Burnout among Military Personnel: A systematic Review
,
Abstract
Objective: Burnout is a psychological symptom characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Several systematic reviews have examined the prevalence of burnout in some communities, including the communities of physicians, nurses, students, and teachers. Risk factors, consequences of burnout, and related interventions have also been evaluated in several systematic review studies. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, consequences, and interventions associated with burnout among military personnel in all types of studies.
Method: Studies that quantitatively examined burnout in military personnel after 2000 were identified through systematic searches in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Embase, PsychInfo, and PsycArticles databases.
Results: A total of 43 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Of these, 34 were cross-sectional, 7 were longitudinal, 1 was case-control and 1 was experimental. Half of the studies had more than 350 samples. The studies were from 17 different countries, among which the United States had the largest number with 17 studies. 33 studies were measured with one version of Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Totally, only 10 studies reported a prevalence of burnout and/or its subscales. The prevalence of high emotional exhaustion ranged from 0% to 49.7% (median 19%), the prevalence of high depersonalization ranged from 0% to 59.6% (median 14%) and the prevalence of low personal accomplishment ranged from 0% to 60% (median 6.4%). In this systematic review, work environment factors (such as workload, shift work), psychological factors (anxiety, depression, stress), and duration and quality of sleep were shown as risk factors of burnout or its subscales. Also, psychological distress was observed as the consequence of burnout in more than one study.
Conclusion: The studies investigated in this systematic review showed a relatively moderate prevalence of burnout. In fact, burnout was associated with work environment factors and psychological variables.
1. Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-11. doi:10.1002/wps.20311
2. Ritzer G, Stepnisky J. Contemporary sociological theory and its classical roots: The basics. Sage Publications; 2017.
3. Mirab-Zadeh A, Irani S, Sami'ei M, Feiz-Zadeh G. Burnout and it's effective factors among the personnel of Razi psychiatric hospital. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2007;8:64-70.
4. Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior. 1981;2(2):99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205
5. Maslach C, Jackson S, Leiter M. Maslach burnout inventory manual. Consulting Palo Alto. CA: Psychologists Press Inc; 1996.
6. Ding Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Zhang T, Qiu X, He X, et al. The Mediating Role of Coping Style in the Relationship between Psychological Capital and Burnout among Chinese Nurses. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122128.
7. Salvagioni DAJ, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL, Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0185781.
8. Bria M, Baban A, Dumitrascu DL. Systematic review of burnout risk factors among European healthcare professionals. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2012;16(3):423-52.
9. Shin H, Park YM, Ying JY, Kim B, Noh H, Lee SM. Relationships between coping strategies and burnout symptoms: A meta-analytic approach. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2014;45(1):44. doi:10.1037/a0035220
10. De la Fuente-Solana EI, Suleiman-Martos N, Pradas-Hernández L, Gomez-Urquiza JL, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA, Albendín-García L. Prevalence, Related Factors, and Levels of Burnout Syndrome Among Nurses Working in Gynecology and Obstetrics Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(14).
11. Koutsimani P, Montgomery A, Georganta K. The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:284. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284
12. Ahola K, Toppinen-Tanner S, Seppänen J. Interventions to alleviate burnout symptoms and to support return to work among employees with burnout: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Burn Res. 2017;4:1-11.
13. Aryankhesal A, Mohammadibakhsh R, Hamidi Y, Alidoost S, Behzadifar M, Sohrabi R, et al. Interventions on reducing burnout in physicians and nurses: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:77.
14. Pradas-Hernández L, Ariza T, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Albendín-García L, De la Fuente EI, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA. Prevalence of burnout in paediatric nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195039.
15. Rotenstein LS, Torre M, Ramos MA, Rosales RC, Guille C, Sen S, et al. Prevalence of Burnout Among Physicians: A Systematic Review. Jama. 2018;320(11):1131-50.
16. Chemali Z, Ezzeddine FL, Gelaye B, Dossett ML, Salameh J, Bizri M, et al. Burnout among healthcare providers in the complex environment of the Middle East: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1337.
17. Dubale BW, Friedman LE, Chemali Z, Denninger JW, Mehta DH, Alem A, et al. Systematic review of burnout among healthcare providers in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1247.
18. García-Carmona M, Marín MD, Aguayo R. Burnout syndrome in secondary school teachers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychol Educ. 2019;22(1):189-208.
19. Ishak W, Nikravesh R, Lederer S, Perry R, Ogunyemi D, Bernstein C. Burnout in medical students: a systematic review. Clin Teach. 2013;10(4):242-5.
