The Relationship between the Severity of the COVID-19 Disease, Temperament and Psychological Factors
-
Ahmad Afzali
,
Hedayat Sahraei
,
Boshra Hatef
,
Gholam Hossein Meftahi
,
Shima Shayad
,
Gila Pirzad Jahromi
Abstract
Objective: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic negatively affects public mental health around the world. Individuals’ reactions to COVID-19 vary depending on their temperament, individual differences, and personality traits. Therefore, the current study is conducted to assess the association of demographical features, Persian temperament, and psychological characteristics with the severity of COVID-19.
Method: An online survey was sent to COVID-19 patients to collect their demographic information, COVID-19 symptoms, and clinical data. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DAAS-21) questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Spiel Berger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) , Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI), and Persian general and brain temperament Questionnaire were also completed by 258 participants (127 men and 131 women) 45 days after recovery from COVID-19. Non-parametric analysis was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Results showed the significant relationship of demographic factors such as weight, age and gender with the severity of the COVID-19 (P < 0.05). Mean scores of brain temperament (warm/cold) in the severe group were significantly lower than the moderate and mild groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the dry/wet temperament of the brain in the severe and moderate groups compared to the mild group (P < 0.05). The results of DASS-21 showed a significantly higher anxiety in patients with severe COVID-19 compared with moderate and mild groups (P < 0.05). The severe group was found to be significantly different compared to moderate group in the results of BDI-II (P < 0.05). The result of STAI (state and trait) showed a significant difference between the severe group and the mild and moderate groups. The score of PSQI between the moderate and mild groups was significant (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: These results indicate the relationship between demographic factors such as weight, age and gender, brain temperament, as well as some psychological factors such as sleep quality and anxiety with the severity of the COVID-19 disease.
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17. Flowchart of diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 disease at the levels of outpatient and inpatient services, along with the triage guide for pregnant mothers with COVID-19 disease: Deputy Minister of Medicine of the Ministry of Health, TMEOI. 2020; 7;32-39.
18. Samani S, Joukar B. A Study on the reliability and validity of the short form of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21). JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY. 2007;26(3); 52-60.
19. Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Korotitsch W, Barlow DH. Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(1):79-89.
20. Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory--Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(4):185-92.
21. Dozois DJ, Dobson KS, Ahnberg JL. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II. Psychol Assess. 1998;10(2):83-90.
22. Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory--Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(4):185-92.
23. Khanpour H, Mohammadkhani P. Thought control strategies of pathological worry in non-clinical sample. IJBS. 2011;5(2);1;16-20.
24. Spielberger CD, Gonzalez-Reigosa F, Martinez-Urrutia A, Natalicio LFS, Natalicio DS. The state-trait anxiety inventory. RIP/JIP. 1971;5(3 & 4).
25. Amir Rezaei A, Ali T, Mahdieh Borhani M, Raheleh N, Sarah S, Soosan S, et al. Assessment the rules of demographic variables and body mass index in sleep quality among medical students. 2012;132-139.
26. Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar Ö. The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 1996;7(2):107-15.
27. Nasiri E, Ganjipour A, Nasiri R, Bathaei SA. Correlation between Mizaj and Frequency of Clinical Signs in Patients with COVID-19. JMUMS. 2022 Jul 10;32(210):88-99.
28. Cai Q, Chen F, Wang T, Luo F, Liu X, Wu Q, He Q, Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu L, Chen J. Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in Shenzhen, China. Diabetes care. 2020 Jul 1;43(7):1392-8.
29. Kalligeros M, Shehadeh F, Mylona EK, Benitez G, Beckwith CG, Chan PA, et al. Association of Obesity with Disease Severity Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(7):1200-4.
30. Kass DA, Duggal P, Cingolani O. Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1544-5.
31. Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Imai N, Cuomo-Dannenburg G, Thompson H, Walker PG, Fu H, Dighe A. Estimates of the severity of COVID-19 disease. MedRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
32. Mukherjee S, Pahan K. Is COVID-19 Gender-sensitive J Neuroimmune Pharmacology. JNPH. 2021;16(1):38-47.
33. Barek MA, Aziz MA, Islam MS. Impact of age, sex, comorbidities and clinical symptoms on the severity of COVID-19 cases: A meta-analysis with 55 studies and 10014 cases. Heliyon. 2020;6(12):48-56.
34. Akhtari M, Moeini R, Mojahedi M, Gorji N. Assessment the studies on the concept of Mizaj (temperament) in Persian Medicine. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(3);24-30.
