Predictors of Attitudes toward Aging in Middle-Aged Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study
-
Marzieh Mohamadzadeh
,
Nasibeh Zanjari
,
Zahra Aliakbarzadeh Arani
,
Hamidreza Shoraka
,
Razieh Pirouzeh
Abstract
Objective: Attitudes toward aging (ATA) are among the most important determinants of well-being in old age. However, little research has examined factors contributing to their formation in middle-aged individuals. This study aimed to investigate predictors of attitudes toward aging among Iranian middle-aged individuals in 2022.
Method: This study recruited 330 people with a mean age of 56.5 ± 5.6 using multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a three-part questionnaire, including demographic factors, an attitude toward aging questionnaire (AAQ), and a multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS (v.22) statistical software to conduct t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and linear regression.
Results: According to bivariate analysis, perceived social support (PSS), age, level of education, and perceived income adequacy (PIA) had a significant relation with the total ATA score (P < 0.05). According to regression analysis, family support (β = 0.288, P < 0.001), friend support (β = 0.188, P < 0.001), significant others support (β = 0.130, P = 0.04), age (β = 0.118, P = 0.002), and PIA (β = 0.290, P < 0.001) were the predictor factors of ATA and explained 41% of the variance. PSS and PIA were the predictors of all dimensions of ATA.
Conclusion: The results highlight the role of potentially modifiable factors, such as PSS, PIA, and level of education, in shaping ATA. This requires interventions and policies that effectively promote social and financial support in middle-aged individuals.
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2. Manige HS, Papi S, Sahaf R, Asl MA, Ramshini M, Rassafiani M, et al. Predicting the perception of aging based on optimism in the elderly people. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2020;14(4):450-61.
3. Rothermund K, Englert C, Gerstorf D. Explaining Variation in Individual Aging, Its Sources, and Consequences: A Comprehensive Conceptual Model of Human Aging. Gerontology. 2023;69(12):1437-47.
4. Mendoza-Núñez VM, de la Luz Martínez-Maldonado M, Vivaldo-Martínez M. What is the onset age of human aging and old age? Int J Gerontol. 2016;1(10):56.
5. Kisvetrová H, Mandysová P, Tomanová J, Steven A. Dignity and attitudes to aging: A cross-sectional study of older adults. Nurs Ethics. 2022;29(2):413-24.
6. Yamada Y, Merz L, Kisvetrova H. Quality of life and comorbidity among older home care clients: role of positive attitudes toward aging. Qual Life Res. 2015;24(7):1661-7.
7. Brothers A, Miche M, Wahl HW, Diehl M. Examination of Associations Among Three Distinct Subjective Aging Constructs and Their Relevance for Predicting Developmental Correlates. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2017;72(4):547-60.
8. Levy BR, Slade MD, Kunkel SR, Kasl SV. Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(2):261-70.
9. Manookian A, Navab E, Zomorodi M. The relationship between self-compassion and attitude to ageing in middle aged people. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2020;15(5):20-8.
10. Siebert JS, Wahl HW, Degen C, Schröder J. Attitude toward own aging as a risk factor for cognitive disorder in old age: 12-year evidence from the ILSE study. Psychol Aging. 2018;33(3):461-72.
11. Brown L, Bryant C, Brown V, Bei B, Judd F. Self-compassion, attitudes to ageing and indicators of health and well-being among midlife women. Aging Ment Health. 2016;20(10):1035-43.
12. Levy B. Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009;18(6):332-6.
13. Phillips WJ, Ferguson SJ. Self-compassion: a resource for positive aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013;68(4):529-39.
14. Miche M, Elsässer VC, Schilling OK, Wahl HW. Attitude toward own aging in midlife and early old age over a 12-year period: examination of measurement equivalence and developmental trajectories. Psychol Aging. 2014;29(3):588-600.
15. Manzi C, Adorni R, Giannella VA, Steca P. How to Age More Positively? Analyzing Determinants that Shape Attitudes Towards Aging. J Adult Dev. 2024;31(1):53-64.
16. Lamont RA, Nelis SM, Quinn C, Clare L. Social Support and Attitudes to Aging in Later Life. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2017;84(2):109-25.
