Academic Procrastination, Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in University Students: A look during the Pandemic
-
Julio Cjuno
,
Joel Palomino-Ccasa
,
Ronald Gianmarco Silva-Fernandez
,
Milagros Soncco-Aquino
,
Obelita Lumba-Bautista
,
Ronald M. Hernández
Abstract
Objective: The aim is to determine the relationship between academic procrastination, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in students of the Faculty of Health Sciences.
Method: It was a non-experimental and cross-sectional study of correlational scope. The non-probabilistic convenience sample, made up of 578 participants between 16 and 30 years old (69% female), completed the Academic Procrastination Scale, the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Inventory (PANSI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Frequencies and percentages were estimated at a descriptive level, the partial correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were utilized to examine the associations between academic procrastination and suicidal ideation.
Results: Subjects with a higher score of academic procrastination and BDI-II reported higher scores for suicidal ideation than those with a lower score (P < 0.01). A positive significant relationship was found between total academic procrastination and its subscales and suicidal ideation (P < 0.01). This correlation remained significant after controlling for depression (P < 0.05). Moreover, multiple linear regression revealed that academic procrastination, its subscales and depressive symptoms could explain about 20% of the total suicidal ideation in university students (R2 = 0.198).
Conclusion: Increased levels of academic procrastination increase suicidal ideation in college students during the pandemic. These results suggest the need to create interventions for the prevention of this problem in the fields of educational and public health.
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2. Estremadoiro Parada B, Schulmeyer MK. Procrastinación académica en estudiantes universitarios. Rev. aportes de la comunicació. 2021(30):51-66.
3. Naturil-Alfonso C, Peñaranda D, Vicente J, Marco-Jiménez F, editors. Procrastination: the poor time management among university students. 4th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAD'18); 2018: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València.
4. Burgos-Torre KS, Salas-Blas E. Procrastinación y Autoeficacia académica en estudiantes universitarios limeños. Propósitos y Representaciones. 2020;8(3).
5. Gómez-Romero MJ, Tomás-Sábado J, Montes-Hidalgo J, Brando-Garrido C, Cladellas R, Limonero JT. Procrastinación académica y riesgo de conducta suicida en jóvenes universitarios: el papel de la regulación emocional. Ansiedad y estrés. 2020;26(2-3):112-9.
6. Ayadi N, Pireinaladin S, Shokri M, Dargahi S, Zarein F. Investigating the Mediating Role of Procrastination in the Relationship between Positive and Negative Perfectionism and Mobile Phone Addiction in Gifted Students. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(1):30-55.
7. Baños Chaparro J. Suicidio por arma de fuego, un problema de salud pública. MediSur. 2021;19(2):342-5.
8. Ociel-Moya M. Programa Nacional de Prevención del Suicidio: el caso del suicidio en la vejez: National suicide prevention programme: The case of suicide in old age. ARS med. 2022;47(3):32-8.
9. Health system performance in Iran: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2022;399(10335):1625-45.
10. Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Mostafavi SA, Kamali K, Rahgozar M, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Survey of Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019;14(1):1-15.
11. Perales A, Sánchez E, Barahona L, Oliveros M, Bravo E, Aguilar W, et al., editors. Prevalencia y factores asociados a conducta suicida en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima-Perú. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina; 2019: UNMSM. Facultad de Medicina.
12. Karimi A, Bazyar J, Malekyan L, Daliri S. Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts after Disaster and Mass Casualty Incidents in the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(1):99-109.
13. Coentre R, Faravelli C, Figueira ML. Assessment of depression and suicidal behaviour among medical students in Portugal. Int J Med Educ. 2016;7:354-63.
14. Matheson KM, Barrett T, Landine J, McLuckie A, Soh NL, Walter G. Experiences of Psychological Distress and Sources of Stress and Support During Medical Training: a Survey of Medical Students. Acad Psychiatry. 2016;40(1):63-8.
15. Navadeh S, Ziaaddini H, Saeedi A. Prevalence of suicide ideation, attempts and the associated factors among a sample of Iranian population in south part of the country: A population based study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2009;4(3):92-6.
16. Ahmed SA, Omar QH, Abo Elamaim AA. Forensic analysis of suicidal ideation among medical students of Egypt: A crosssectional study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;44:1-4.
