Exploring the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Quality of Life, and Personality Traits in University Students
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the dynamics of the relationship among smartphone addiction, quality of life, and personality characteristics in university students.
Method: This correlational and descriptive research was conducted to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction, quality of life, and personality traits among university students. Using a nonprobability random sampling method, 496 university students were selected. Data collection involved the Student Information Form, Smartphone Addiction Scale, Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Abridged Form (EPQR-A), and the WHO Quality of Life Scale-Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 25.0, utilizing Chi-square tests, independent sample t-tests, and Pearson's correlation analysis.
Results: Out of 496 students (average age of 20.52), 59.87% were identified as smartphone addicts based on the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version. A notable difference was found by study year (P = 0.009) and socioeconomic status (P = 0.003). Participants with smartphone addiction registered higher SCL-90-r scores for conditions like Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Psychoticism. The Eysenck Personality Inventory highlighted that the Psychoticism score was significantly higher in the group with smartphone addiction (P = 0.001). A negative correlation between smartphone addiction scores and general health (WHOQoL) was identified, whereas a positive correlation with SCL-90-R's Psychoticism dimension score was observed (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Smartphone addiction is widespread among university student population. The study indicates that smartphone addiction not only impacts the individual's quality of life but also is associated with personality disorders, and these problems intensify with the severity of addiction. The findings underscore the need for interventions and educational programs to address smartphone addiction in this population.
1. Cho HY, Kim DJ, Park JW. Stress and adult smartphone addiction: Mediation by self-control, neuroticism, and extraversion. Stress Health. 2017;33(5):624-30.
2. Noyan CO, Darçin AE, Nurmedov S, Yilmaz O, Dilbaz N. Akilli Telefon Bagimliligi Ölçeginin Kisa Formunun üniversite ögrencilerindeTürkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalismasi/Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version among university students. ANADOLU PSIKIYATR DE. 2015;16:73.
3. Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial Factors Affecting Smartphone Addiction in University Students. J Addict Nurs. 2017;28(4):215-9.
4. Osorio-Molina C, Martos-Cabrera MB, Membrive-Jiménez MJ, Vargas-Roman K, Suleiman-Martos N, Ortega-Campos E, et al. Smartphone addiction, risk factors and its adverse effects in nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today. 2021;98:104741.
5. Awasthi S, Kaur A, Solanki HK, Pamei G, Bhatt M. Smartphone use and the quality of life of medical students in the Kumaun Region, Uttarakhand. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(8):4252-8.
6. Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, Tseng HW, Kuo TB, Chen SH. Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98312.
7. Arpaci I, Kocadag Unver T. Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and Smartphone Addiction. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(2):577-85.
8. Billieux J. Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Curr. 2012;8(4):299-307.
9. Marengo D, Sindermann C, Häckel D, Settanni M, Elhai JD, Montag C. The association between the Big Five personality traits and smartphone use disorder: A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict. 2020;9(3):534-50.
10. Organization WH. Public health implications of excessive use of the internet, computers, smartphones and similar electronic devices: Meeting report, Main Meeting Hall, Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research, National Cancer Research Centre, Tokyo, Japan, 27-29 August 2014: WHO; 2015.
11. Hanafi E, Siste K, Wiguna T, Kusumadewi I, Nasrun MW. Temperament profile and its association with the vulnerability to smartphone addiction of medical students in Indonesia. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0212244.
12. Lu GL, Ding YM, Zhang YM, Huang HT, Liang YP, Chen CR. The correlation between mobile phone addiction and coping style among Chinese adolescents: a meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2021;15(1):60.
13. Rozgonjuk D, Saal K, Täht K. Problematic Smartphone Use, Deep and Surface Approaches to Learning, and Social Media Use in Lectures. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1).
14. Kim SG, Park J, Kim HT, Pan Z, Lee Y, McIntyre RS. The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2019;18:1.
15. Yang X, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Fan C. Mobile phone addiction and adolescents’ anxiety and depression: The moderating role of mindfulness. JCFS. 2019;28:822-30.
16. Seo DG, Park Y, Kim MK, Park J. Mobile phone dependency and its impacts on adolescents’ social and academic behaviors. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;63:282-92.
17. Takao M. Problematic mobile phone use and big-five personality domains. Indian J Community Med. 2014;39(2):111-3.
18. Montag C, Błaszkiewicz K, Lachmann B, Andone I, Sariyska R, Trendafilov B, et al. Correlating personality and actual phone usage. J Individ. 2014.
