A Meta-Analysis of the Structural Validity of Original and Brief Versions of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in Iran
,
Abstract
Objective: The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) is a widely used scale to evaluate the dimensional constructs of two trait models proposed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). The present meta-analysis first aimed to examine the factor structure, reliability, and congruence coefficients of the Persian version of the PID-5 to assess both trait models. The second aim was to evaluate the factor structure and reliability of the Persian version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF).
Method: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Magiran, and SID to find records in English and Farsi from January 2013 to December 2023. According to the PRISMA, data from nine medium- to high-quality reports including 7,608 participants were analyzed using the random-effects method. Quality of studies, heterogeneity, and publication bias were reported.
Results: The five-factor structure of the PID-5 to measure both trait models was supported by the pooled estimates of factor loadings. The alpha coefficient median for the DSM-5 model was 0.83 (range: 0.82-0.90), and the congruence coefficient median was .91 (range: 0.80-0.97). The ICD-11 alpha median was .78 (range: 0.68-0.91), and congruency median was 0.90 (range: 0.71-0.96). The factor loadings for negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism on the PID-5-BF were 0.44-0.69, 0.38-0.67, 0.46-0.72, 0.42-0.70, and 0.44-0.76, respectively, and the alpha median was 0.73 (range: 0.65-0.76).
Conclusion: Since both the original and brief versions of the PID-5 are valid and strongly similar to international structures, the clinical and research applications of these questionnaires are recommended to mental health professionals in Iran.
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5. Sharp C, Wall K. DSM-5 Level of personality functioning: Refocusing personality disorder on what it means to be human. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2021;17:313-37.
6. García LF, Gutiérrez F, García O, Aluja A. The alternative model of personality disorders: Assessment, convergent and discriminant validity, and a look to the future. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2024;20(1):431-55.
7. Krueger RF, Derringer J, Markon KE, Watson D, Skodol AE. Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1879-90.
8. Bach B, Sellbom M, Kongerslev M, Simonsen E, Krueger RF, Mulder R. Deriving ICD-11 personality disorder domains from dsm-5 traits: initial attempt to harmonize two diagnostic systems. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136(1):108-17.
9. Mulder RT. ICD-11 Personality Disorders: Utility and Implications of the New Model. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:655548.
10. Clark LA, Watson D. The trait model of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD): A structural review. Personal Disord. 2022;13(4):328-36.
11. Tyrer P, Mulder R, Kim YR, Crawford MJ. The Development of the ICD-11 Classification of Personality Disorders: An Amalgam of Science, Pragmatism, and Politics. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2019;15:481-502.
12. McCabe GA, Widiger TA. A comprehensive comparison of the ICD-11 and DSM-5 section III personality disorder models. Psychol Assess. 2020;32(1):72-84.
13. Clark LA, Corona-Espinosa A, Khoo S, Kotelnikova Y, Levin-Aspenson HF, Serapio-García G, et al. Preliminary scales for ICD-11 personality disorder: Self and interpersonal dysfunction plus five personality disorder trait domains. Front Psychol. 2021;12:668724.
14. Zimmermann J, Kerber A, Rek K, Hopwood CJ, Krueger RF. A Brief but comprehensive review of research on the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(9):92.
15. Oltmanns JR, Widiger TA. A self-report measure for the ICD-11 dimensional trait model proposal: The personality inventory for ICD-11. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(2):154-69.
16. Oltmanns JR, Widiger TA. The Five-Factor Personality Inventory for ICD-11: A facet-level assessment of the ICD-11 trait model. Psychol Assess. 2020;32(1):60-71.
17. Tyrer P. Personality Assessment Schedule-ICD-11 Version (PAS-ICD-11). Home edition. 2017.
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19. American Psychiatric Association. The Personality Inventory for DSM-5—Brief Form (PID-5-BF)—Adult. American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
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26. Kerber A, Schultze M, Müller S, Rühling RM, Wright AGC, Spitzer C, et al. Development of a Short and ICD-11 Compatible Measure for DSM-5 Maladaptive Personality Traits Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms. Assessment. 2022;29(3):467-87.