17. Reyes Carmona C, Monterrosas Rojas AM, Navarrete Martínez A, Acosta Martínez EP, Torruco García U. Ansiedad de los estudiantes de una facultad de medicina mexicana, antes de iniciar el internado. RIEM. 2017;6(21):42-6.
18. Santos H, Marcon SR, Espinosa MM, Baptista MN, Paulo PMC. Factors associated with suicidal ideation among university students. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017;25:e2878.
19. Alonzo D, Zapata Pratto DA. Mental health services for individuals at risk of suicide in Peru: Attitudes and perspectives of mental health professionals. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021;67(3):209-18.
20. Gómez-Romero MJ, Limonero JT, Trallero JT, Montes-Hidalgo J, Tomás-Sábado J. Relación entre inteligencia emocional, afecto negativo y riesgo suicida en jóvenes universitarios. Ansiedad y estrés. 2018;24(1):18-23.
21. Garrido CB, Hidalgo JM, García JTL, Romero MJG, Sábado JT. Procrastinación, bienestar percibido y riesgo suicida en estudiantes de enfermería. Revista de enfermería y salud mental. 2021(18):5-11.
22. Domínguez Lara SA, Villegas García G, Centeno Leyva SB. Procrastinación académica: validación de una escala en una muestra de estudiantes de una universidad privada. Liberabit. 2014;20(2):293-304.
23. Rodas-Vera N, Toro R, Flores-Kanter P. Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) Inventory: Psychometric Properties in Peruvian University Students. Revista Iberoamericana De Diagnostico Y Evaluacion-E Avaliacao Psicologica. 2021:27-39.
24. Sánchez-Villena AR, Farfán Cedrón E, Chávez-Ravines D. Factor structure and normative data of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in the general Peruvian population. Acta Colombiana de Psicología. 2022;25(2):158-70.
25. Afzali A, Sahraei H, Hatef B, Meftahi GH, Shayad S, Jahromi GP. The Relationship between the Severity of the COVID-19 Disease, Temperament and Psychological Factors. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(4):462-8.
26. Garzón Umerenkova A, Gil Flores J. Procrastinación académica en el alumnado universitario no tradicional. Electron. J. Res. Educ. 2017; 15(3), 510-32.
27. Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Kamali K, Ahmadi A, et al. The prevalence, comorbidity and socio-demographic factors of depressive disorder among Iranian children and adolescents: To identify the main predictors of depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;247:1-10.
28. Mohammadi MR, Pourdehghan P, Mostafavi SA, Hooshyari Z, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A. Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, predictors, and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;73:102234.
29. Khaleghi A, Mohammadi MR, Zandifar A, Ahmadi N, Alavi SS, Ahmadi A, et al. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents; in Tehran, 2017. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;37:146-53.
30. Talepasand S, Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Khaleghi A, Sajedi Z, Akbari P, et al. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates in Semnan Province in Iran. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;40:9-14.
31. Klibert J, LeLeux-LaBarge K, Tarantino N, Yancey T, Lamis DA. Procrastination and suicide proneness: A moderated-mediation model for cognitive schemas and gender. Death Stud. 2016;40(6):350-7.
32. Gil-Tapia L, Botello-Príncipe V. Procrastinación académica y ansiedad en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud de una Universidad de Lima Norte. CASUS. Revista De Investigación Y Casos En Salud. 2018;3(2):89-96.
33. Marquina-Luján RJ, Gomez-Vargas L, Salas-Herrera C, Santibañez-Gihua S, Rumiche-Prieto R. Procrastinación en alumnos universitarios de Lima Metropolitana. Revista peruana de obstetricia y enfermería. 2016;12(1).
34. Ramírez-Gil E, Cuaya-Itzcoatl IG, Guzmán-Pimentel M, Rojas-Solís JL. Adicción a las redes sociales y procrastinación académica en universitarios durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Dilemas contemporáneos: educación, política y valores. 2021;8(SPE4).
35. Mohammadi MR, Zarafshan H, Khayam Bashi S, Mohammadi F, Khaleghi A. The Role of Public Trust and Media in the Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(3):189-204.