20. Frajerman A, Morvan Y, Krebs MO, Gorwood P, Chaumette B. Burnout in medical students before residency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;55:36-42.
21. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
22. Morgan CA, 3rd, Cho T, Hazlett G, Coric V, Morgan J. The impact of burnout on human physiology and on operational performance: a prospective study of soldiers enrolled in the combat diver qualification course. Yale J Biol Med. 2002;75(4):199-205.
23. Shirom A, Ezrachi Y. On the discriminant validity of burnout, depression and anxiety: A re-examination of the burnout measure. Anxiety, stress & coping. 2003 Mar 1;16(1):83-97.
24. Bakker AB, Westman M, Schaufeli WB. Crossover of burnout: An experimental design. Eur J Work Organ Psychol.2007;16(2):220-39.
25. Cole MS, Bedeian AG. Leadership consensus as a cross-level contextual moderator of the emotional exhaustion–work commitment relationship. Leadersh Q. 2007;18(5):447-62.
26. Moran DS, Israeli E, Evans RK, Yanovich R, Constantini N, Shabshin N, et al. Prediction model for stress fracture in young female recruits during basic training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(11 Suppl):S636-44.
27. Tvaryanas AP, MacPherson GD. Fatigue in pilots of remotely piloted aircraft before and after shift work adjustment. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2009;80(5):454-61.
28. Vinokur AD, Pierce PF, Lewandowski‐Romps L. Disentangling the relationships between job burnout and perceived health in a military sample. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. 2009;25(4):355-63. doi:10.1002/smi.1264
29. Chambel MJ, Oliveira-Cruz F. Breach of psychological contract and the development of burnout and engagement: A longitudinal study among soldiers on a peacekeeping mission. Military psychology. 2010;22(2):110-27. doi:10.1080/08995601003638934
30. Van Boxmeer LE, Verwijs C, Euwema M, Dalenberg LS. Assessing morale and psychological distress during modern military operations: Providing military leaders with a tool to help them manage the demands of operational life [Conference presentation]. In The International Military Testing Association (IMTA) Annual Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland 2010.
31. Chang K, Taormina RJ. Reduced secondary trauma among Chinese earthquake rescuers: A test of correlates and life indicators. J Loss Trauma. 2011;16(6):542-62.
32. Chappelle W, Salinas A, McDonald K. Psychological health screening of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) operators and supporting units. SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH; 2011 Apr 1.
33. Morgan III CA, Russell B, McNeil J, Maxwell J, Snyder PJ, Southwick SM, et al. Baseline burnout symptoms predict visuospatial executive function during survival school training in special operations military personnel. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011;17(3):494.
34. Ouma JA, Chappelle WL, Salinas A. Facets of occupational burnout among US Air Force active duty and National Guard/reserve MQ-1 predator and MQ-9 reaper operators. School of Aerospace Medicine Wright Patterson AFB OH; 2011 Jun 1.
35. Vinokur AD, Pierce PF, Lewandowski-Romps L, Hobfoll SE, Galea S. Effects of war exposure on air force personnel's mental health, job burnout and other organizational related outcomes. J Occup Health Psychol. 2011;16(1):3-17.
36. Mohammad AA. Resilience, burnout, and role stress among military personnel. Middle East current psychiatry. 2012 Apr 1;19(2):123-9.
37. Prince L, Chappelle W, McDonald K, Goodman T. Main sources of occupational stress and symptoms of burnout, clinical distress, and post-traumatic stress among distributed common ground system intelligence exploitation operators (2011 USAFSAM survey results). AIR FORCE AEROSPACE MEDICAL RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH; 2012 Sep 1.
38. Serec M, Bajec B, Petek D, Švab I, Selič P. A structural model of burnout syndrome, coping behavior and personality traits in professional soldiers of the Slovene armed forces. TEST-ZV. 2012;81(4):326-36.
39. Lo Bue S, Taverniers J, Mylle J, Euwema M. Hardiness promotes work engagement, prevents burnout, and moderates their relationship. Mil Psychol . 2013;25(2):105-15.
40. Chappelle W, McDonald K, Christensen J, Prince L, Goodman T, Thompson W, Hayes W. Sources of occupational stress and prevalence of burnout and clinical distress among US Air Force Cyber Warfare Operators. SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH; 2013 Jan 1.
41. Salimi SH, Azad Marzaabadi E, Abedi M. Mental health and its relationship with job burnout and life satisfaction in staff at a military university. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine Vol. 2013;14(4):289-94.