27. Thomas KM, Yalch MM, Krueger RF, Wright AG, Markon KE, Hopwood CJ. The convergent structure of DSM-5 personality trait facets and five-factor model trait domains. Assessment. 2013;20(3):308-11.
28. Quilty LC, Ayearst L, Chmielewski M, Pollock BG, Bagby RM. The psychometric properties of the personality inventory for DSM-5 in an APA DSM-5 field trial sample. Assessment. 2013;20(3):362-9.
29. Zimmermann J, Altenstein D, Krieger T, Holtforth MG, Pretsch J, Alexopoulos J, et al. The structure and correlates of self-reported DSM-5 maladaptive personality traits: findings from two German-speaking samples. J Pers Disord. 2014;28(4):518-40.
30. Roskam I, Galdiolo S, Hansenne M, Massoudi K, Rossier J, Gicquel L, et al. The psychometric properties of the French version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133413.
31. Thimm JC, Jordan S, Bach B. Hierarchical structure and cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Norwegian version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. J Pers Assess. 2017;99(2):204-10.
32. Bo S, Bach B, Mortensen EL, Simonsen E. Reliability and hierarchical structure of DSM-5 pathological traits in a Danish mixed sample. J Pers Disord. 2016;30(1):112-29.
33. Gutiérrez F, Aluja A, Peri JM, Calvo N, Ferrer M, Baillés E, et al. Psychometric properties of the Spanish PID-5 in a clinical and a community sample. Assessment. 2017;24(3):326-36.
34. Pires R, Sousa Ferreira A, Guedes D. The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Scand J Psychol. 2017;58(5):468-75.
35. Fossati A, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Borroni S, Maffei C. Reliability and validity of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): predicting DSM-IV personality disorders and psychopathy in community-dwelling Italian adults. Assessment. 2013;20(6):689-708.
36. Labancz E, Balázs K, Kuritárné Szabó I. The psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in a clinical and a community sample. Curr Psychol. 2020:1-11.
37. Constantin T, Nicuță EG, Grădinaru D. Psychometric properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in a Romanian community sample. J Evid Based Psychother. 2021;21(1).
38. Barchi-Ferreira AM, Osório FL. Psychometric study of the brazilian version of the personality inventory for DSM-5-paper-and-pencil version. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:976831.
39. Fang S, Ouyang Z, Zhang P, He J, Fan L, Luo X, et al. Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in China: Evaluation of DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait structure and continuity with personality disorder types. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:635214.
40. Adhiatma W, Halim MS. Structural validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of PID-5: Study on community and student sample. Psychological Test Adaptation and Development. 2021;2(1):62.
41. Al-Attiyah AA, Megreya AM, Alrashidi M, Dominguez-Lara SA, Al-Sheerawi A. The psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) across three Arabic-speaking Middle Eastern countries. Int J Cult Ment Health. 2017;10(2):197-205.
42. Coelho O, Pires R, Ferreira AS, Gonçalves B, AlJassmi M, Stocker J. Arabic Version of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) in a community sample of United Arab Emirates nationals. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2020;16:180-8.
43. Hemmati A, Rahmani F, Bach B. The ICD-11 personality disorder trait model fits the Kurdish population better than the DSM-5 trait model. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:635813.
44. Lotfi M, Bach B, Amini M, Simonsen E. Structure of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality domains in Iranian community sample. Personal Ment Health. 2018;12(2):155-69.
45. Amini M, Lotfi M, Sadeghi S, Khorrami Z. Structure and internal consistency evaluation of personality inventory for DSM-5 in an Iranian population. Koomesh. 2019;21(1):102-8.
46. Amini M, Motevalizade S, Dabaghi P, Shiasi Y, Lotfi M. Psychometric properties and factor structure of original, short and brief forms of personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in an Iranian sample of adolescents. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2021;30(194):86-99.
47. Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Anderson JL, Boland JK, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. The continuity between DSM-5 criterion-based and trait-based models for personality disorders in an Iranian community sample. Current Psychology. 2023;42(7):5740-54.