19. Pivetta E, Harkin L, Billieux J, Kanjo E, Kuss DJ. Problematic smartphone use: An empirically validated model. Comput Hum Behav. 2019;100:105-17.
20. Zhou Y, Li D, Li X, Wang Y, Zhao L. Big five personality and adolescent Internet addiction: The mediating role of coping style. Addict Behav. 2017;64:42-8.
21. Chang WH, Cheng SH, Sun ZJ, Lee IH, Lee CT, Chen KC, et al. The psychosocial indicators related to neuroticism in both sexes: A study of incoming university students. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2015;31(4):208-14.
22. Gao T, Xiang YT, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Mei S. Neuroticism and quality of life: Multiple mediating effects of smartphone addiction and depression. Psychiatry Res. 2017;258:457-61.
23. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558.
24. Derogatis LR, Cleary PA. Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL‐90: A study in construct validation. J Clin Psychol. 1977;33(4):981-9.
25. Dağ I. Belirti Tarama Listesi (Scl-90-R)'nin Üniversite Öğrencileri için güvenirliği ve geçerliği. TURK PSIKIYATR DERG. 1991.
26. KOĞAR H. Belirti Tarama Listesi’nin (SCL-90) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması: Mokken Ölçekleme Analizleri. Turkish. 2019;9(54):689-705.
27. Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ, Barrett P. A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Pers Indiv Differ. 1985;6(1):21-9.
28. Francis LJ, Brown LB, Philipchalk R. The development of an abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the USA and Australia. Pers Indiv Differ. 1992;13(4):443-9.
29. Karancı A, Dirik G, Yorulmaz O. Eysenck kişilik anketi-gözden geçirilmiş kısallmış formu’nun (EKA-GGK) Türkiye’de geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Turk Psikiyatr Derg. 2007;18(3):1-8.
30. Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O'Connell KA. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):299-310.
31. Eser E, Fidner H, Fidaner C, Yalçın Eser S, Elbi H, Göker E. Whoqol-100 and psychometric characteristics of WHOQOL-bref. 3P dergisi. 1999;7:23-5.
32. Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults--a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:66.
33. Lemola S, Perkinson-Gloor N, Brand S, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Grob A. Adolescents' electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. J Youth Adolesc. 2015;44(2):405-18.
34. Eichenberg C, Schott M, Schroiff A. Problematic Smartphone Use-Comparison of Students With and Without Problematic Smartphone Use in Light of Personality. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:599241.
35. Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Ahn H, Choi EJ, Song WY, et al. Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(4):308-14.
36. İKİIŞIK H, Turan G, Korkmaz S, AYDIN HB, SOLAK H, Özmeral K, et al. Öğrencilerde akıllı telefon bağımlılığının değerlendirilmesi: bir tıp fakültesi örneği. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2020;21(4):317-25.
37. Ozcan B, Acimis NM. Sleep Quality in Pamukkale University Students and its relationship with smartphone addiction. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):206-11.
38. Yayan EH, Düken ME, Dağ YS, Ulutaş A. Examination of the relationship between nursing student’s internet and smartphone addictions. J Hum Sci. 2018;15(2):1161-71.
39. Aljomaa SS, Qudah MFA, Albursan IS, Bakhiet SF, Abduljabbar AS. Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;61:155-64.
40. Koivusilta LK, Lintonen TP, Rimpelä AH. Orientations in adolescent use of information and communication technology: a digital divide by sociodemographic background, educational career, and health. Scand J Public Health. 2007;35(1):95-103.
41. Kumcagiz H. Quality of life as a predictor of smartphone addiction risk among adolescents. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. 2019;24:117-27.
42. Buctot DB, Kim N, Kim JJ. Factors associated with smartphone addiction prevalence and its predictive capacity for health-related quality of life among Filipino adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;110:104758.
43. Fischer-Grote L, Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A. The impact of problematic smartphone use on children's and adolescents' quality of life: A systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(5):1417-24.
44. Jeong B, Lee JY, Kim BM, Park E, Kwon JG, Kim DJ, et al. Associations of personality and clinical characteristics with excessive Internet and smartphone use in adolescents: A structural equation modeling approach. Addict Behav. 2020;110:106485.
45. Kim Y, Jeong JE, Cho H, Jung DJ, Kwak M, Rho MJ, et al. Personality Factors Predicting Smartphone Addiction Predisposition: Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems, Impulsivity, and Self-Control. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0159788.