42. Chappelle W, McDonald K, Prince L, Goodman T, Ray-Sannerud BN, Thompson W. Assessment of occupational burnout in United States Air Force predator/reaper “drone” operators. Mil Psychol. 2014;26(5-6):376-85.
43. Ojedokun O, Idemudia ES. Burnout among paramilitary personnel in Nigeria: A perspective from conservation of resources theory. S Afr J Psychol. 2014;44(1):106-17.
44. Smith HA, Stephenson JA, Morrow CE, Haskell JS, Staal M, Bryan AO, et al. Factors associated with burnout among active duty versus National Guard/Reserve US Air Force pararescuemen. Mil Behav Health. 2015;3(1):5-13.
45. Chambel MJ, Castanheira F, Oliveira-Cruz F, Lopes S. Work context support and Portuguese soldiers’ well-being: The mediating role of autonomous motivation. Mil Psychol. 2015;27(5):297-310.
46. Matthew G, Meek D, Gibbs T, Sawford H, Wessely S, Greenberg N. What are the psychological effects of delivering and receiving "high-risk" survival resistance training? Mil Med. 2015;180(2):168-77.
47. Taghva A, Imani M, Kazemi MR, Shiralinia K. The role of burnout and depression in self-destructive behaviour of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army personnel. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 2015;2:41-7.
48. Tao N, Zhang J, Song Z, Tang J, Liu J. Relationship Between Job Burnout and Neuroendocrine Indicators in Soldiers in the Xinjiang Arid Desert: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(12):15154-61.
49. Zheng D, Witt L, Waite E, David EM, van Driel M, McDonald DP, et al. Effects of ethical leadership on emotional exhaustion in high moral intensity situations. The Leadership Quarterly. 2015;26(5):732-48. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.01.006
50. Delahaij R, Kamphuis W, van den Berg CE. Keeping engaged during deployment: The interplay between self-efficacy, family support, and threat exposure. Military Psychology. 2016;28(2):78-88. doi:10.1037/mil0000098
51. Villar A, Pereira LD. Auditory skills of figure-ground and closure in air traffic controllers. Codas. 2017;29(6):e20160201.
52. Alessandri G, Perinelli E, De Longis E, Schaufeli WB, Theodorou A, Borgogni L, et al. Job burnout: The contribution of emotional stability and emotional self‐efficacy beliefs. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2018;91(4):823-51.
53. Bryan CJ, Goodman T, Chappelle W, Prince L, Thompson W. Subtypes of severe psychological distress among US Air Force remote warriors: A latent class analysis. Military Psychology. 2018 Sep 3;30(5):437-48.
54. Carvalho VS, Chambel MJ. Work–family conflict and enrichment mediates the relationship between job characteristics and well-being at work with Portuguese marine corps. Armed Forces & Society. 2018 Apr;44(2):301-21.
55. Goodman T, Prince L, Chappelle W, Bryan C. A reassessment of risk factors and frequency of suicide ideation among US air force remote warriors. USAFSAM/FHO; 2018 Jan 30.
56. Ivey GW, Blanc JR, Michaud K, Dobreva‐Martinova T. A measure and model of psychological health and safety in the workplace that reflects Canada's national standard. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue canadienne des sciences de l'administration. 2018 Dec;35(4):509-22.
57. Topa G, Jurado-Del Pozo JF. Emotional Exhaustion and Health Complaints as Indicators of Occupational Diseases Among Civil Servants in Spain. J Clin Med. 2018;7(12).
58. Chappelle WL, Prince LR, Goodman TM. Sources of Stress and Psychological Health Outcomes Among U.S. Air Force Total Force Distributed Common Ground System Operators. Mil Med. 2019;184(Suppl 1):451-60.
59. Dobbs JM, Do JJ. The impact of perceived toxic leadership on cynicism in officer candidates. Armed Forces Soc. 2019;45(1):3-26.
60. Merlini KP, Bupp CP, Merlini PG, Garza MM. Linking inclusion to intent to leave through burnout in a military context. Mil Psychol. 2019;31(6):490-8.
61. Sipos ML, Lopez AA, Nyland J, Taylor MR, McDonald J, LoPresti ML, et al. U.S. Soldiers and Foreign Language School: Stressors and Health. Mil Med. 2019;184(7-8):e344-e52.
62. Vojvodić AR, Dedić G, Đukić-Dejanović S. Defense mechanisms and quality of life in military personnel with a burnout syndrome. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2019;76(3):298-306.
