A Serial Mediation Model of Perceived Social Class and Cyberbullying: The Role of Subjective Vitality in Friendship Relations and Psychological Distress
,
Abstract
Objective: The link between individuals' perceptions of social class (PSC) and various forms of bullying, including cyberbullying, has not been extensively studied. Additionally, the mechanisms through which PSC impact aggressive behaviors like cyberbullying remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the influence of perceived social class on cyberbullying, considering subjective vitality and psychological distress as serial mediators.
Method: Utilizing a cross-sectional design, the research involved 584 Iranian students (Mage = 20.59, SD = 1.99) from several universities who completed questionnaires assessing Subjective Social Class (SSC), Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS), Psychological Distress Scale (K6), and Cyberbullying Involvement Scale (CIS). Hayes' PROCESS macro (Model 6) in SPSS was employed to analyze the chain mediation effects.
Results: The Results demonstrated that the direct impact of PSC on cyberbullying was significant (Effect = -0.229, 95% CI: -0.294 to -0.164). Subjective vitality and psychological distress serially mediated the link between PSC and cyberbullying (Effect = -0.022, 95% CI: -0.035 to -0.012). In addition, both subjective vitality (Effect = -0.046, 95% CI: -0.080 to -0.017), and psychological distress (Effect = -0.09, 95% CI: -0.123 to -0.059), independently mediated the association between PSC and cyberbullying.
Conclusion: This research not only broadens the theoretical understanding of how individuals' perceptions of their social rank influence cyberbullying behaviors, but also provides actionable strategies for officials and experts to deploy effective interventions in higher education to mitigate cyberbullying.
1. Hsu JT, Tsai RT. Increased Online Aggression During COVID-19 Lockdowns: Two-Stage Study of Deep Text Mining and Difference-in-Differences Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(8):e38776.
2. Olweus D. School bullying: development and some important challenges. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:751-80.
3. Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, Zhu K, Liu Q, Zhang J, et al. Mental Health Status Among Children in Home Confinement During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):898-900.
4. Smith PK. Cyberbullying: Challenges and opportunities for a research program—A response to Olweus (2012). Eur J Dev Psychol. 2012;9(5):553-8.
5. Ansary NS. Cyberbullying: Concepts, theories, and correlates informing evidence-based best practices for prevention. Aggress Violent Behav. 2020;50:101343.
6. Mishna F, Cook C, Saini M, Wu M-J, MacFadden R. Interventions to prevent and reduce cyber abuse of youth: A systematic review. Res Soc Work Pract. 2011;21(1):5-14.
7. Maurya C, Muhammad T, Dhillon P, Maurya P. The effects of cyberbullying victimization on depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents and young adults: a three year cohort study from India. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):599.
8. Xia T, Liao J, Deng Y, Li L. Cyberbullying victimization and social anxiety: mediating effects with moderation. Sustainability. 2023;15(13):9978.
9. Sheikh MMR, Hossan MR, Menih H. Cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among university students in Bangladesh: Prevalence, impact and help-seeking practices. J Sch Violence. 2023;22(2):198-214.
10. Wolke D, Lereya T, Tippett N. Individual and social determinants of bullying and cyberbullying. Cyberbullying. 2015:26-53.
11. Bukhori B, Nuriyyatiningrum NAH, Zikrinawati K, Liem A, Wahib A, Darmu’in. Determinant factors of cyberbullying behaviour among Indonesian adolescents. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2024;29(1):2295442.
12. Magklara K, Skapinakis P, Gkatsa T, Bellos S, Araya R, Stylianidis S, et al. Bullying behaviour in schools, socioeconomic position and psychiatric morbidity: a cross-sectional study in late adolescents in Greece. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2012;6:8.
13. Bevilacqua L, Shackleton N, Hale D, Allen E, Bond L, Christie D, et al. The role of family and school-level factors in bullying and cyberbullying: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):160.
14. Kraus MW, Piff PK, Keltner D. Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(6):992-1004.
15. Shaheen AM, Hammad S, Haourani EM, Nassar OS. Factors Affecting Jordanian School Adolescents' Experience of Being Bullied. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;38:e66-e71.
16. Berkowitz L, Harmon-Jones E. Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger. Emotion. 2004;4(2):107-30.
17. Wetherall K, Robb KA, O'Connor RC. Social rank theory of depression: A systematic review of self-perceptions of social rank and their relationship with depressive symptoms and suicide risk. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:300-19.