36. Díaz-Morales J. Procrastinación: una revisión de su medida y sus correlatos. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación-e Avaliação Psicológica. 2019;2(51):43-60.
37. Steenblock C, Todorov V, Kanczkowski W, Eisenhofer G, Schedl A, Wong ML, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the neuroendocrine stress axis. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(8):1611-7.
38. Sayehmiri K, Mozafari A-A, Valizadeh R, Yadeghari N, Rostamkhani M, Khorshidi A, et al. Rate and Causes of Suicide in Ilam: A Report of the Suicide Registry. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(3):312-9.
2. Estremadoiro Parada B, Schulmeyer MK. Procrastinación académica en estudiantes universitarios. Rev. aportes de la comunicació. 2021(30):51-66.
3. Naturil-Alfonso C, Peñaranda D, Vicente J, Marco-Jiménez F, editors. Procrastination: the poor time management among university students. 4th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAD'18); 2018: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València.
4. Burgos-Torre KS, Salas-Blas E. Procrastinación y Autoeficacia académica en estudiantes universitarios limeños. Propósitos y Representaciones. 2020;8(3).
5. Gómez-Romero MJ, Tomás-Sábado J, Montes-Hidalgo J, Brando-Garrido C, Cladellas R, Limonero JT. Procrastinación académica y riesgo de conducta suicida en jóvenes universitarios: el papel de la regulación emocional. Ansiedad y estrés. 2020;26(2-3):112-9.
6. Ayadi N, Pireinaladin S, Shokri M, Dargahi S, Zarein F. Investigating the Mediating Role of Procrastination in the Relationship between Positive and Negative Perfectionism and Mobile Phone Addiction in Gifted Students. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(1):30-55.
7. Baños Chaparro J. Suicidio por arma de fuego, un problema de salud pública. MediSur. 2021;19(2):342-5.
8. Ociel-Moya M. Programa Nacional de Prevención del Suicidio: el caso del suicidio en la vejez: National suicide prevention programme: The case of suicide in old age. ARS med. 2022;47(3):32-8.
9. Health system performance in Iran: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2022;399(10335):1625-45.
10. Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Mostafavi SA, Kamali K, Rahgozar M, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Survey of Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019;14(1):1-15.
11. Perales A, Sánchez E, Barahona L, Oliveros M, Bravo E, Aguilar W, et al., editors. Prevalencia y factores asociados a conducta suicida en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima-Perú. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina; 2019: UNMSM. Facultad de Medicina.
12. Karimi A, Bazyar J, Malekyan L, Daliri S. Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts after Disaster and Mass Casualty Incidents in the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(1):99-109.
13. Coentre R, Faravelli C, Figueira ML. Assessment of depression and suicidal behaviour among medical students in Portugal. Int J Med Educ. 2016;7:354-63.
14. Matheson KM, Barrett T, Landine J, McLuckie A, Soh NL, Walter G. Experiences of Psychological Distress and Sources of Stress and Support During Medical Training: a Survey of Medical Students. Acad Psychiatry. 2016;40(1):63-8.
15. Navadeh S, Ziaaddini H, Saeedi A. Prevalence of suicide ideation, attempts and the associated factors among a sample of Iranian population in south part of the country: A population based study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2009;4(3):92-6.
16. Ahmed SA, Omar QH, Abo Elamaim AA. Forensic analysis of suicidal ideation among medical students of Egypt: A crosssectional study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;44:1-4.
17. Reyes Carmona C, Monterrosas Rojas AM, Navarrete Martínez A, Acosta Martínez EP, Torruco García U. Ansiedad de los estudiantes de una facultad de medicina mexicana, antes de iniciar el internado. RIEM. 2017;6(21):42-6.
18. Santos H, Marcon SR, Espinosa MM, Baptista MN, Paulo PMC. Factors associated with suicidal ideation among university students. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017;25:e2878.
19. Alonzo D, Zapata Pratto DA. Mental health services for individuals at risk of suicide in Peru: Attitudes and perspectives of mental health professionals. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021;67(3):209-18.
20. Gómez-Romero MJ, Limonero JT, Trallero JT, Montes-Hidalgo J, Tomás-Sábado J. Relación entre inteligencia emocional, afecto negativo y riesgo suicida en jóvenes universitarios. Ansiedad y estrés. 2018;24(1):18-23.