63. Ndongo JM, Lélé CB, Manga LO, Ngalagou PM, Ayina CA, Tanga ML, et al. Epidemiology of burnout syndrome in four occupational sectors in Cameroon-impact of the practice of physical activities and sport. AIMS Public Health. 2020;7(2):319-35.
64. Vojvodic AR, Dedic G. Correlation between burnout syndrome and anxiety in military personnel. Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2018;21(1):59-65.
65. Alarcon G, Eschleman KJ, Bowling NA. Relationships between personality variables and burnout: A meta-analysis. Work & stress. 2009 Jul 1;23(3):244-63.
2. Ritzer G, Stepnisky J. Contemporary sociological theory and its classical roots: The basics. Sage Publications; 2017.
3. Mirab-Zadeh A, Irani S, Sami'ei M, Feiz-Zadeh G. Burnout and it's effective factors among the personnel of Razi psychiatric hospital. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2007;8:64-70.
4. Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior. 1981;2(2):99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205
5. Maslach C, Jackson S, Leiter M. Maslach burnout inventory manual. Consulting Palo Alto. CA: Psychologists Press Inc; 1996.
6. Ding Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Zhang T, Qiu X, He X, et al. The Mediating Role of Coping Style in the Relationship between Psychological Capital and Burnout among Chinese Nurses. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122128.
7. Salvagioni DAJ, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL, Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0185781.
8. Bria M, Baban A, Dumitrascu DL. Systematic review of burnout risk factors among European healthcare professionals. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2012;16(3):423-52.
9. Shin H, Park YM, Ying JY, Kim B, Noh H, Lee SM. Relationships between coping strategies and burnout symptoms: A meta-analytic approach. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2014;45(1):44. doi:10.1037/a0035220
10. De la Fuente-Solana EI, Suleiman-Martos N, Pradas-Hernández L, Gomez-Urquiza JL, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA, Albendín-García L. Prevalence, Related Factors, and Levels of Burnout Syndrome Among Nurses Working in Gynecology and Obstetrics Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(14).
11. Koutsimani P, Montgomery A, Georganta K. The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:284. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284
12. Ahola K, Toppinen-Tanner S, Seppänen J. Interventions to alleviate burnout symptoms and to support return to work among employees with burnout: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Burn Res. 2017;4:1-11.
13. Aryankhesal A, Mohammadibakhsh R, Hamidi Y, Alidoost S, Behzadifar M, Sohrabi R, et al. Interventions on reducing burnout in physicians and nurses: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:77.
14. Pradas-Hernández L, Ariza T, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Albendín-García L, De la Fuente EI, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA. Prevalence of burnout in paediatric nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195039.
15. Rotenstein LS, Torre M, Ramos MA, Rosales RC, Guille C, Sen S, et al. Prevalence of Burnout Among Physicians: A Systematic Review. Jama. 2018;320(11):1131-50.
16. Chemali Z, Ezzeddine FL, Gelaye B, Dossett ML, Salameh J, Bizri M, et al. Burnout among healthcare providers in the complex environment of the Middle East: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1337.
17. Dubale BW, Friedman LE, Chemali Z, Denninger JW, Mehta DH, Alem A, et al. Systematic review of burnout among healthcare providers in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1247.
18. García-Carmona M, Marín MD, Aguayo R. Burnout syndrome in secondary school teachers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychol Educ. 2019;22(1):189-208.
19. Ishak W, Nikravesh R, Lederer S, Perry R, Ogunyemi D, Bernstein C. Burnout in medical students: a systematic review. Clin Teach. 2013;10(4):242-5.
20. Frajerman A, Morvan Y, Krebs MO, Gorwood P, Chaumette B. Burnout in medical students before residency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;55:36-42.
21. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
22. Morgan CA, 3rd, Cho T, Hazlett G, Coric V, Morgan J. The impact of burnout on human physiology and on operational performance: a prospective study of soldiers enrolled in the combat diver qualification course. Yale J Biol Med. 2002;75(4):199-205.
23. Shirom A, Ezrachi Y. On the discriminant validity of burnout, depression and anxiety: A re-examination of the burnout measure. Anxiety, stress & coping. 2003 Mar 1;16(1):83-97.
24. Bakker AB, Westman M, Schaufeli WB. Crossover of burnout: An experimental design. Eur J Work Organ Psychol.2007;16(2):220-39.