18. Mehravar F, Foroushani AR, Vakili MA, Nedjat S. Subjective Social Status as an Important Mediator in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health. Epidemiology and Health System Journal. 2024;11(1):29-35.
19. Dizon J, Mendoza NB. Low Perceived Social Rank Increases the Impact of Mental Health Symptoms on Suicidal Ideation: Evidence among Young Adults from the Philippines. Arch Suicide Res. 2023;27(2):522-39.
20. Wickham S, Shryane N, Lyons M, Dickins T, Bentall R. Why does relative deprivation affect mental health? The role of justice, trust and social rank in psychological wellbeing and paranoid ideation. J Public Ment Health. 2014;13(2):114-26.
21. Johnson SE, Richeson JA, Finkel EJ. Middle class and marginal? Socioeconomic status, stigma, and self-regulation at an elite university. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011;100(5):838-52.
22. Ross CE. Social causes of psychological distress: Routledge; 2017.
23. Nakhostin-Ansari A, Sherafati A, Aghajani F, Khonji MS, Aghajani R, Shahmansouri N. Depression and Anxiety among Iranian Medical Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(3):228-35.
24. Viertiö S, Kiviruusu O, Piirtola M, Kaprio J, Korhonen T, Marttunen M, et al. Factors contributing to psychological distress in the working population, with a special reference to gender difference. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):611.
25. Sirois FM, Owens J. Factors Associated With Psychological Distress in Health-Care Workers During an Infectious Disease Outbreak: A Rapid Systematic Review of the Evidence. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:589545.
26. Samadieh H, Tanhaye Reshvanloo F. The Relationship Between Sense of Belonging and Life Satisfaction Among University Students: The Mediating Role of Social Isolation and Psychological Distress. Iranian journal of educational sociology. 2023;6(3):11-24.
27. Mohammadkhani S, Foroutan A, Akbari M, Shahbahrami M. Emotional Schemas and Psychological Distress: Mediating Role of Resilience and Cognitive Flexibility. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(3):284-93.
28. Gilbert W, Demanins SA, Bureau JS, Guay F, Morin AJ. On the nature, predictors, and outcomes of undergraduate students' psychological distress profiles. Learn Individ Differ. 2023;108:102378.
29. Lam JR, Tyler J, Scurrah KJ, Reavley NJ, Dite GS. The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Distress: A Within and Between Twin Study. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2019;22(5):312-20.
30. Barnett P, Oshinowo I, Cooper C, Taylor C, Smith S, Pilling S. The association between social class and the impact of treatment for mental health problems: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2023;58(4):581-603.
31. Singh D, Nasir S, Sharma J, Giménez-Llort L, Shahnawaz MG. Psychological Distress in Low-Income and Economically Marginalized Populations in India: Protective and Risk Factors. Behav Sci (Basel). 2024;14(2):92.
32. Franzen J, Jermann F, Ghisletta P, Rudaz S, Bondolfi G, Tran NT. Psychological Distress and Well-Being among Students of Health Disciplines: The Importance of Academic Satisfaction. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):2451.
33. March-Amengual JM, Cambra Badii I, Casas-Baroy JC, Altarriba C, Comella Company A, Pujol-Farriols R, et al. Psychological Distress, Burnout, and Academic Performance in First Year College Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(6):3356.
34. Arhin DK, Oppong Asante K, Kugbey N, Oti-Boadi M. The relationship between psychological distress and bullying victimisation among school-going adolescents in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):264.
35. Kessler RC. Stress, social status, and psychological distress. J Health Soc Behav. 1979;20(3):259-72.
36. Dougall I, Vasiljevic M, Wright JD, Weick M. How, when, and why is social class linked to mental health and wellbeing? A systematic meta-review. Soc Sci Med. 2024;343:116542.
37. Ryan RM, Frederick C. On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. J Pers. 1997;65(3):529-65.
38. Diener E. The Remarkable Changes in the Science of Subjective Well-Being. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013;8(6):663-6.
39. Shi J, Jiang C. Hope agency and hope pathways: exploring the relationships between social class and subjective wellbeing in different age groups. Curr Psychol. 2024;43(12):11303-13.
40. Akin A, Akin U. Friendship quality and subjective happiness: The mediator role of subjective vitality. Egitim ve Bilim. 2015;40(177).
41. Fritz MS, Mackinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(3):233-9.
42. Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics JR. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychol. 2000;19(6):586-92.