17. Liu D, Xi J, Hall BJ, Fu M, Zhang B, Guo J, et al. Attitudes toward aging, social support and depression among older adults: Difference by urban and rural areas in China. J Affect Disord. 2020;274:85-92.
18. Kocalevent RD, Berg L, Beutel ME, Hinz A, Zenger M, Härter M, et al. Social support in the general population: standardization of the Oslo social support scale (OSSS-3). BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):31.
19. Ozbay F, Johnson DC, Dimoulas E, Morgan CA, Charney D, Southwick S. Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007;4(5):35-40.
20. Poudel A, Gurung B, Khanal GP. Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychol. 2020;8(1):43.
21. Brajša-Žganec A, Kaliterna-Lipovčan L, Hanzec I. The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across the lifespan. Društvena istraživanja. 2018;27(1):47-5.
22. Emadpoor L, Lavasani MG, Shahcheraghi SM. Relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being among students based on mediating role of academic motivation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2016;14:284-90.
23. Zdun-Ryżewska A, Basiński K, Majkowicz M, Podolska M, Landowski J, Walden-Gałuszko K. Association between social support and quality of life in patients with affective disorders. Eur J Psychiatry. 2018;32(3):132-8.
24. Alshraifeen A, Al-Rawashdeh S, Alnuaimi K, Alzoubi F, Tanash M, Ashour A, et al. Social support predicted quality of life in people receiving haemodialysis treatment: A cross-sectional survey. Nurs Open. 2020;7(5):1517-25.
25. Moghadam K, Mansour-Ghanaei R, Esmaeilpour-Bandboni M, Atrkar-Roshan Z. Investigating the relationship between social support and quality of life in the elderly. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:215.
26. Singstad MT, Wallander JL, Greger HK, Lydersen S, Kayed NS. Perceived social support and quality of life among adolescents in residential youth care: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):29.
27. Shu Y, Lin W, Yang J, Huang P, Li B, Zhang X. How social support predicts anxiety among university students during COVID-19 control phase: Mediating roles of self-esteem and resilience. Anal Soc Issues Public Policy. 2022.
28. Lee SH, Yeh CJ, Yang CY, Wang CY, Lee MC. Factors Associated with Attitudes toward Aging among Taiwanese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Based on Population-Representative National Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5).
29. Rejeh N, Heravi-Karimooi M, Foroughan M, Nikkhah M, Azam B. The Persian version of Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ): a validation study. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2016;15(5):567-78.
30. Attafuah PY, Amertil NP, Abuosi AA, Nyonator D. Nurses knowledge and attitude towards care of older patients: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. 2022;16:100413.
31. Zanjari N, Sharifian Sani M, Hosseini Chavoshi M, Rafiey H, Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F. Perceptions of Successful Ageing Among Iranian Elders: Insights From a Qualitative Study. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2016;83(4):381-401.
32. Mohamadzadeh M, Zanjari N, Delbari A, Foroughan M, Tabesh H. Factors Associated with Subjective Successful Aging Among Iranian Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2024;29(5):583-9.
33. Marzban A. People's attitudes toward aging in Fasa city, 2021. Health Science Monitor. 2022;1(1):47-52.
34. Mansouri Arani M, Aazami S, Azami M, Borji M. Assessing attitudes toward elderly among nurses working in the city of Ilam. Int J Nurs Sci. 2017;4(3):311-3.
35. Morowatisharifabad MA, Bahram AH, Bidaki R, Namayandeh SM. Comparison of knowledge and attitude of health care providers towards aging phenomenon in Yazd and Hamadan, Iran. Elderly Health Journal. 2019.
36. Merabishvili VM, Shakhzadova AO, Perelygin VV. State of cancer care in Russia: Age and cancer. Features of localization structure, quality of recording, and survival of middle-aged patients with CNS tumors (a clinical-population study). Part 3. Pharmacy Formulas. 2023;5(2):38-51.
37. Davis NC, Friedrich D. Age stereotypes in middle-aged through old-old adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2010;70(3):199-212.
38. Jung S, Siedlecki KL. Attitude toward own aging: Age invariance and construct validity across middle-aged, young-old, and old-old adults. Journal of Adult Development. 2018;25:141-9.