35. Ilkhani R, Aghanouri Z, Mojahedi M, Montazeri A, Siavash M, Tabatabaei F. Comparing Mizaj (temperament) in type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy controls: A case-control study. J Res Med Sci. 2019;24(1):58-65.
36. Nasiri R, Raoufi S, Doost Parast Torshizi G, Hadian Jazi S, Torkan A, Nilipour MR, et al. Association between Temperament Pattern and Hypertension in Adult Population: A Case-Control Study. CJM. 2022;3(1):7-10.
37. Rasheed MAA, Farooque MMJ, Acharya HS, Quadri MSA. Mathematical modelling of the relationship between two different temperament classifications: during the COVID-19 pandemic. ESJ. 2021;5(1):67-76.
38. Monfared M, Eftekhari M, Enayati A, Sabeti M, Amini MH. COVID-19 disease management from the perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine. JIITM. 2020;11(1):11-22.
39. Khademi M, Vaziri-Harami R, Shams J. Prevalence of Mental Health Problems and Its Associated Factors Among Recovered COVID-19 Patients During the Pandemic: A Single-Center Study. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12(6);22-44.
40. Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti S, Vai B, Bollettini I, et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:594-600.
41. Goldstein CA, Rizvydeen M, Conroy DA, O'Brien LM, Gupta G, Somers EC, et al. The prevalence and impact of pre-existing sleep disorder diagnoses and objective sleep parameters in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(5):1039-50.
2. Gulati G, Dunne CP, Kelly BD. Prisons and the COVID-19 pandemic. Ir J Psychol Med. 2021;38(3):232-3.
3. Russell TW, Hellewell J, Abbott S, Golding N, Gibbs H, Jarvis C, et al. Using a delay-adjusted case fatality ratio to estimate under-reporting. CMMID. 2020:15(1):1-6.
4. Das D, Chowdhury S, Khamaru S, Canda A, Ghosh K. Investigation of self-organized criticality in daily new confirmed cases of COVID-19 in some major affected Indian states. Bull Cal Math Soc. 2021;113(1):31-52.
5. Wang C, Wang Z, Wang G, Lau JY-N, Zhang K, Li W. COVID-19 in early 2021: current status and looking forward. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):1-14.
6. Bernabe-Valero G, Melero-Fuentes D, De Lima A, II, Gerbino M. Individual Differences Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Age, Gender, Personality, and Positive Psychology. Front Psychol. 2021; 12:644286.
7. Wang HY, Li XL, Yan ZR, Sun XP, Han J, Zhang BW. Potential neurological symptoms of COVID-19. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2020; 13:1756-830.
8. Guerrini CJ, Schneider SC, Guzick AG, Amos Nwankwo GN, Canfield I, Fedson S, et al. Psychological distress among the US general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021; 12:810.
9. Slama H, El Kefi H, Taamallah K, Stambouli N, Baffoun A, Samoud W, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses, Stress Factors, and Coping Behaviors in Military Health-Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Tunisia. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12:622830.
10. Norhayati MN, Che Yusof R, Azman MY. Prevalence of Psychological Impacts on Healthcare Providers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(17):9157.
11. Arora T, Grey I, Östlundh L, Lam KBH, Omar OM, Arnone D. The prevalence of psychological consequences of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Health Psychol. 2022;27(4):805-24.
12. Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, Dattoli L, Molinaro M, De Martin V, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87:75-9.
13. Wu X, Nazari N, Griffiths MD. Fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 Anxiety Predict Cyberchondria: Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety Sensitivity as Potential Risk Factors. J. Med Internet Res. 2021.
14. Hashmi I, Jamal Y, Amir U, Raza A. Analytical case study of basal metabolic rate of mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients with reference to mizaj. Hist Philos Med. 2021;3(2):8-11.
15. Mojahedi M, Naseri M, Majdzadeh R, Keshavarz M, Ebadini M, Nazem E, et al. Reliability and Validity Assessment of Mizaj Questionnaire: A Novel Self-report Scale in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):15-24.
16. Parvizi MM, Nimrouzi M, Pasalar M, Salehi A, Hajimonfarednejad M, Amini F, et al. Association between personality types and temperament (Mizaj) based on persian medicine. SEMJ. 2018;19(12):68950.