43. Operario D, Adler NE, Williams DR. Subjective social status: Reliability and predictive utility for global health. Psychology & health. 2004;19(2):237-46.
44. Henry PJ. Low-status compensation: A theory for understanding the role of status in cultures of honor. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(3):451-66.
45. Tanhaye Reshvanloo F, Keramati R, Kareshki H, Torkamani M. Factor structure and gender invariance of Subjective Vitality Scale in students. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2018;9(3):1-14.
46. Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32(6):959-76.
47. Tanhaye Reshvanloo F, Samadieh H, Goli B. Psychometric Properties of the Sense of Belonging Instrument Among University Students: Testing the Theory of Human Relatedness. Social Psychology Research. 2024;14(53):17-32.
48. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(4):376-85.
49. Chun J, Lee J, Kim J, Lee S. An international systematic review of cyberbullying measurements. Comput Human Behav. 2020;113:106485.
50. Pabian S, Vandebosch H. An Investigation of Short-Term Longitudinal Associations Between Social Anxiety and Victimization and Perpetration of Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45(2):328-39.
51. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). 2006.
52. e Silva CS, Vilela¹ EM, de Oliveira¹ VC. Bullying in public and private schools: the. Educ Pesqui. 2024;50:e264614.
53. Vieta-Piferrer J, Oriol X, Miranda R. Longitudinal Associations Between Cyberbullying Victimization and Cognitive and Affective Components of Subjective Well-Being in Adolescents: A Network Analysis. Appl Res Qual Life. 2024;19(5):2967-89.
54. Zhang C, Tang L, Liu Z. How social media usage affects psychological and subjective well-being: testing a moderated mediation model. BMC Psychol. 2023;11(1):286.
55. Kaya B. Social support and subjective vitality among adolescents: the multiple mediation role of self-compassion and resilience. Curr Psychol. 2024;43(33):26772-86.
56. Wei H, Ding H, Huang F, Fang J. Serial Multiple Mediation of Anxiety and Hostile Attribution Bias in the Relationship Between Need for Uniqueness and Adolescents’ Cyberbullying Perpetration: A Two-Wave Study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2024:1-16.
57. Quintana-Orts C, Rey L, Chamizo-Nieto MT, Worthington EL, Jr. A Serial Mediation Model of the Relationship between Cybervictimization and Cyberaggression: The Role of Stress and Unforgiveness Motivations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):7966.
58. Niemiec CP, Ryan RM, Patrick H, Deci EL, Williams GC. The energization of health-behavior change: Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence. J Posit Psychol. 2010;5(2):122-38.
59. Kocyigit B, Ceco G, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Turkish adaptation of Oxford positive self scale: Association with psychological distress, subjective vitality and psychological well-being. Pers Individ Dif. 2024;224:112629.
60. Winefield HR, Gill TK, Taylor AW, Pilkington RM. Psychological well-being and psychological distress: is it necessary to measure both? Psychol Well Being: Theory, Research and Practice. 2012;2:1-14.
2. Olweus D. School bullying: development and some important challenges. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:751-80.
3. Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, Zhu K, Liu Q, Zhang J, et al. Mental Health Status Among Children in Home Confinement During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):898-900.
4. Smith PK. Cyberbullying: Challenges and opportunities for a research program—A response to Olweus (2012). Eur J Dev Psychol. 2012;9(5):553-8.
5. Ansary NS. Cyberbullying: Concepts, theories, and correlates informing evidence-based best practices for prevention. Aggress Violent Behav. 2020;50:101343.
6. Mishna F, Cook C, Saini M, Wu M-J, MacFadden R. Interventions to prevent and reduce cyber abuse of youth: A systematic review. Res Soc Work Pract. 2011;21(1):5-14.
7. Maurya C, Muhammad T, Dhillon P, Maurya P. The effects of cyberbullying victimization on depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents and young adults: a three year cohort study from India. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):599.
8. Xia T, Liao J, Deng Y, Li L. Cyberbullying victimization and social anxiety: mediating effects with moderation. Sustainability. 2023;15(13):9978.
9. Sheikh MMR, Hossan MR, Menih H. Cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among university students in Bangladesh: Prevalence, impact and help-seeking practices. J Sch Violence. 2023;22(2):198-214.
10. Wolke D, Lereya T, Tippett N. Individual and social determinants of bullying and cyberbullying. Cyberbullying. 2015:26-53.
