Comparison of Theory of Mind between Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Stimulant-Induced Depressive Disorder
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Abstract
Objective: Theory of mind (ToM) denotes the ability to understand the mental state of others and perceive their unique beliefs and emotions. In this study, we compared ToM between individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and stimulant-induced depressive disorder (SIDD).
Method: This cross-sectional, causal-comparative study included patients with MDD or SIDD admitted to Ostad Moharary Neuropsychiatric Hospital between January and June 2022. Each diagnosis was confirmed through a semi-structured interview conducted by a single attending psychiatrist according to the DSM-5 criteria. After consecutive sampling of 110 individuals, 51 patients completed the study in each group. Demographic characteristics were recorded, and the Persian version of the revised Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) was used to evaluate ToM. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.25, employing the t-test, chi-squared test, linear regression, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: Our analysis included 102 subjects (65.7% male) with a mean age of 35.17 ± 7.54 years. The two groups were similar in age, gender, marital status, working status, occupation, economic class, and ethnicity (P > 0.05). The RMET scores were 12.94 ± 4.03 and 11.86 ± 3.15 in the MDD and SIDD groups, respectively (P = 0.135). Almost all patients had low RMET scores (< 22); only two individuals in the MDD group achieved normal scores (22–30). ANCOVA revealed no significant confounding effects between the independent variables. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that the level of education had a significant linear relationship (β = 0.249) with the RMET score (P = 0.021).
Conclusion: Hospitalized patients with MDD and SIDD have similar ToM deficits, as measured by the RMET.
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20. Delavar A. Research Methods in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: Virayesh Publication. 2003.
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22. Kynast J, Polyakova M, Quinque EM, Hinz A, Villringer A, Schroeter ML. Age- and Sex-Specific Standard Scores for the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:607107.
23. Fakhari A, Minashiri S, Alizadehgoradel J. Comparison of the deficit in theory of mind and emotion regulation in depressed and normal subjects. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2014;16(1):92-8.
24. Mahmoodaliloo M, Bakhshipour A, Khanjani Z, Ranjbar F. The study of theory of mind deficit in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptom and its comparison with healthy people. JMPR. 2011;6(22):79-96.
25. Nejati V, Zabihzadeh A, Maleki G, Mohseni M. Social cognition in patients with major depression disorder: evidence from reading mind in the eyes test. 2013.
26. Khorashad BS, Baron-Cohen S, Roshan GM, Kazemian M, Khazai L, Aghili Z, et al. The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test: Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Test-Retest Reliability of the Persian Version. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(9):2651-66.
27. Harkness KL, Washburn D, Theriault JE, Lee L, Sabbagh MA. Maternal history of depression is associated with enhanced theory of mind in depressed and nondepressed adult women. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(1):91-6.
28. Wolkenstein L, Schönenberg M, Schirm E, Hautzinger M. I can see what you feel, but I can't deal with it: Impaired theory of mind in depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(1-2):104-11.
29. Szanto K, Dombrovski AY, Sahakian BJ, Mulsant BH, Houck PR, Reynolds CF, 3rd, et al. Social emotion recognition, social functioning, and attempted suicide in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(3):257-65.
30. Raes F, Hermans D, Williams JM. Negative bias in the perception of others' facial emotional expressions in major depression: the role of depressive rumination. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(10):796-9.
31. Lee L, Harkness KL, Sabbagh MA, Jacobson JA. Mental state decoding abilities in clinical depression. J Affect Disord. 2005;86(2-3):247-58.
32. Wang YG, Wang YQ, Chen SL, Zhu CY, Wang K. Theory of mind disability in major depression with or without psychotic symptoms: a componential view. Psychiatry Res. 2008;161(2):153-61.
33. Cao Y, Zhao QD, Hu LJ, Sun ZQ, Sun SP, Yun WW, et al. Theory of mind deficits in patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(19):2969-73.
34. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Compton W, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(8):807-16.
35. Tolliver BK, Anton RF. Assessment and treatment of mood disorders in the context of substance abuse. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(2):181-90.
36. Ramsey SE, Kahler CW, Read JP, Stuart GL, Brown RA. Discriminating between substance-induced and independent depressive episodes in alcohol dependent patients. J Stud Alcohol. 2004;65(5):672-6.
37. Nunes EV, Liu X, Samet S, Matseoane K, Hasin D. Independent versus substance-induced major depressive disorder in substance-dependent patients: observational study of course during follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(10):1561-7.
38. Blanco C, Alegría AA, Liu SM, Secades-Villa R, Sugaya L, Davies C, et al. Differences among major depressive disorder with and without co-occurring substance use disorders and substance-induced depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):865-73.
39. Kadden RM, Kranzler HR, Rounsaville BJ. Validity of the distinction between “substance-induced” and “independent” Depressio and anxiety disorders. American Journal on Addictions. 1995;4(2):107-17.
2. McCabe KA, Smith VL, LePore M. Intentionality detection and "mindreading": why does game form matter? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(8):4404-9.
3. Bora E, Berk M. Theory of mind in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;191:49-55.
4. Nestor BA, Sutherland S, Garber J. Theory of mind performance in depression: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2022;303:233-44.
5. Fernandes JM, Cajão R, Lopes R, Jerónimo R, Barahona-Corrêa JB. Social Cognition in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Comparisons. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:504.