48. Komasi S, Hemmati A, Rahmani K, Rezaei F. Construct and criterion validity of the HiTOP spectra to predict dimensional and categorical somatization in a large non-western sample. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):13197.
49. Soraya S, Kamalzadeh L, Nayeri V, Bayat E, Alavi K, Shariat SV. Factor structure of personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in an Iranian sample. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2017;22(4):308-17.
50. Vaysi A, Nazarpour P, Kiani Z, Maleki M, Hamzehei M, Amianto F, et al. Replicability of the five‐factor structure of DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 trait systems and their associations with binge eating and bipolar spectrum psychopathology. Personal Ment Health. 2024;18(2):122-37.
51. Athar ME, Ebrahimi A. Validation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) with Iranian university students and clinical samples: Factor structure, measurement invariance, and convergent, discriminant, and known-groups validity. J Pers Assess. 2023;105(3):371-81.
52. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.
53. Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495-9.
54. Komasi S, Rezaei F, Hemmati A, Rahmani K, Amianto F, Miettunen J. Comprehensive meta-analysis of associations between temperament and character traits in Cloninger's psychobiological theory and mental disorders. J Int Med Res. 2022;50(1):3000605211070766.
55. Frandsen TF, Bruun Nielsen MF, Lindhardt CL, Eriksen MB. Using the full PICO model as a search tool for systematic reviews resulted in lower recall for some PICO elements. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;127:69-75.
56. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155-9.
57. Taber KS. The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Educ. 2018;48:1273-96.
58. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj. 2003;327(7414):557-60.
59. Lorenzo-Seva U, Ten Berge JM. Tucker's congruence coefficient as a meaningful index of factor similarity. Methodology. 2006;2(2):57-64.
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2. Monaghan C, Bizumic B. Dimensional models of personality disorders: Challenges and opportunities. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1098452.
3. Bach B, Kramer U, Doering S, di Giacomo E, Hutsebaut J, Kaera A, et al. The ICD-11 classification of personality disorders: a European perspective on challenges and opportunities. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2022;9(1):12.
4. Widiger TA, Hines A. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition alternative model of personality disorder. Personal Disord. 2022;13(4):347-55.
5. Sharp C, Wall K. DSM-5 Level of personality functioning: Refocusing personality disorder on what it means to be human. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2021;17:313-37.
6. García LF, Gutiérrez F, García O, Aluja A. The alternative model of personality disorders: Assessment, convergent and discriminant validity, and a look to the future. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2024;20(1):431-55.
7. Krueger RF, Derringer J, Markon KE, Watson D, Skodol AE. Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1879-90.
8. Bach B, Sellbom M, Kongerslev M, Simonsen E, Krueger RF, Mulder R. Deriving ICD-11 personality disorder domains from dsm-5 traits: initial attempt to harmonize two diagnostic systems. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136(1):108-17.
9. Mulder RT. ICD-11 Personality Disorders: Utility and Implications of the New Model. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:655548.
10. Clark LA, Watson D. The trait model of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD): A structural review. Personal Disord. 2022;13(4):328-36.
11. Tyrer P, Mulder R, Kim YR, Crawford MJ. The Development of the ICD-11 Classification of Personality Disorders: An Amalgam of Science, Pragmatism, and Politics. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2019;15:481-502.
12. McCabe GA, Widiger TA. A comprehensive comparison of the ICD-11 and DSM-5 section III personality disorder models. Psychol Assess. 2020;32(1):72-84.
13. Clark LA, Corona-Espinosa A, Khoo S, Kotelnikova Y, Levin-Aspenson HF, Serapio-García G, et al. Preliminary scales for ICD-11 personality disorder: Self and interpersonal dysfunction plus five personality disorder trait domains. Front Psychol. 2021;12:668724.
14. Zimmermann J, Kerber A, Rek K, Hopwood CJ, Krueger RF. A Brief but comprehensive review of research on the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(9):92.
15. Oltmanns JR, Widiger TA. A self-report measure for the ICD-11 dimensional trait model proposal: The personality inventory for ICD-11. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(2):154-69.