25. Cole MS, Bedeian AG. Leadership consensus as a cross-level contextual moderator of the emotional exhaustion–work commitment relationship. Leadersh Q. 2007;18(5):447-62.
26. Moran DS, Israeli E, Evans RK, Yanovich R, Constantini N, Shabshin N, et al. Prediction model for stress fracture in young female recruits during basic training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(11 Suppl):S636-44.
27. Tvaryanas AP, MacPherson GD. Fatigue in pilots of remotely piloted aircraft before and after shift work adjustment. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2009;80(5):454-61.
28. Vinokur AD, Pierce PF, Lewandowski‐Romps L. Disentangling the relationships between job burnout and perceived health in a military sample. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. 2009;25(4):355-63. doi:10.1002/smi.1264
29. Chambel MJ, Oliveira-Cruz F. Breach of psychological contract and the development of burnout and engagement: A longitudinal study among soldiers on a peacekeeping mission. Military psychology. 2010;22(2):110-27. doi:10.1080/08995601003638934
30. Van Boxmeer LE, Verwijs C, Euwema M, Dalenberg LS. Assessing morale and psychological distress during modern military operations: Providing military leaders with a tool to help them manage the demands of operational life [Conference presentation]. In The International Military Testing Association (IMTA) Annual Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland 2010.
31. Chang K, Taormina RJ. Reduced secondary trauma among Chinese earthquake rescuers: A test of correlates and life indicators. J Loss Trauma. 2011;16(6):542-62.
32. Chappelle W, Salinas A, McDonald K. Psychological health screening of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) operators and supporting units. SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH; 2011 Apr 1.
33. Morgan III CA, Russell B, McNeil J, Maxwell J, Snyder PJ, Southwick SM, et al. Baseline burnout symptoms predict visuospatial executive function during survival school training in special operations military personnel. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011;17(3):494.
34. Ouma JA, Chappelle WL, Salinas A. Facets of occupational burnout among US Air Force active duty and National Guard/reserve MQ-1 predator and MQ-9 reaper operators. School of Aerospace Medicine Wright Patterson AFB OH; 2011 Jun 1.
35. Vinokur AD, Pierce PF, Lewandowski-Romps L, Hobfoll SE, Galea S. Effects of war exposure on air force personnel's mental health, job burnout and other organizational related outcomes. J Occup Health Psychol. 2011;16(1):3-17.
36. Mohammad AA. Resilience, burnout, and role stress among military personnel. Middle East current psychiatry. 2012 Apr 1;19(2):123-9.
37. Prince L, Chappelle W, McDonald K, Goodman T. Main sources of occupational stress and symptoms of burnout, clinical distress, and post-traumatic stress among distributed common ground system intelligence exploitation operators (2011 USAFSAM survey results). AIR FORCE AEROSPACE MEDICAL RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH; 2012 Sep 1.
38. Serec M, Bajec B, Petek D, Švab I, Selič P. A structural model of burnout syndrome, coping behavior and personality traits in professional soldiers of the Slovene armed forces. TEST-ZV. 2012;81(4):326-36.
39. Lo Bue S, Taverniers J, Mylle J, Euwema M. Hardiness promotes work engagement, prevents burnout, and moderates their relationship. Mil Psychol . 2013;25(2):105-15.
40. Chappelle W, McDonald K, Christensen J, Prince L, Goodman T, Thompson W, Hayes W. Sources of occupational stress and prevalence of burnout and clinical distress among US Air Force Cyber Warfare Operators. SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH; 2013 Jan 1.
41. Salimi SH, Azad Marzaabadi E, Abedi M. Mental health and its relationship with job burnout and life satisfaction in staff at a military university. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine Vol. 2013;14(4):289-94.
42. Chappelle W, McDonald K, Prince L, Goodman T, Ray-Sannerud BN, Thompson W. Assessment of occupational burnout in United States Air Force predator/reaper “drone” operators. Mil Psychol. 2014;26(5-6):376-85.
43. Ojedokun O, Idemudia ES. Burnout among paramilitary personnel in Nigeria: A perspective from conservation of resources theory. S Afr J Psychol. 2014;44(1):106-17.
44. Smith HA, Stephenson JA, Morrow CE, Haskell JS, Staal M, Bryan AO, et al. Factors associated with burnout among active duty versus National Guard/Reserve US Air Force pararescuemen. Mil Behav Health. 2015;3(1):5-13.