6. Evans VC, Iverson GL, Yatham LN, Lam RW. The relationship between neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning in major depressive disorder: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(12):1359-70.
7. Weightman MJ, Air TM, Baune BT. A review of the role of social cognition in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:179.
8. Kasunic A, Lee MA. Societal burden of substance abuse. Int J Public Health. 2014;6(3):269.
9. Peacock A, Leung J, Larney S, Colledge S, Hickman M, Rehm J, et al. Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction. 2018;113(10):1905-26.
10. The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(12):987-1012.
11. Edition F. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. APA. 2013; 21 (21): 591–643.
12. Rao U. Links between depression and substance abuse in adolescents: neurobiological mechanisms. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31(6 Suppl 1):S161-74.
13. Berecz H, Tényi T, Herold R. Theory of Mind in Depressive Disorders: A Review of the Literature. Psychopathology. 2016;49(3):125-34.
14. Gadassi R, Rafaeli E. Interpersonal perception as a mediator of the depression–interpersonal difficulties link: A review. Pers Individ. 2015;87:1-7.
15. Kupferberg A, Bicks L, Hasler G. Social functioning in major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;69:313-32.
16. Schreiter S, Pijnenborg GH, Aan Het Rot M. Empathy in adults with clinical or subclinical depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(1):1-16.
17. van Neerven T, Bos DJ, van Haren NE. Deficiencies in Theory of Mind in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: A systematic review of secondary literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;120:249-61.
18. Wellman HM. Theory of mind: The state of the art. Eur J Dev Psychol. 2018;15(6):728-55.
19. Kilinçel Ş, Vural AP, Kilinçel O. Theory of mind deficit in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;21(2):158-64.
20. Delavar A. Research Methods in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: Virayesh Publication. 2003.
21. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, Raste Y, Plumb I. The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42(2):241-51.
22. Kynast J, Polyakova M, Quinque EM, Hinz A, Villringer A, Schroeter ML. Age- and Sex-Specific Standard Scores for the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:607107.
23. Fakhari A, Minashiri S, Alizadehgoradel J. Comparison of the deficit in theory of mind and emotion regulation in depressed and normal subjects. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2014;16(1):92-8.
24. Mahmoodaliloo M, Bakhshipour A, Khanjani Z, Ranjbar F. The study of theory of mind deficit in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptom and its comparison with healthy people. JMPR. 2011;6(22):79-96.
25. Nejati V, Zabihzadeh A, Maleki G, Mohseni M. Social cognition in patients with major depression disorder: evidence from reading mind in the eyes test. 2013.
26. Khorashad BS, Baron-Cohen S, Roshan GM, Kazemian M, Khazai L, Aghili Z, et al. The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test: Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Test-Retest Reliability of the Persian Version. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(9):2651-66.
27. Harkness KL, Washburn D, Theriault JE, Lee L, Sabbagh MA. Maternal history of depression is associated with enhanced theory of mind in depressed and nondepressed adult women. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(1):91-6.
28. Wolkenstein L, Schönenberg M, Schirm E, Hautzinger M. I can see what you feel, but I can't deal with it: Impaired theory of mind in depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(1-2):104-11.
29. Szanto K, Dombrovski AY, Sahakian BJ, Mulsant BH, Houck PR, Reynolds CF, 3rd, et al. Social emotion recognition, social functioning, and attempted suicide in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(3):257-65.
30. Raes F, Hermans D, Williams JM. Negative bias in the perception of others' facial emotional expressions in major depression: the role of depressive rumination. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(10):796-9.
31. Lee L, Harkness KL, Sabbagh MA, Jacobson JA. Mental state decoding abilities in clinical depression. J Affect Disord. 2005;86(2-3):247-58.
32. Wang YG, Wang YQ, Chen SL, Zhu CY, Wang K. Theory of mind disability in major depression with or without psychotic symptoms: a componential view. Psychiatry Res. 2008;161(2):153-61.
33. Cao Y, Zhao QD, Hu LJ, Sun ZQ, Sun SP, Yun WW, et al. Theory of mind deficits in patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(19):2969-73.
34. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Compton W, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(8):807-16.
35. Tolliver BK, Anton RF. Assessment and treatment of mood disorders in the context of substance abuse. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(2):181-90.
36. Ramsey SE, Kahler CW, Read JP, Stuart GL, Brown RA. Discriminating between substance-induced and independent depressive episodes in alcohol dependent patients. J Stud Alcohol. 2004;65(5):672-6.
37. Nunes EV, Liu X, Samet S, Matseoane K, Hasin D. Independent versus substance-induced major depressive disorder in substance-dependent patients: observational study of course during follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(10):1561-7.
38. Blanco C, Alegría AA, Liu SM, Secades-Villa R, Sugaya L, Davies C, et al. Differences among major depressive disorder with and without co-occurring substance use disorders and substance-induced depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):865-73.
39. Kadden RM, Kranzler HR, Rounsaville BJ. Validity of the distinction between “substance-induced” and “independent” Depressio and anxiety disorders. American Journal on Addictions. 1995;4(2):107-17.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 1 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v19i1.14336 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Major Depressive Disorder Psychometrics Substance-Related Disorders Theory of Mind | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Razeghian Jahromi L, Tlais MA, Kamar H, Jalali A. Comparison of Theory of Mind between Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Stimulant-Induced Depressive Disorder. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;19(1):21-29.