21. Garrido CB, Hidalgo JM, García JTL, Romero MJG, Sábado JT. Procrastinación, bienestar percibido y riesgo suicida en estudiantes de enfermería. Revista de enfermería y salud mental. 2021(18):5-11.
22. Domínguez Lara SA, Villegas García G, Centeno Leyva SB. Procrastinación académica: validación de una escala en una muestra de estudiantes de una universidad privada. Liberabit. 2014;20(2):293-304.
23. Rodas-Vera N, Toro R, Flores-Kanter P. Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) Inventory: Psychometric Properties in Peruvian University Students. Revista Iberoamericana De Diagnostico Y Evaluacion-E Avaliacao Psicologica. 2021:27-39.
24. Sánchez-Villena AR, Farfán Cedrón E, Chávez-Ravines D. Factor structure and normative data of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in the general Peruvian population. Acta Colombiana de Psicología. 2022;25(2):158-70.
25. Afzali A, Sahraei H, Hatef B, Meftahi GH, Shayad S, Jahromi GP. The Relationship between the Severity of the COVID-19 Disease, Temperament and Psychological Factors. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(4):462-8.
26. Garzón Umerenkova A, Gil Flores J. Procrastinación académica en el alumnado universitario no tradicional. Electron. J. Res. Educ. 2017; 15(3), 510-32.
27. Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Kamali K, Ahmadi A, et al. The prevalence, comorbidity and socio-demographic factors of depressive disorder among Iranian children and adolescents: To identify the main predictors of depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;247:1-10.
28. Mohammadi MR, Pourdehghan P, Mostafavi SA, Hooshyari Z, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A. Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, predictors, and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;73:102234.
29. Khaleghi A, Mohammadi MR, Zandifar A, Ahmadi N, Alavi SS, Ahmadi A, et al. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents; in Tehran, 2017. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;37:146-53.
30. Talepasand S, Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Khaleghi A, Sajedi Z, Akbari P, et al. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates in Semnan Province in Iran. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;40:9-14.
31. Klibert J, LeLeux-LaBarge K, Tarantino N, Yancey T, Lamis DA. Procrastination and suicide proneness: A moderated-mediation model for cognitive schemas and gender. Death Stud. 2016;40(6):350-7.
32. Gil-Tapia L, Botello-Príncipe V. Procrastinación académica y ansiedad en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud de una Universidad de Lima Norte. CASUS. Revista De Investigación Y Casos En Salud. 2018;3(2):89-96.
33. Marquina-Luján RJ, Gomez-Vargas L, Salas-Herrera C, Santibañez-Gihua S, Rumiche-Prieto R. Procrastinación en alumnos universitarios de Lima Metropolitana. Revista peruana de obstetricia y enfermería. 2016;12(1).
34. Ramírez-Gil E, Cuaya-Itzcoatl IG, Guzmán-Pimentel M, Rojas-Solís JL. Adicción a las redes sociales y procrastinación académica en universitarios durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Dilemas contemporáneos: educación, política y valores. 2021;8(SPE4).
35. Mohammadi MR, Zarafshan H, Khayam Bashi S, Mohammadi F, Khaleghi A. The Role of Public Trust and Media in the Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(3):189-204.
36. Díaz-Morales J. Procrastinación: una revisión de su medida y sus correlatos. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación-e Avaliação Psicológica. 2019;2(51):43-60.
37. Steenblock C, Todorov V, Kanczkowski W, Eisenhofer G, Schedl A, Wong ML, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the neuroendocrine stress axis. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(8):1611-7.
38. Sayehmiri K, Mozafari A-A, Valizadeh R, Yadeghari N, Rostamkhani M, Khorshidi A, et al. Rate and Causes of Suicide in Ilam: A Report of the Suicide Registry. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(3):312-9.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i1.11408 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Procrastination Suicidal Ideation Students Suicide Attempt | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Cjuno J, Palomino-Ccasa J, Silva-Fernandez RG, Soncco-Aquino M, Lumba-Bautista O, M. Hernández R. Academic Procrastination, Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in University Students: A look during the Pandemic. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;18(1):11-17.
