community Health journal.2022; 16 (1): 12-22.
45. Kirschner H, Kuyken W, Karl A. A Biobehavioural Approach to Understand How Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Reduces Dispositional Negative Self-Bias in Recurrent Depression. Mindfulness. 2022;13(4):928-41.
46. Çelikbaş Z, Yalçınkaya-Alkar Ö. The Relationship Between Attachment Styles, Ruminative Response Styles, Dysfunctional Attitudes and Major Depression Diagnosis. J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther.2022; 1-23.
47. Tanaka M, Wekerle C, Schmuck ML, Paglia-Boak A. The linkages among childhood maltreatment, adolescent mental health, and self-compassion in child welfare adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;35(10):887-98.
48. Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press; 2007.
49. Baldwin MW. (ed.) Interpersonal cognition. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
50. Elaine Beaumont CJ, Hollins M. Exploration of a training program for student therapists that employs Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) to develop compassion for self and others. Arts Psychother 2016; 22: 5-13.
51. Baldwin MW, Holmes JG. Salient private audiences and awareness of the self. J Pers Soc Psychol.1987; 52(6): 1087-98.
52. Karl A, Williams MJ, Cardy J, Kuyken W, Crane C. Dispositional self-compassion and responses to mood challenge in people at risk for depressive relapse/recurrence. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2018;25(5):621-33.
53. Muris P, Otgaar H, Meesters C, Heutz A, van den Hombergh M. Self-compassion and adolescents’ positive and negative cognitive reactions to daily life problems. J Child Fam Stud.2019; 28(5): 1433-1444.
54. Goldstein J, Kornfield J. Seeking the heart of wisdom: The path of insight meditation. Boston: Shambhala; 1987.
55. Diedrich A, Grant M, Hofmann SG, Hiller W, Berking M. Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2014; 58:43-51.
56. Lynch TR, Chapman AL, Rosenthal MZ, Kuo JR, Linehan MM. Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: theoretical and empirical observations. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(4):459-80.
57. Thomason S, Moghaddam N. Compassion-focused therapies for self-esteem: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Psychother. 2021;94(3):737-59.
58. Andersen B, Rasmussen PH. Transdiagnostic group therapy for people with self- critic and low self esteem, based on compassion focused therapy principles. Journal of Compassionate Health Care. 2017;4(1):14.
59. Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Allen AB, Hancock J. Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;92(5):887-904.
60. Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(4):615-23.
61. Muris P, Petrocchi N. Protection or Vulnerability? A Meta-Analysis of the Relations Between the Positive and Negative Components of Self-Compassion and Psychopathology. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2017;24(2):373-83.
62. Tickell A, Ball S, Bernard P, Kuyken W, Marx R, Pack S, et al. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services. Mindfulness. 2020;11(2):279-90.
63. Goodman SH, Gotlib IH. Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: a developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychol Rev. 1999;106(3):458-90.
64. Gilbert P. Psychotherapy and counseling for depression (3rd ed.). London: Sage; 2007.
65. Trompetter HR, de Kleine E, Bohlmeijer ET. Why Does Positive Mental Health Buffer Against Psychopathology? An Exploratory Study on Self-Compassion as a Resilience Mechanism and Adaptive Emotion Regulation Strategy. Cognit Ther Res. 2017;41(3):459-68.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i2.12364 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Attitude Depression Dysfunctional Self-Compassion Therapy Vulnerability | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Farhadi M, Rahimi H, Zoghi Paydar MR, Yarmohamadi Vasel M. The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion-Focused Therapy on Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(2):134-144.
