Sociodemographic Correlates of Postpartum Depression: A Survey-Based Study
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Abstract
Post-partum depression (PPD) has been reported in about one-seventh to one-tenth of women, either immediately or within one year of childbirth. Certain factors increase the risk of PPD and considerable variation in the management has been reported. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of PPD, associated demographic factors and risk factors among the Eastern region of the United Arab Emirates, who delivered within a year.
Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was performed on women who had a recent singleton pregnancy and delivered newborn. Several demographics, social and psychological factors of the respondents were assessed using a survey form. The Edinburgh depression rating scale (EDRS) was used for the identification women with possible PPD (scores > 10).
Results The present work was carried on 200 women. The median EDRS score amongst the study participants was found to be 11 (0-26). The prevalence of PPD was found to be 57% in the studied population. Factors like education, marital relationship pre- and post-delivery, planned pregnancy, adverse events in the prior pregnancy, emotional support and previous history of depression were significantly associated with PPD in the investigated population.
Conclusions: The findings of the current study revealed that occurrence of depression among postpartum women is relatively high (57%). Also, we noticed some of the socio-demographic and risk factors associated with PPD amid Eastern region of the United Arab Emirates. In this context identification of risk factors will assist to devise effective interventions that improves mother-baby dyad and their relationship.
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5. Ding X, Liang M, Wang H, Song Q, Guo X, Su W, et al. Prenatal stressful life events increase the prevalence of postpartum depression: Evidence from prospective cohort studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;160:263-71.
6. Dadi AF, Miller ER, Bisetegn TA, Mwanri L. Global burden of antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes: an umbrella review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):173.
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8. Andersen KSH, Holm KG, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Association between neonatal homecare for preterm infants and incidence of severe postpartum depression in mothers. J Affect Disord. 2021;278:453-9.
9. Zarghami M, Abdollahi F, Lye M-S. A comparison of the prevalence and related risk factors for post-partum depression in urban and rural areas. IJPBS. 2019;13(2).
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11. Mousavi F, Shojaei P. Postpartum Depression and Quality of Life: A Path Analysis. Yale J Biol Med. 2021;94(1):85-94.
12. Kroska EB, Stowe ZN. Postpartum Depression: Identification and Treatment in the Clinic Setting. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2020;47(3):409-19.
13. Khalifa DS, Glavin K, Bjertness E, Lien L. Postnatal depression among Sudanese women: prevalence and validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 3 months postpartum. Int J Womens Health. 2015;7:677-84.
14. Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S. Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2020;16(Suppl-1):142-55.
15. Alhasanat D, Fry-McComish J. Postpartum Depression Among Immigrant and Arabic Women: Literature Review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(6):1882-94.
16. Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):542.
17. Davoud A, Abazari M. The Relationship between Quality of Life and Physical Activity, Worry, Depression, and Insomnia in Pregnant Women. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(2):159-68.
18. Khoshgoo M, Eslami O, Khadem Al-Hosseini M, Shidfar F. The Relationship between Household Food Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant Women: A Cross Sectional Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(2):126-33.
19. Mirzaasgari H, Momeni F, Pourshahbaz A, Keshavarzi F, Hatami M. The Role of Psychological Distress in the Relationship between Personality Dimensions and Pregnancy Outcome of Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Treatment (IVF/ICSI). Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(2):153-64.
20. Nakano M, Sourander A, Luntamo T, Chudal R, Skokauskas N, Kaneko H. Early risk factors for postpartum depression: A longitudinal Japanese population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2020;269:148-53.
21. Xayyabouapha A, Sychareun V, Quyen BTT, Thikeo M, Durham J. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Postpartum Depressive Symptoms Among Women in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Front Public Health. 2022;10:791385.
22. Sivas MC, Ohanoglu Cetinel K, Aykan İ. The Effect of the Number of Breastfeeding Sessions per Day in the Early Postpartum Period on Postpartum Depression Scores Among Pregnant Women Without Risk Factors for Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Breastfeed Med. 2024;19(1):47-51.
23. Johansen SL, Stenhaug BA, Robakis TK, Williams KE, Cullen MR. Past Psychiatric Conditions as Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(1).
24. Rasmussen MH, Poulsen GJ, Videbech P, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Endocrine disease history and the risk of postpartum depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2023;222(3):119-24.