17. Flowchart of diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 disease at the levels of outpatient and inpatient services, along with the triage guide for pregnant mothers with COVID-19 disease: Deputy Minister of Medicine of the Ministry of Health, TMEOI. 2020; 7;32-39.
18. Samani S, Joukar B. A Study on the reliability and validity of the short form of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21). JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY. 2007;26(3); 52-60.
19. Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Korotitsch W, Barlow DH. Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(1):79-89.
20. Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory--Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(4):185-92.
21. Dozois DJ, Dobson KS, Ahnberg JL. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II. Psychol Assess. 1998;10(2):83-90.
22. Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory--Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(4):185-92.
23. Khanpour H, Mohammadkhani P. Thought control strategies of pathological worry in non-clinical sample. IJBS. 2011;5(2);1;16-20.
24. Spielberger CD, Gonzalez-Reigosa F, Martinez-Urrutia A, Natalicio LFS, Natalicio DS. The state-trait anxiety inventory. RIP/JIP. 1971;5(3 & 4).
25. Amir Rezaei A, Ali T, Mahdieh Borhani M, Raheleh N, Sarah S, Soosan S, et al. Assessment the rules of demographic variables and body mass index in sleep quality among medical students. 2012;132-139.
26. Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar Ö. The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 1996;7(2):107-15.
27. Nasiri E, Ganjipour A, Nasiri R, Bathaei SA. Correlation between Mizaj and Frequency of Clinical Signs in Patients with COVID-19. JMUMS. 2022 Jul 10;32(210):88-99.
28. Cai Q, Chen F, Wang T, Luo F, Liu X, Wu Q, He Q, Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu L, Chen J. Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in Shenzhen, China. Diabetes care. 2020 Jul 1;43(7):1392-8.
29. Kalligeros M, Shehadeh F, Mylona EK, Benitez G, Beckwith CG, Chan PA, et al. Association of Obesity with Disease Severity Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(7):1200-4.
30. Kass DA, Duggal P, Cingolani O. Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1544-5.
31. Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Imai N, Cuomo-Dannenburg G, Thompson H, Walker PG, Fu H, Dighe A. Estimates of the severity of COVID-19 disease. MedRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
32. Mukherjee S, Pahan K. Is COVID-19 Gender-sensitive J Neuroimmune Pharmacology. JNPH. 2021;16(1):38-47.
33. Barek MA, Aziz MA, Islam MS. Impact of age, sex, comorbidities and clinical symptoms on the severity of COVID-19 cases: A meta-analysis with 55 studies and 10014 cases. Heliyon. 2020;6(12):48-56.
34. Akhtari M, Moeini R, Mojahedi M, Gorji N. Assessment the studies on the concept of Mizaj (temperament) in Persian Medicine. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(3);24-30.
35. Ilkhani R, Aghanouri Z, Mojahedi M, Montazeri A, Siavash M, Tabatabaei F. Comparing Mizaj (temperament) in type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy controls: A case-control study. J Res Med Sci. 2019;24(1):58-65.
36. Nasiri R, Raoufi S, Doost Parast Torshizi G, Hadian Jazi S, Torkan A, Nilipour MR, et al. Association between Temperament Pattern and Hypertension in Adult Population: A Case-Control Study. CJM. 2022;3(1):7-10.
37. Rasheed MAA, Farooque MMJ, Acharya HS, Quadri MSA. Mathematical modelling of the relationship between two different temperament classifications: during the COVID-19 pandemic. ESJ. 2021;5(1):67-76.
38. Monfared M, Eftekhari M, Enayati A, Sabeti M, Amini MH. COVID-19 disease management from the perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine. JIITM. 2020;11(1):11-22.
39. Khademi M, Vaziri-Harami R, Shams J. Prevalence of Mental Health Problems and Its Associated Factors Among Recovered COVID-19 Patients During the Pandemic: A Single-Center Study. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12(6);22-44.
40. Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti S, Vai B, Bollettini I, et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:594-600.
41. Goldstein CA, Rizvydeen M, Conroy DA, O'Brien LM, Gupta G, Somers EC, et al. The prevalence and impact of pre-existing sleep disorder diagnoses and objective sleep parameters in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(5):1039-50.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 4 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v17i4.10696 | |
| Keywords | ||
| COVID-19 Demographic Factors Psychological Factors Severity Temperament | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Afzali A, Sahraei H, Hatef B, Meftahi GH, Shayad S, Pirzad Jahromi G. The Relationship between the Severity of the COVID-19 Disease, Temperament and Psychological Factors. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(4):462-468.