16. Oltmanns JR, Widiger TA. The Five-Factor Personality Inventory for ICD-11: A facet-level assessment of the ICD-11 trait model. Psychol Assess. 2020;32(1):60-71.
17. Tyrer P. Personality Assessment Schedule-ICD-11 Version (PAS-ICD-11). Home edition. 2017.
18. Maples JL, Carter NT, Few LR, Crego C, Gore WL, Samuel DB, et al. Testing whether the DSM-5 personality disorder trait model can be measured with a reduced set of items: An item response theory investigation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(4):1195-210.
19. American Psychiatric Association. The Personality Inventory for DSM-5—Brief Form (PID-5-BF)—Adult. American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
20. Al-Dajani N, Gralnick TM, Bagby RM. A psychometric review of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): Current status and future directions. J Pers Assess. 2016;98(1):62-81.
21. Barchi-Ferreira Bel AM, Osório FL. The Personality Inventory for DSM-5: Psychometric evidence of validity and reliability-updates. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2020;28(4):225-37.
22. Somma A, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Fossati A. The replicability of the personality inventory for DSM-5 domain scale factor structure in U.S. and non-U.S. samples: A quantitative review of the published literature. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(7):861-77.
23. Watters CA, Bagby RM. A meta-analysis of the five-factor internal structure of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(9):1255-60.
24. Sellbom M, Solomon-Krakus S, Bach B, Bagby RM. Validation of Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) algorithms to assess ICD-11 personality trait domains in a psychiatric sample. Psychol Assess. 2020;32(1):40-9.
25. Bach B, Kerber A, Aluja A, Bastiaens T, Keeley JW, Claes L, et al. International Assessment of DSM-5 and ICD-11 Personality Disorder Traits: Toward a Common Nosology in DSM-5.1. Psychopathology. 2020;53(3-4):179-88.
26. Kerber A, Schultze M, Müller S, Rühling RM, Wright AGC, Spitzer C, et al. Development of a Short and ICD-11 Compatible Measure for DSM-5 Maladaptive Personality Traits Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms. Assessment. 2022;29(3):467-87.
27. Thomas KM, Yalch MM, Krueger RF, Wright AG, Markon KE, Hopwood CJ. The convergent structure of DSM-5 personality trait facets and five-factor model trait domains. Assessment. 2013;20(3):308-11.
28. Quilty LC, Ayearst L, Chmielewski M, Pollock BG, Bagby RM. The psychometric properties of the personality inventory for DSM-5 in an APA DSM-5 field trial sample. Assessment. 2013;20(3):362-9.
29. Zimmermann J, Altenstein D, Krieger T, Holtforth MG, Pretsch J, Alexopoulos J, et al. The structure and correlates of self-reported DSM-5 maladaptive personality traits: findings from two German-speaking samples. J Pers Disord. 2014;28(4):518-40.
30. Roskam I, Galdiolo S, Hansenne M, Massoudi K, Rossier J, Gicquel L, et al. The psychometric properties of the French version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133413.
31. Thimm JC, Jordan S, Bach B. Hierarchical structure and cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Norwegian version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. J Pers Assess. 2017;99(2):204-10.
32. Bo S, Bach B, Mortensen EL, Simonsen E. Reliability and hierarchical structure of DSM-5 pathological traits in a Danish mixed sample. J Pers Disord. 2016;30(1):112-29.
33. Gutiérrez F, Aluja A, Peri JM, Calvo N, Ferrer M, Baillés E, et al. Psychometric properties of the Spanish PID-5 in a clinical and a community sample. Assessment. 2017;24(3):326-36.
34. Pires R, Sousa Ferreira A, Guedes D. The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Scand J Psychol. 2017;58(5):468-75.
35. Fossati A, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Borroni S, Maffei C. Reliability and validity of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): predicting DSM-IV personality disorders and psychopathy in community-dwelling Italian adults. Assessment. 2013;20(6):689-708.
36. Labancz E, Balázs K, Kuritárné Szabó I. The psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in a clinical and a community sample. Curr Psychol. 2020:1-11.