25. Yu Y, Liang HF, Chen J, Li ZB, Han YS, Chen JX, Li JC. Postpartum Depression: Current Status and Possible Identification Using Biomarkers. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:620371.
26. Cao S, Jones M, Tooth L, Mishra GD. History of premenstrual syndrome and development of postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;121:82-90.
27. Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, O'Reilly JR, Tuovinen S, Lahti M, Kajantie E, et al. Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, placental expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid and serotonin function and infant regulatory behaviors. Psychol Med. 2015;45(15):3217-26.
28. Smorti M, Ponti L, Pancetti F. A Comprehensive Analysis of Post-partum Depression Risk Factors: The Role of Socio-Demographic, Individual, Relational, and Delivery Characteristics. Front Public Health. 2019;7:295.
29. Liu X, Wang S, Wang G. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2022;31(19-20):2665-77.
30. Bedaso A, Adams J, Peng W, Xu F, Sibbritt D. An examination of the association between marital status and prenatal mental disorders using linked health administrative data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):735.
31. Ghaedrahmati M, Kazemi A, Kheirabadi G, Ebrahimi A, Bahrami M. Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6:60.
32. White LK, Kornfield SL, Himes MM, Forkpa M, Waller R, Njoroge WFM, et al. The impact of postpartum social support on postpartum mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2023;26(4):531-41.
33. Faisal-Cury A, Tabb K, Matijasevich A. Partner relationship quality predicts later postpartum depression independently of the chronicity of depressive symptoms. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;43(1):12-21.
34. Cho H, Lee K, Choi E, Cho HN, Park B, Suh M, et al. Association between social support and postpartum depression. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3128.
35. Kim S, Kim DJ, Lee MS, Lee H. Association of Social Support and Postpartum Depression According to the Time After Childbirth in South Korea. Psychiatry Investig. 2023;20(8):750-7.
36. Taylor BL, Nath S, Sokolova AY, Lewis G, Howard LM, Johnson S, Sweeney A. The relationship between social support in pregnancy and postnatal depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2022;57(7):1435-44.
2. Hanach N, Radwan H, Fakhry R, Dennis CL, Issa WB, Faris ME, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression among women living in the United Arab Emirates. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2023;58(3):395-407.
3. Chrzan-Dętkoś M, Murawska N, Łockiewicz M, de la Fe Rodriguez Muñoz M. Self-harm thoughts among postpartum women - associated factors. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2024:1-14.
4. Hofheimer JA, McGowan EC, Smith LM, Meltzer-Brody S, Carter BS, Dansereau LM, et al. Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression and Severe Distress among Mothers of Very Preterm Infants at NICU Discharge. Am J Perinatol. 2023.
5. Ding X, Liang M, Wang H, Song Q, Guo X, Su W, et al. Prenatal stressful life events increase the prevalence of postpartum depression: Evidence from prospective cohort studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;160:263-71.
6. Dadi AF, Miller ER, Bisetegn TA, Mwanri L. Global burden of antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes: an umbrella review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):173.
7. Gastaldon C, Solmi M, Correll CU, Barbui C, Schoretsanitis G. Risk factors of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms: umbrella review of current evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2022;221(4):591-602.
8. Andersen KSH, Holm KG, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Association between neonatal homecare for preterm infants and incidence of severe postpartum depression in mothers. J Affect Disord. 2021;278:453-9.
9. Zarghami M, Abdollahi F, Lye M-S. A comparison of the prevalence and related risk factors for post-partum depression in urban and rural areas. IJPBS. 2019;13(2).
10. Alsabi RNS, Zaimi AF, Sivalingam T, Ishak NN, Alimuddin AS, Dasrilsyah RA, et al. Improving knowledge, attitudes and beliefs: a cross-sectional study of postpartum depression awareness among social support networks during COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):221.
11. Mousavi F, Shojaei P. Postpartum Depression and Quality of Life: A Path Analysis. Yale J Biol Med. 2021;94(1):85-94.
12. Kroska EB, Stowe ZN. Postpartum Depression: Identification and Treatment in the Clinic Setting. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2020;47(3):409-19.
13. Khalifa DS, Glavin K, Bjertness E, Lien L. Postnatal depression among Sudanese women: prevalence and validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 3 months postpartum. Int J Womens Health. 2015;7:677-84.
14. Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S. Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2020;16(Suppl-1):142-55.
15. Alhasanat D, Fry-McComish J. Postpartum Depression Among Immigrant and Arabic Women: Literature Review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(6):1882-94.
16. Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):542.
17. Davoud A, Abazari M. The Relationship between Quality of Life and Physical Activity, Worry, Depression, and Insomnia in Pregnant Women. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(2):159-68.
18. Khoshgoo M, Eslami O, Khadem Al-Hosseini M, Shidfar F. The Relationship between Household Food Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant Women: A Cross Sectional Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(2):126-33.
19. Mirzaasgari H, Momeni F, Pourshahbaz A, Keshavarzi F, Hatami M. The Role of Psychological Distress in the Relationship between Personality Dimensions and Pregnancy Outcome of Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Treatment (IVF/ICSI). Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(2):153-64.
20. Nakano M, Sourander A, Luntamo T, Chudal R, Skokauskas N, Kaneko H. Early risk factors for postpartum depression: A longitudinal Japanese population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2020;269:148-53.
21. Xayyabouapha A, Sychareun V, Quyen BTT, Thikeo M, Durham J. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Postpartum Depressive Symptoms Among Women in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Front Public Health. 2022;10:791385.
22. Sivas MC, Ohanoglu Cetinel K, Aykan İ. The Effect of the Number of Breastfeeding Sessions per Day in the Early Postpartum Period on Postpartum Depression Scores Among Pregnant Women Without Risk Factors for Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Breastfeed Med. 2024;19(1):47-51.
23. Johansen SL, Stenhaug BA, Robakis TK, Williams KE, Cullen MR. Past Psychiatric Conditions as Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(1).
24. Rasmussen MH, Poulsen GJ, Videbech P, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Endocrine disease history and the risk of postpartum depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2023;222(3):119-24.
25. Yu Y, Liang HF, Chen J, Li ZB, Han YS, Chen JX, Li JC. Postpartum Depression: Current Status and Possible Identification Using Biomarkers. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:620371.
26. Cao S, Jones M, Tooth L, Mishra GD. History of premenstrual syndrome and development of postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;121:82-90.
27. Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, O'Reilly JR, Tuovinen S, Lahti M, Kajantie E, et al. Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, placental expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid and serotonin function and infant regulatory behaviors. Psychol Med. 2015;45(15):3217-26.
28. Smorti M, Ponti L, Pancetti F. A Comprehensive Analysis of Post-partum Depression Risk Factors: The Role of Socio-Demographic, Individual, Relational, and Delivery Characteristics. Front Public Health. 2019;7:295.
29. Liu X, Wang S, Wang G. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2022;31(19-20):2665-77.
30. Bedaso A, Adams J, Peng W, Xu F, Sibbritt D. An examination of the association between marital status and prenatal mental disorders using linked health administrative data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):735.
31. Ghaedrahmati M, Kazemi A, Kheirabadi G, Ebrahimi A, Bahrami M. Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6:60.
32. White LK, Kornfield SL, Himes MM, Forkpa M, Waller R, Njoroge WFM, et al. The impact of postpartum social support on postpartum mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2023;26(4):531-41.
33. Faisal-Cury A, Tabb K, Matijasevich A. Partner relationship quality predicts later postpartum depression independently of the chronicity of depressive symptoms. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;43(1):12-21.
34. Cho H, Lee K, Choi E, Cho HN, Park B, Suh M, et al. Association between social support and postpartum depression. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3128.
35. Kim S, Kim DJ, Lee MS, Lee H. Association of Social Support and Postpartum Depression According to the Time After Childbirth in South Korea. Psychiatry Investig. 2023;20(8):750-7.
36. Taylor BL, Nath S, Sokolova AY, Lewis G, Howard LM, Johnson S, Sweeney A. The relationship between social support in pregnancy and postnatal depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2022;57(7):1435-44.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 2 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v19i2.15103 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Postpartum Depression Risk Factors Sociodemographic Factors Cross-Sectional Study United Arab Emirates | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mubarak Alloghani M, R. Baig M, Mohammed Shareef Alawadhi S. Sociodemographic Correlates of Postpartum Depression: A Survey-Based Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(2):171-181.