45. Chambel MJ, Castanheira F, Oliveira-Cruz F, Lopes S. Work context support and Portuguese soldiers’ well-being: The mediating role of autonomous motivation. Mil Psychol. 2015;27(5):297-310.
46. Matthew G, Meek D, Gibbs T, Sawford H, Wessely S, Greenberg N. What are the psychological effects of delivering and receiving "high-risk" survival resistance training? Mil Med. 2015;180(2):168-77.
47. Taghva A, Imani M, Kazemi MR, Shiralinia K. The role of burnout and depression in self-destructive behaviour of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army personnel. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 2015;2:41-7.
48. Tao N, Zhang J, Song Z, Tang J, Liu J. Relationship Between Job Burnout and Neuroendocrine Indicators in Soldiers in the Xinjiang Arid Desert: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(12):15154-61.
49. Zheng D, Witt L, Waite E, David EM, van Driel M, McDonald DP, et al. Effects of ethical leadership on emotional exhaustion in high moral intensity situations. The Leadership Quarterly. 2015;26(5):732-48. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.01.006
50. Delahaij R, Kamphuis W, van den Berg CE. Keeping engaged during deployment: The interplay between self-efficacy, family support, and threat exposure. Military Psychology. 2016;28(2):78-88. doi:10.1037/mil0000098
51. Villar A, Pereira LD. Auditory skills of figure-ground and closure in air traffic controllers. Codas. 2017;29(6):e20160201.
52. Alessandri G, Perinelli E, De Longis E, Schaufeli WB, Theodorou A, Borgogni L, et al. Job burnout: The contribution of emotional stability and emotional self‐efficacy beliefs. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2018;91(4):823-51.
53. Bryan CJ, Goodman T, Chappelle W, Prince L, Thompson W. Subtypes of severe psychological distress among US Air Force remote warriors: A latent class analysis. Military Psychology. 2018 Sep 3;30(5):437-48.
54. Carvalho VS, Chambel MJ. Work–family conflict and enrichment mediates the relationship between job characteristics and well-being at work with Portuguese marine corps. Armed Forces & Society. 2018 Apr;44(2):301-21.
55. Goodman T, Prince L, Chappelle W, Bryan C. A reassessment of risk factors and frequency of suicide ideation among US air force remote warriors. USAFSAM/FHO; 2018 Jan 30.
56. Ivey GW, Blanc JR, Michaud K, Dobreva‐Martinova T. A measure and model of psychological health and safety in the workplace that reflects Canada's national standard. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue canadienne des sciences de l'administration. 2018 Dec;35(4):509-22.
57. Topa G, Jurado-Del Pozo JF. Emotional Exhaustion and Health Complaints as Indicators of Occupational Diseases Among Civil Servants in Spain. J Clin Med. 2018;7(12).
58. Chappelle WL, Prince LR, Goodman TM. Sources of Stress and Psychological Health Outcomes Among U.S. Air Force Total Force Distributed Common Ground System Operators. Mil Med. 2019;184(Suppl 1):451-60.
59. Dobbs JM, Do JJ. The impact of perceived toxic leadership on cynicism in officer candidates. Armed Forces Soc. 2019;45(1):3-26.
60. Merlini KP, Bupp CP, Merlini PG, Garza MM. Linking inclusion to intent to leave through burnout in a military context. Mil Psychol. 2019;31(6):490-8.
61. Sipos ML, Lopez AA, Nyland J, Taylor MR, McDonald J, LoPresti ML, et al. U.S. Soldiers and Foreign Language School: Stressors and Health. Mil Med. 2019;184(7-8):e344-e52.
62. Vojvodić AR, Dedić G, Đukić-Dejanović S. Defense mechanisms and quality of life in military personnel with a burnout syndrome. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2019;76(3):298-306.
63. Ndongo JM, Lélé CB, Manga LO, Ngalagou PM, Ayina CA, Tanga ML, et al. Epidemiology of burnout syndrome in four occupational sectors in Cameroon-impact of the practice of physical activities and sport. AIMS Public Health. 2020;7(2):319-35.
64. Vojvodic AR, Dedic G. Correlation between burnout syndrome and anxiety in military personnel. Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2018;21(1):59-65.
65. Alarcon G, Eschleman KJ, Bowling NA. Relationships between personality variables and burnout: A meta-analysis. Work & stress. 2009 Jul 1;23(3):244-63.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i2.12371 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Burnout Military Personnel Systematic Review | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Hosseini SM, Hesam S, Hosseini SA. Burnout among Military Personnel: A systematic Review. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(2):213-236.