39. Tan JJX, Kraus MW, Carpenter NC, Adler NE. The association between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2020;146(11):970-1020.
40. Gildner TE, Liebert MA, Capistrant BD, D'Este C, Snodgrass JJ, Kowal P. Perceived Income Adequacy and Well-being Among Older Adults in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(3):516-25.
41. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment. 1988;52(1):30-41.
42. Bagherian-Sararoudi R, Hajian A, Ehsan HB, Sarafraz MR, Zimet GD. Psychometric properties of the persian version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in iran. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(11):1277-81.
43. Laidlaw K, Power MJ, Schmidt S. The Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ): development and psychometric properties. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(4):367-79.
44. Bryant C, Bei B, Gilson K, Komiti A, Jackson H, Judd F. The relationship between attitudes to aging and physical and mental health in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(10):1674-83.
45. Rouhi F, Asiri S, Bakhshi F. Factors Related to Feelings of Loneliness and Attitudes Toward Ageing in Retired Older Adults. Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery. 2023;33(4):239-49.
46. Low G, Molzahn AE, Schopflocher D. Attitudes to aging mediate the relationship between older peoples' subjective health and quality of life in 20 countries. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:146.
47. Cadmus EO, Adebusoye LA, Owoaje ET. Attitude towards ageing and perceived health status of community-dwelling older persons in a low resource setting: a rural-urban comparison. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):454.
48. Abd Manaf NH, Omar A, Juhdi N, Omar MA, Salleh M. Attitude towards ageing and perceived health status among the elderly in Malaysia. Advances in Business Research International Journal. 2016;2(2):27-38.
49. Zielińska-Więczkowska H, Sas K. The Sense of Coherence, Self-Perception of Aging and the Occurrence of Depression Among the Participants of the University of the Third Age Depending on Socio-Demographic Factors. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1481-91.
50. Thorpe AM, Pearson JF, Schluter PJ, Spittlehouse JK, Joyce PR. Attitudes to aging in midlife are related to health conditions and mood. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(12):2061-71.
51. Bryant C, Bei B, Gilson KM, Komiti A, Jackson H, Judd F. Antecedents of Attitudes to Aging: A Study of the Roles of Personality and Well-being. Gerontologist. 2016;56(2):256-65.
52. Lucas-Carrasco R, Laidlaw K, Gómez-Benito J, Power MJ. Reliability and validity of the Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) in older people in Spain. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(3):490-9.
53. Kalfoss M. Gender differences in attitudes to ageing among Norwegian older adults. Open Journal of Nursing. 2016;6(03):255.
54. Rejeh N, Heravi-Karimooi M, Vaismoradi M, Griffiths P, Nikkhah M, Bahrami T. Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire in Iranian older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1531-42.
55. McConatha JT, Schnell F, Volkwein K, Riley L, Leach E. Attitudes toward aging: a comparative analysis of young adults from the United States and Germany. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2003;57(3):203-15.
56. Swift HJ, Abrams D, Lamont RA, Drury L. The risks of ageism model: How ageism and negative attitudes toward age can be a barrier to active aging. Social Issues and Policy Review. 2017;11(1):195-231.
57. Cheng ST, Chan AC. Relationship with others and life satisfaction in later life: do gender and widowhood make a difference? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61(1):P46-53.
58. Chappell NL. Health and helping among the elderly: gender differences. Journal of Aging and Health. 1989;1(1):102-20.
59. Solhi M, Pirouzeh R, Zanjari N. Middle-aged preparation for healthy aging: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):274.
60. Kahrobaei Kalkhuran Alya M, Changi Ashtiani J, Motamedi A. Comparing the Perception of Patterns of Aging in Adolescents and Young Adults Based on Grounded Theory. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2022;17(1):96-107.
61. Litwin H, Sapir EV. Perceived income adequacy among older adults in 12 countries: findings from the survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe. Gerontologist. 2009;49(3):397-406.
62. Garousi S, Garrusi B, Sadat KB. Does perceived family support has a relation with depression and anxiety in an Iranian diabetic sample. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2013;6(3):360-8.
63. Hosseini Largani M, Gorgani F, Abbaszadeh M, Arbabi M, Karimpour Reyhan S, Allameh SF, et al. Depression, Anxiety, Perceived Stress and Family Support in COVID-19 Patients. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(3):257-64.