46. Xiong S, Xu Y, Zhang B, Zhu L, Xie J. Smartphone Addiction and Eysenck's Personality Traits Among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol. 2021;12:794112.
47. Zhang J, Liu JT, Li Y. A path analysis on the relationships among coping style, personality characteristics and mobile phone addiction tendency among college students. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016; 17-19, 52.
48. Kayiş AR, Satici SA, Yilmaz MF, Şimşek D, Ceyhan E, Bakioğlu F. Big five-personality trait and internet addiction: A meta-analytic review. Computers in Human Behavior. 2016;63:35-40.
2. Noyan CO, Darçin AE, Nurmedov S, Yilmaz O, Dilbaz N. Akilli Telefon Bagimliligi Ölçeginin Kisa Formunun üniversite ögrencilerindeTürkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalismasi/Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version among university students. ANADOLU PSIKIYATR DE. 2015;16:73.
3. Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial Factors Affecting Smartphone Addiction in University Students. J Addict Nurs. 2017;28(4):215-9.
4. Osorio-Molina C, Martos-Cabrera MB, Membrive-Jiménez MJ, Vargas-Roman K, Suleiman-Martos N, Ortega-Campos E, et al. Smartphone addiction, risk factors and its adverse effects in nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today. 2021;98:104741.
5. Awasthi S, Kaur A, Solanki HK, Pamei G, Bhatt M. Smartphone use and the quality of life of medical students in the Kumaun Region, Uttarakhand. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(8):4252-8.
6. Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, Tseng HW, Kuo TB, Chen SH. Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98312.
7. Arpaci I, Kocadag Unver T. Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and Smartphone Addiction. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(2):577-85.
8. Billieux J. Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Curr. 2012;8(4):299-307.
9. Marengo D, Sindermann C, Häckel D, Settanni M, Elhai JD, Montag C. The association between the Big Five personality traits and smartphone use disorder: A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict. 2020;9(3):534-50.
10. Organization WH. Public health implications of excessive use of the internet, computers, smartphones and similar electronic devices: Meeting report, Main Meeting Hall, Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research, National Cancer Research Centre, Tokyo, Japan, 27-29 August 2014: WHO; 2015.
11. Hanafi E, Siste K, Wiguna T, Kusumadewi I, Nasrun MW. Temperament profile and its association with the vulnerability to smartphone addiction of medical students in Indonesia. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0212244.
12. Lu GL, Ding YM, Zhang YM, Huang HT, Liang YP, Chen CR. The correlation between mobile phone addiction and coping style among Chinese adolescents: a meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2021;15(1):60.
13. Rozgonjuk D, Saal K, Täht K. Problematic Smartphone Use, Deep and Surface Approaches to Learning, and Social Media Use in Lectures. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1).
14. Kim SG, Park J, Kim HT, Pan Z, Lee Y, McIntyre RS. The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2019;18:1.
15. Yang X, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Fan C. Mobile phone addiction and adolescents’ anxiety and depression: The moderating role of mindfulness. JCFS. 2019;28:822-30.
16. Seo DG, Park Y, Kim MK, Park J. Mobile phone dependency and its impacts on adolescents’ social and academic behaviors. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;63:282-92.
17. Takao M. Problematic mobile phone use and big-five personality domains. Indian J Community Med. 2014;39(2):111-3.
18. Montag C, Błaszkiewicz K, Lachmann B, Andone I, Sariyska R, Trendafilov B, et al. Correlating personality and actual phone usage. J Individ. 2014.
19. Pivetta E, Harkin L, Billieux J, Kanjo E, Kuss DJ. Problematic smartphone use: An empirically validated model. Comput Hum Behav. 2019;100:105-17.
20. Zhou Y, Li D, Li X, Wang Y, Zhao L. Big five personality and adolescent Internet addiction: The mediating role of coping style. Addict Behav. 2017;64:42-8.
21. Chang WH, Cheng SH, Sun ZJ, Lee IH, Lee CT, Chen KC, et al. The psychosocial indicators related to neuroticism in both sexes: A study of incoming university students. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2015;31(4):208-14.
22. Gao T, Xiang YT, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Mei S. Neuroticism and quality of life: Multiple mediating effects of smartphone addiction and depression. Psychiatry Res. 2017;258:457-61.
23. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558.