37. Constantin T, Nicuță EG, Grădinaru D. Psychometric properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in a Romanian community sample. J Evid Based Psychother. 2021;21(1).
38. Barchi-Ferreira AM, Osório FL. Psychometric study of the brazilian version of the personality inventory for DSM-5-paper-and-pencil version. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:976831.
39. Fang S, Ouyang Z, Zhang P, He J, Fan L, Luo X, et al. Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in China: Evaluation of DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait structure and continuity with personality disorder types. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:635214.
40. Adhiatma W, Halim MS. Structural validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of PID-5: Study on community and student sample. Psychological Test Adaptation and Development. 2021;2(1):62.
41. Al-Attiyah AA, Megreya AM, Alrashidi M, Dominguez-Lara SA, Al-Sheerawi A. The psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) across three Arabic-speaking Middle Eastern countries. Int J Cult Ment Health. 2017;10(2):197-205.
42. Coelho O, Pires R, Ferreira AS, Gonçalves B, AlJassmi M, Stocker J. Arabic Version of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) in a community sample of United Arab Emirates nationals. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2020;16:180-8.
43. Hemmati A, Rahmani F, Bach B. The ICD-11 personality disorder trait model fits the Kurdish population better than the DSM-5 trait model. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:635813.
44. Lotfi M, Bach B, Amini M, Simonsen E. Structure of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality domains in Iranian community sample. Personal Ment Health. 2018;12(2):155-69.
45. Amini M, Lotfi M, Sadeghi S, Khorrami Z. Structure and internal consistency evaluation of personality inventory for DSM-5 in an Iranian population. Koomesh. 2019;21(1):102-8.
46. Amini M, Motevalizade S, Dabaghi P, Shiasi Y, Lotfi M. Psychometric properties and factor structure of original, short and brief forms of personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in an Iranian sample of adolescents. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2021;30(194):86-99.
47. Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Anderson JL, Boland JK, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. The continuity between DSM-5 criterion-based and trait-based models for personality disorders in an Iranian community sample. Current Psychology. 2023;42(7):5740-54.
48. Komasi S, Hemmati A, Rahmani K, Rezaei F. Construct and criterion validity of the HiTOP spectra to predict dimensional and categorical somatization in a large non-western sample. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):13197.
49. Soraya S, Kamalzadeh L, Nayeri V, Bayat E, Alavi K, Shariat SV. Factor structure of personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in an Iranian sample. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2017;22(4):308-17.
50. Vaysi A, Nazarpour P, Kiani Z, Maleki M, Hamzehei M, Amianto F, et al. Replicability of the five‐factor structure of DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 trait systems and their associations with binge eating and bipolar spectrum psychopathology. Personal Ment Health. 2024;18(2):122-37.
51. Athar ME, Ebrahimi A. Validation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) with Iranian university students and clinical samples: Factor structure, measurement invariance, and convergent, discriminant, and known-groups validity. J Pers Assess. 2023;105(3):371-81.
52. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.
53. Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495-9.
54. Komasi S, Rezaei F, Hemmati A, Rahmani K, Amianto F, Miettunen J. Comprehensive meta-analysis of associations between temperament and character traits in Cloninger's psychobiological theory and mental disorders. J Int Med Res. 2022;50(1):3000605211070766.
55. Frandsen TF, Bruun Nielsen MF, Lindhardt CL, Eriksen MB. Using the full PICO model as a search tool for systematic reviews resulted in lower recall for some PICO elements. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;127:69-75.
56. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155-9.
57. Taber KS. The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Educ. 2018;48:1273-96.
58. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj. 2003;327(7414):557-60.
59. Lorenzo-Seva U, Ten Berge JM. Tucker's congruence coefficient as a meaningful index of factor similarity. Methodology. 2006;2(2):57-64.
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| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Meta-Analysis Personality Assessment Personality Disorders Psychometrics Validity and Reliability | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Komasi S, Kerber A, Hopwood C. A Meta-Analysis of the Structural Validity of Original and Brief Versions of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in Iran. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;:1-16.