64. Norouzadeh R, Mashhadi SS, Hosseinkhani SN. Impact of Family Support Program on Depression of Family Caregiver of Hospitalized Patients in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit. Health Education & Health Promotion. 2021;9(2).
65. Marthammuthu T, Hairi FM, Choo WY, Salleh NAM, Hairi NN. A Qualitative Investigation on the Roles of Social Support on Physical Activity Behaviour among the Rural-Dwelling Older Women in Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18).
66. Moatamedy A, Borjali A, Sadeqpur M. Prediction of psychological well-being of the elderly based on the power of stress management and social support. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2018;13(1):98-109.
2. Manige HS, Papi S, Sahaf R, Asl MA, Ramshini M, Rassafiani M, et al. Predicting the perception of aging based on optimism in the elderly people. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2020;14(4):450-61.
3. Rothermund K, Englert C, Gerstorf D. Explaining Variation in Individual Aging, Its Sources, and Consequences: A Comprehensive Conceptual Model of Human Aging. Gerontology. 2023;69(12):1437-47.
4. Mendoza-Núñez VM, de la Luz Martínez-Maldonado M, Vivaldo-Martínez M. What is the onset age of human aging and old age? Int J Gerontol. 2016;1(10):56.
5. Kisvetrová H, Mandysová P, Tomanová J, Steven A. Dignity and attitudes to aging: A cross-sectional study of older adults. Nurs Ethics. 2022;29(2):413-24.
6. Yamada Y, Merz L, Kisvetrova H. Quality of life and comorbidity among older home care clients: role of positive attitudes toward aging. Qual Life Res. 2015;24(7):1661-7.
7. Brothers A, Miche M, Wahl HW, Diehl M. Examination of Associations Among Three Distinct Subjective Aging Constructs and Their Relevance for Predicting Developmental Correlates. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2017;72(4):547-60.
8. Levy BR, Slade MD, Kunkel SR, Kasl SV. Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(2):261-70.
9. Manookian A, Navab E, Zomorodi M. The relationship between self-compassion and attitude to ageing in middle aged people. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2020;15(5):20-8.
10. Siebert JS, Wahl HW, Degen C, Schröder J. Attitude toward own aging as a risk factor for cognitive disorder in old age: 12-year evidence from the ILSE study. Psychol Aging. 2018;33(3):461-72.
11. Brown L, Bryant C, Brown V, Bei B, Judd F. Self-compassion, attitudes to ageing and indicators of health and well-being among midlife women. Aging Ment Health. 2016;20(10):1035-43.
12. Levy B. Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009;18(6):332-6.
13. Phillips WJ, Ferguson SJ. Self-compassion: a resource for positive aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013;68(4):529-39.
14. Miche M, Elsässer VC, Schilling OK, Wahl HW. Attitude toward own aging in midlife and early old age over a 12-year period: examination of measurement equivalence and developmental trajectories. Psychol Aging. 2014;29(3):588-600.
15. Manzi C, Adorni R, Giannella VA, Steca P. How to Age More Positively? Analyzing Determinants that Shape Attitudes Towards Aging. J Adult Dev. 2024;31(1):53-64.
16. Lamont RA, Nelis SM, Quinn C, Clare L. Social Support and Attitudes to Aging in Later Life. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2017;84(2):109-25.
17. Liu D, Xi J, Hall BJ, Fu M, Zhang B, Guo J, et al. Attitudes toward aging, social support and depression among older adults: Difference by urban and rural areas in China. J Affect Disord. 2020;274:85-92.
18. Kocalevent RD, Berg L, Beutel ME, Hinz A, Zenger M, Härter M, et al. Social support in the general population: standardization of the Oslo social support scale (OSSS-3). BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):31.
19. Ozbay F, Johnson DC, Dimoulas E, Morgan CA, Charney D, Southwick S. Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007;4(5):35-40.
20. Poudel A, Gurung B, Khanal GP. Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychol. 2020;8(1):43.
21. Brajša-Žganec A, Kaliterna-Lipovčan L, Hanzec I. The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across the lifespan. Društvena istraživanja. 2018;27(1):47-5.