11. Bukhori B, Nuriyyatiningrum NAH, Zikrinawati K, Liem A, Wahib A, Darmu’in. Determinant factors of cyberbullying behaviour among Indonesian adolescents. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2024;29(1):2295442.
12. Magklara K, Skapinakis P, Gkatsa T, Bellos S, Araya R, Stylianidis S, et al. Bullying behaviour in schools, socioeconomic position and psychiatric morbidity: a cross-sectional study in late adolescents in Greece. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2012;6:8.
13. Bevilacqua L, Shackleton N, Hale D, Allen E, Bond L, Christie D, et al. The role of family and school-level factors in bullying and cyberbullying: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):160.
14. Kraus MW, Piff PK, Keltner D. Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(6):992-1004.
15. Shaheen AM, Hammad S, Haourani EM, Nassar OS. Factors Affecting Jordanian School Adolescents' Experience of Being Bullied. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;38:e66-e71.
16. Berkowitz L, Harmon-Jones E. Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger. Emotion. 2004;4(2):107-30.
17. Wetherall K, Robb KA, O'Connor RC. Social rank theory of depression: A systematic review of self-perceptions of social rank and their relationship with depressive symptoms and suicide risk. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:300-19.
18. Mehravar F, Foroushani AR, Vakili MA, Nedjat S. Subjective Social Status as an Important Mediator in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health. Epidemiology and Health System Journal. 2024;11(1):29-35.
19. Dizon J, Mendoza NB. Low Perceived Social Rank Increases the Impact of Mental Health Symptoms on Suicidal Ideation: Evidence among Young Adults from the Philippines. Arch Suicide Res. 2023;27(2):522-39.
20. Wickham S, Shryane N, Lyons M, Dickins T, Bentall R. Why does relative deprivation affect mental health? The role of justice, trust and social rank in psychological wellbeing and paranoid ideation. J Public Ment Health. 2014;13(2):114-26.
21. Johnson SE, Richeson JA, Finkel EJ. Middle class and marginal? Socioeconomic status, stigma, and self-regulation at an elite university. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011;100(5):838-52.
22. Ross CE. Social causes of psychological distress: Routledge; 2017.
23. Nakhostin-Ansari A, Sherafati A, Aghajani F, Khonji MS, Aghajani R, Shahmansouri N. Depression and Anxiety among Iranian Medical Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(3):228-35.
24. Viertiö S, Kiviruusu O, Piirtola M, Kaprio J, Korhonen T, Marttunen M, et al. Factors contributing to psychological distress in the working population, with a special reference to gender difference. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):611.
25. Sirois FM, Owens J. Factors Associated With Psychological Distress in Health-Care Workers During an Infectious Disease Outbreak: A Rapid Systematic Review of the Evidence. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:589545.
26. Samadieh H, Tanhaye Reshvanloo F. The Relationship Between Sense of Belonging and Life Satisfaction Among University Students: The Mediating Role of Social Isolation and Psychological Distress. Iranian journal of educational sociology. 2023;6(3):11-24.
27. Mohammadkhani S, Foroutan A, Akbari M, Shahbahrami M. Emotional Schemas and Psychological Distress: Mediating Role of Resilience and Cognitive Flexibility. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(3):284-93.
28. Gilbert W, Demanins SA, Bureau JS, Guay F, Morin AJ. On the nature, predictors, and outcomes of undergraduate students' psychological distress profiles. Learn Individ Differ. 2023;108:102378.
29. Lam JR, Tyler J, Scurrah KJ, Reavley NJ, Dite GS. The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Distress: A Within and Between Twin Study. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2019;22(5):312-20.
30. Barnett P, Oshinowo I, Cooper C, Taylor C, Smith S, Pilling S. The association between social class and the impact of treatment for mental health problems: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2023;58(4):581-603.
31. Singh D, Nasir S, Sharma J, Giménez-Llort L, Shahnawaz MG. Psychological Distress in Low-Income and Economically Marginalized Populations in India: Protective and Risk Factors. Behav Sci (Basel). 2024;14(2):92.
32. Franzen J, Jermann F, Ghisletta P, Rudaz S, Bondolfi G, Tran NT. Psychological Distress and Well-Being among Students of Health Disciplines: The Importance of Academic Satisfaction. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):2451.
33. March-Amengual JM, Cambra Badii I, Casas-Baroy JC, Altarriba C, Comella Company A, Pujol-Farriols R, et al. Psychological Distress, Burnout, and Academic Performance in First Year College Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(6):3356.