24. Derogatis LR, Cleary PA. Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL‐90: A study in construct validation. J Clin Psychol. 1977;33(4):981-9.
25. Dağ I. Belirti Tarama Listesi (Scl-90-R)'nin Üniversite Öğrencileri için güvenirliği ve geçerliği. TURK PSIKIYATR DERG. 1991.
26. KOĞAR H. Belirti Tarama Listesi’nin (SCL-90) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması: Mokken Ölçekleme Analizleri. Turkish. 2019;9(54):689-705.
27. Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ, Barrett P. A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Pers Indiv Differ. 1985;6(1):21-9.
28. Francis LJ, Brown LB, Philipchalk R. The development of an abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the USA and Australia. Pers Indiv Differ. 1992;13(4):443-9.
29. Karancı A, Dirik G, Yorulmaz O. Eysenck kişilik anketi-gözden geçirilmiş kısallmış formu’nun (EKA-GGK) Türkiye’de geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Turk Psikiyatr Derg. 2007;18(3):1-8.
30. Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O'Connell KA. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):299-310.
31. Eser E, Fidner H, Fidaner C, Yalçın Eser S, Elbi H, Göker E. Whoqol-100 and psychometric characteristics of WHOQOL-bref. 3P dergisi. 1999;7:23-5.
32. Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults--a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:66.
33. Lemola S, Perkinson-Gloor N, Brand S, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Grob A. Adolescents' electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. J Youth Adolesc. 2015;44(2):405-18.
34. Eichenberg C, Schott M, Schroiff A. Problematic Smartphone Use-Comparison of Students With and Without Problematic Smartphone Use in Light of Personality. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:599241.
35. Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Ahn H, Choi EJ, Song WY, et al. Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(4):308-14.
36. İKİIŞIK H, Turan G, Korkmaz S, AYDIN HB, SOLAK H, Özmeral K, et al. Öğrencilerde akıllı telefon bağımlılığının değerlendirilmesi: bir tıp fakültesi örneği. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2020;21(4):317-25.
37. Ozcan B, Acimis NM. Sleep Quality in Pamukkale University Students and its relationship with smartphone addiction. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):206-11.
38. Yayan EH, Düken ME, Dağ YS, Ulutaş A. Examination of the relationship between nursing student’s internet and smartphone addictions. J Hum Sci. 2018;15(2):1161-71.
39. Aljomaa SS, Qudah MFA, Albursan IS, Bakhiet SF, Abduljabbar AS. Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;61:155-64.
40. Koivusilta LK, Lintonen TP, Rimpelä AH. Orientations in adolescent use of information and communication technology: a digital divide by sociodemographic background, educational career, and health. Scand J Public Health. 2007;35(1):95-103.
41. Kumcagiz H. Quality of life as a predictor of smartphone addiction risk among adolescents. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. 2019;24:117-27.
42. Buctot DB, Kim N, Kim JJ. Factors associated with smartphone addiction prevalence and its predictive capacity for health-related quality of life among Filipino adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;110:104758.
43. Fischer-Grote L, Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A. The impact of problematic smartphone use on children's and adolescents' quality of life: A systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(5):1417-24.
44. Jeong B, Lee JY, Kim BM, Park E, Kwon JG, Kim DJ, et al. Associations of personality and clinical characteristics with excessive Internet and smartphone use in adolescents: A structural equation modeling approach. Addict Behav. 2020;110:106485.
45. Kim Y, Jeong JE, Cho H, Jung DJ, Kwak M, Rho MJ, et al. Personality Factors Predicting Smartphone Addiction Predisposition: Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems, Impulsivity, and Self-Control. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0159788.
46. Xiong S, Xu Y, Zhang B, Zhu L, Xie J. Smartphone Addiction and Eysenck's Personality Traits Among Chinese Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol. 2021;12:794112.
47. Zhang J, Liu JT, Li Y. A path analysis on the relationships among coping style, personality characteristics and mobile phone addiction tendency among college students. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016; 17-19, 52.
48. Kayiş AR, Satici SA, Yilmaz MF, Şimşek D, Ceyhan E, Bakioğlu F. Big five-personality trait and internet addiction: A meta-analytic review. Computers in Human Behavior. 2016;63:35-40.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 2 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v19i2.15107 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Personality Quality of Life Smartphone Addiction Student University | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Demirkan AK. Exploring the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Quality of Life, and Personality Traits in University Students. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(2):207-217.