22. Emadpoor L, Lavasani MG, Shahcheraghi SM. Relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being among students based on mediating role of academic motivation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2016;14:284-90.
23. Zdun-Ryżewska A, Basiński K, Majkowicz M, Podolska M, Landowski J, Walden-Gałuszko K. Association between social support and quality of life in patients with affective disorders. Eur J Psychiatry. 2018;32(3):132-8.
24. Alshraifeen A, Al-Rawashdeh S, Alnuaimi K, Alzoubi F, Tanash M, Ashour A, et al. Social support predicted quality of life in people receiving haemodialysis treatment: A cross-sectional survey. Nurs Open. 2020;7(5):1517-25.
25. Moghadam K, Mansour-Ghanaei R, Esmaeilpour-Bandboni M, Atrkar-Roshan Z. Investigating the relationship between social support and quality of life in the elderly. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:215.
26. Singstad MT, Wallander JL, Greger HK, Lydersen S, Kayed NS. Perceived social support and quality of life among adolescents in residential youth care: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):29.
27. Shu Y, Lin W, Yang J, Huang P, Li B, Zhang X. How social support predicts anxiety among university students during COVID-19 control phase: Mediating roles of self-esteem and resilience. Anal Soc Issues Public Policy. 2022.
28. Lee SH, Yeh CJ, Yang CY, Wang CY, Lee MC. Factors Associated with Attitudes toward Aging among Taiwanese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Based on Population-Representative National Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5).
29. Rejeh N, Heravi-Karimooi M, Foroughan M, Nikkhah M, Azam B. The Persian version of Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ): a validation study. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2016;15(5):567-78.
30. Attafuah PY, Amertil NP, Abuosi AA, Nyonator D. Nurses knowledge and attitude towards care of older patients: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. 2022;16:100413.
31. Zanjari N, Sharifian Sani M, Hosseini Chavoshi M, Rafiey H, Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F. Perceptions of Successful Ageing Among Iranian Elders: Insights From a Qualitative Study. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2016;83(4):381-401.
32. Mohamadzadeh M, Zanjari N, Delbari A, Foroughan M, Tabesh H. Factors Associated with Subjective Successful Aging Among Iranian Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2024;29(5):583-9.
33. Marzban A. People's attitudes toward aging in Fasa city, 2021. Health Science Monitor. 2022;1(1):47-52.
34. Mansouri Arani M, Aazami S, Azami M, Borji M. Assessing attitudes toward elderly among nurses working in the city of Ilam. Int J Nurs Sci. 2017;4(3):311-3.
35. Morowatisharifabad MA, Bahram AH, Bidaki R, Namayandeh SM. Comparison of knowledge and attitude of health care providers towards aging phenomenon in Yazd and Hamadan, Iran. Elderly Health Journal. 2019.
36. Merabishvili VM, Shakhzadova AO, Perelygin VV. State of cancer care in Russia: Age and cancer. Features of localization structure, quality of recording, and survival of middle-aged patients with CNS tumors (a clinical-population study). Part 3. Pharmacy Formulas. 2023;5(2):38-51.
37. Davis NC, Friedrich D. Age stereotypes in middle-aged through old-old adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2010;70(3):199-212.
38. Jung S, Siedlecki KL. Attitude toward own aging: Age invariance and construct validity across middle-aged, young-old, and old-old adults. Journal of Adult Development. 2018;25:141-9.
39. Tan JJX, Kraus MW, Carpenter NC, Adler NE. The association between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2020;146(11):970-1020.
40. Gildner TE, Liebert MA, Capistrant BD, D'Este C, Snodgrass JJ, Kowal P. Perceived Income Adequacy and Well-being Among Older Adults in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(3):516-25.
41. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment. 1988;52(1):30-41.
42. Bagherian-Sararoudi R, Hajian A, Ehsan HB, Sarafraz MR, Zimet GD. Psychometric properties of the persian version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in iran. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(11):1277-81.
43. Laidlaw K, Power MJ, Schmidt S. The Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ): development and psychometric properties. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(4):367-79.
44. Bryant C, Bei B, Gilson K, Komiti A, Jackson H, Judd F. The relationship between attitudes to aging and physical and mental health in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(10):1674-83.