34. Arhin DK, Oppong Asante K, Kugbey N, Oti-Boadi M. The relationship between psychological distress and bullying victimisation among school-going adolescents in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):264.
35. Kessler RC. Stress, social status, and psychological distress. J Health Soc Behav. 1979;20(3):259-72.
36. Dougall I, Vasiljevic M, Wright JD, Weick M. How, when, and why is social class linked to mental health and wellbeing? A systematic meta-review. Soc Sci Med. 2024;343:116542.
37. Ryan RM, Frederick C. On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. J Pers. 1997;65(3):529-65.
38. Diener E. The Remarkable Changes in the Science of Subjective Well-Being. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013;8(6):663-6.
39. Shi J, Jiang C. Hope agency and hope pathways: exploring the relationships between social class and subjective wellbeing in different age groups. Curr Psychol. 2024;43(12):11303-13.
40. Akin A, Akin U. Friendship quality and subjective happiness: The mediator role of subjective vitality. Egitim ve Bilim. 2015;40(177).
41. Fritz MS, Mackinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(3):233-9.
42. Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics JR. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychol. 2000;19(6):586-92.
43. Operario D, Adler NE, Williams DR. Subjective social status: Reliability and predictive utility for global health. Psychology & health. 2004;19(2):237-46.
44. Henry PJ. Low-status compensation: A theory for understanding the role of status in cultures of honor. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(3):451-66.
45. Tanhaye Reshvanloo F, Keramati R, Kareshki H, Torkamani M. Factor structure and gender invariance of Subjective Vitality Scale in students. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2018;9(3):1-14.
46. Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32(6):959-76.
47. Tanhaye Reshvanloo F, Samadieh H, Goli B. Psychometric Properties of the Sense of Belonging Instrument Among University Students: Testing the Theory of Human Relatedness. Social Psychology Research. 2024;14(53):17-32.
48. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(4):376-85.
49. Chun J, Lee J, Kim J, Lee S. An international systematic review of cyberbullying measurements. Comput Human Behav. 2020;113:106485.
50. Pabian S, Vandebosch H. An Investigation of Short-Term Longitudinal Associations Between Social Anxiety and Victimization and Perpetration of Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45(2):328-39.
51. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). 2006.
52. e Silva CS, Vilela¹ EM, de Oliveira¹ VC. Bullying in public and private schools: the. Educ Pesqui. 2024;50:e264614.
53. Vieta-Piferrer J, Oriol X, Miranda R. Longitudinal Associations Between Cyberbullying Victimization and Cognitive and Affective Components of Subjective Well-Being in Adolescents: A Network Analysis. Appl Res Qual Life. 2024;19(5):2967-89.
54. Zhang C, Tang L, Liu Z. How social media usage affects psychological and subjective well-being: testing a moderated mediation model. BMC Psychol. 2023;11(1):286.
55. Kaya B. Social support and subjective vitality among adolescents: the multiple mediation role of self-compassion and resilience. Curr Psychol. 2024;43(33):26772-86.
56. Wei H, Ding H, Huang F, Fang J. Serial Multiple Mediation of Anxiety and Hostile Attribution Bias in the Relationship Between Need for Uniqueness and Adolescents’ Cyberbullying Perpetration: A Two-Wave Study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2024:1-16.
57. Quintana-Orts C, Rey L, Chamizo-Nieto MT, Worthington EL, Jr. A Serial Mediation Model of the Relationship between Cybervictimization and Cyberaggression: The Role of Stress and Unforgiveness Motivations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):7966.
58. Niemiec CP, Ryan RM, Patrick H, Deci EL, Williams GC. The energization of health-behavior change: Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence. J Posit Psychol. 2010;5(2):122-38.
59. Kocyigit B, Ceco G, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Turkish adaptation of Oxford positive self scale: Association with psychological distress, subjective vitality and psychological well-being. Pers Individ Dif. 2024;224:112629.
60. Winefield HR, Gill TK, Taylor AW, Pilkington RM. Psychological well-being and psychological distress: is it necessary to measure both? Psychol Well Being: Theory, Research and Practice. 2012;2:1-14.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 20 No 1 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Social Class Psychological Well-Being Psychological Distress Cyberbullying Students | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Samadieh H, Khamesan A. A Serial Mediation Model of Perceived Social Class and Cyberbullying: The Role of Subjective Vitality in Friendship Relations and Psychological Distress. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;20(1):27-36.