45. Rouhi F, Asiri S, Bakhshi F. Factors Related to Feelings of Loneliness and Attitudes Toward Ageing in Retired Older Adults. Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery. 2023;33(4):239-49.
46. Low G, Molzahn AE, Schopflocher D. Attitudes to aging mediate the relationship between older peoples' subjective health and quality of life in 20 countries. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:146.
47. Cadmus EO, Adebusoye LA, Owoaje ET. Attitude towards ageing and perceived health status of community-dwelling older persons in a low resource setting: a rural-urban comparison. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):454.
48. Abd Manaf NH, Omar A, Juhdi N, Omar MA, Salleh M. Attitude towards ageing and perceived health status among the elderly in Malaysia. Advances in Business Research International Journal. 2016;2(2):27-38.
49. Zielińska-Więczkowska H, Sas K. The Sense of Coherence, Self-Perception of Aging and the Occurrence of Depression Among the Participants of the University of the Third Age Depending on Socio-Demographic Factors. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1481-91.
50. Thorpe AM, Pearson JF, Schluter PJ, Spittlehouse JK, Joyce PR. Attitudes to aging in midlife are related to health conditions and mood. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(12):2061-71.
51. Bryant C, Bei B, Gilson KM, Komiti A, Jackson H, Judd F. Antecedents of Attitudes to Aging: A Study of the Roles of Personality and Well-being. Gerontologist. 2016;56(2):256-65.
52. Lucas-Carrasco R, Laidlaw K, Gómez-Benito J, Power MJ. Reliability and validity of the Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ) in older people in Spain. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(3):490-9.
53. Kalfoss M. Gender differences in attitudes to ageing among Norwegian older adults. Open Journal of Nursing. 2016;6(03):255.
54. Rejeh N, Heravi-Karimooi M, Vaismoradi M, Griffiths P, Nikkhah M, Bahrami T. Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire in Iranian older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1531-42.
55. McConatha JT, Schnell F, Volkwein K, Riley L, Leach E. Attitudes toward aging: a comparative analysis of young adults from the United States and Germany. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2003;57(3):203-15.
56. Swift HJ, Abrams D, Lamont RA, Drury L. The risks of ageism model: How ageism and negative attitudes toward age can be a barrier to active aging. Social Issues and Policy Review. 2017;11(1):195-231.
57. Cheng ST, Chan AC. Relationship with others and life satisfaction in later life: do gender and widowhood make a difference? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61(1):P46-53.
58. Chappell NL. Health and helping among the elderly: gender differences. Journal of Aging and Health. 1989;1(1):102-20.
59. Solhi M, Pirouzeh R, Zanjari N. Middle-aged preparation for healthy aging: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):274.
60. Kahrobaei Kalkhuran Alya M, Changi Ashtiani J, Motamedi A. Comparing the Perception of Patterns of Aging in Adolescents and Young Adults Based on Grounded Theory. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2022;17(1):96-107.
61. Litwin H, Sapir EV. Perceived income adequacy among older adults in 12 countries: findings from the survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe. Gerontologist. 2009;49(3):397-406.
62. Garousi S, Garrusi B, Sadat KB. Does perceived family support has a relation with depression and anxiety in an Iranian diabetic sample. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2013;6(3):360-8.
63. Hosseini Largani M, Gorgani F, Abbaszadeh M, Arbabi M, Karimpour Reyhan S, Allameh SF, et al. Depression, Anxiety, Perceived Stress and Family Support in COVID-19 Patients. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(3):257-64.
64. Norouzadeh R, Mashhadi SS, Hosseinkhani SN. Impact of Family Support Program on Depression of Family Caregiver of Hospitalized Patients in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit. Health Education & Health Promotion. 2021;9(2).
65. Marthammuthu T, Hairi FM, Choo WY, Salleh NAM, Hairi NN. A Qualitative Investigation on the Roles of Social Support on Physical Activity Behaviour among the Rural-Dwelling Older Women in Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18).
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v19i4.16556 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Attitudes toward Aging Iran Income Adequacy Middle-Aged Social Support | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mohamadzadeh M, Zanjari N, Aliakbarzadeh Arani Z, Shoraka H, Pirouzeh R. Predictors of Attitudes toward Aging in Middle-Aged Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(4):431-440.
