Neurocognitive Deficits in Individuals at Ultra-High-Risk for Psychosis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
-
Farnaz Asadiof
,
Mona Zamanpour
,
Ali Fawzi Al-Hussainy
,
Alhan Abd Al-Hassan Shalal
,
Mohammed Ubaid
,
Zinab Aluquaily
,
Seyed Hamidreza Hashemian
Abstract
Objective: Identifying individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHRP) is crucial for early intervention and prevention strategies. Neurocognitive deficits have been increasingly recognized as potential predictors of psychosis onset. This overview aims to consolidate current evidence and elucidate the role of neurocognitive predictors in identifying UHRP individuals.
Method: we systematically searched three scientific databases, i.e., PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using predefined keywords related to predictive neurocognitive markers and ultra-high risk psychosis. By following the PRISMA procedure, we included all relevant systematic-reviews and meta-analyses in our data-synthesis.
Results: Neurocognitive deficits, including impairments in working memory, attentional control, verbal learning, and executive functions, have been consistently identified as predictors of psychosis conversion in individuals at UHRP. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies have further revealed aberrant brain connectivity, reduced gray matter volume, and altered neural activation patterns in key brain regions to be involved in psychosis. Moreover, the combination of neurocognitive and clinical risk factors has been shown to enhance the accuracy of predicting psychosis onset and inform personalized intervention strategies.
Conclusion: Neurocognitive deficits serve as valuable predictors of the risk of psychosis in individuals with UHRP, offering insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and potential targets for early intervention. Future research should focus on refining predictive models, elucidating the neurodevelopmental trajectories, and evaluating the efficacy of targeted interventions in mitigating the psychosis risk.
1. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Hooshyari Z, Mohammadi Kalhori S, Salehi M, Salmanian M, et al. Epidemiology of Psychotic Disorders Based on Demographic Variables in Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(1):1-12.
2. Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi A, Karimi R, Hooshyari Z. An Explanatory Model to Predict Pediatric Psychosis Spectrum Based on Parent Psychiatric Profile and Children and Adolescents Comorbid Disorders as a Mediator Construct. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(2):229-37.
3. Karabulut S. Factors Associated with Psychotic and Depressive Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(1):1-10.
4. Bourgin J, Tebeka S, Mallet J, Mazer N, Dubertret C, Le Strat Y. Prevalence and correlates of psychotic-like experiences in the general population. Schizophr Res. 2020;215:371-7.
5. Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Mostafavi SA, Kamali K, Rahgozar M, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Survey of Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019;14(1):1-15.
6. Sheikhi Koohsar J, Faeghi F, Rafaiee R, Niroumand Sarvandani M, Masjoodi S, Kalalian Moghaddam H. Metabolite Alternations in the Dopamine Circuit Associated with Methamphetamine-Related Psychotic Symptoms: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(1):91-8.
7. Fallah Zadeh MA, Amini H, Sharifi V, Tehranidoost M, Noroozian M. Investigation of Neurocognitive Deficits, Quality of Life, and Functional Performance in Ultra-High-Risk Individuals Compared to Familial High-Risk Individuals for Schizophrenia. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(4):420-8.
8. McGorry PD, Mei C. Ultra-high-risk paradigm: lessons learnt and new directions. Evid Based Ment Health. 2018;21(4):131-3.
9. Mei C, van der Gaag M, Nelson B, Smit F, Yuen HP, Berger M, et al. Preventive interventions for individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: An updated and extended meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;86:102005.
10. Hedges EP, See C, Si S, McGuire P, Dickson H, Kempton MJ. Meta-analysis of longitudinal neurocognitive performance in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Psychol Med. 2022;52(11):2009-16.
11. Catalan A, McCutcheon RA, Aymerich C, Pedruzo B, Radua J, Rodríguez V, et al. The magnitude and variability of neurocognitive performance in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2024;14(1):15.
12. Andreou C, Eickhoff S, Heide M, de Bock R, Obleser J, Borgwardt S. Predictors of transition in patients with clinical high risk for psychosis: an umbrella review. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):286.
13. Schmidt A, Cappucciati M, Radua J, Rutigliano G, Rocchetti M, Dell'Osso L, et al. Improving Prognostic Accuracy in Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Systematic Review of Predictive Models and Meta-analytical Sequential Testing Simulation. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43(2):375-88.
14. Jalbrzikowski M, Hayes RA, Wood SJ, Nordholm D, Zhou JH, Fusar-Poli P, Uhlhaas PJ, Takahashi T, Sugranyes G, Kwak YB, Mathalon DH. Association of structural magnetic resonance imaging measures with psychosis onset in individuals at clinical high risk for developing psychosis: an ENIGMA working group mega-analysis. JAMA psychiatry. 2021 Jul 1;78(7):753-66.
15. Merritt K, Luque Laguna P, Irfan A, David AS. Longitudinal Structural MRI Findings in Individuals at Genetic and Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:620401.
16. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. Bmj. 2017;358:j4008.
17. Ekin M, Akdal G, Bora E. Antisaccade error rates in first-episode psychosis, ultra-high risk for psychosis and unaffected relatives of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2024;266:41-9.
18. Cai B, Zhu Y, Liu D, Li Y, Bueber M, Yang X, et al. Use of the Chinese version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery to assess cognitive functioning in individuals with high risk for psychosis, first-episode schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2024;45:101016.
19. Pedruzo B, Aymerich C, Pacho M, Herrero J, Laborda M, Bordenave M, et al. Longitudinal change in neurocognitive functioning in children and adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;33(10):3377-87.
20. Catalan A, Radua J, McCutcheon R, Aymerich C, Pedruzo B, González-Torres M, et al. Examining the variability of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):198.
21. Catalan A, Salazar de Pablo G, Aymerich C, Damiani S, Sordi V, Radua J, et al. Neurocognitive Functioning in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(8):859-67.
22. Zheng W, Zhang QE, Cai DB, Ng CH, Ungvari GS, Ning YP, et al. Neurocognitive dysfunction in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis: A meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;103:38-45.
23. Hauser M, Zhang JP, Sheridan EM, Burdick KE, Mogil R, Kane JM, et al. Neuropsychological Test Performance to Enhance Identification of Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis and to Be Most Promising for Predictive Algorithms for Conversion to Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(1):e28-e40.
24. van Donkersgoed RJ, Wunderink L, Nieboer R, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GH. Social Cognition in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141075.
25. Lee TY, Hong SB, Shin NY, Kwon JS. Social cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2015;164(1-3):28-34.
26. Bora E, Lin A, Wood SJ, Yung AR, McGorry PD, Pantelis C. Cognitive deficits in youth with familial and clinical high risk to psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130(1):1-15.
27. Bora E, Pantelis C. Theory of mind impairments in first-episode psychosis, individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2013;144(1-3):31-6.
28. Valli I, Tognin S, Fusar-Poli P, Mechelli A. Episodic memory dysfunction in individuals at high-risk of psychosis: a systematic review of neuropsychological and neurofunctional studies. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(4):443-58.
29. Fusar-Poli P, Deste G, Smieskova R, Barlati S, Yung AR, Howes O, et al. Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(6):562-71.
30. Thompson AD, Bartholomeusz C, Yung AR. Social cognition deficits and the 'ultra high risk' for psychosis population: a review of literature. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011;5(3):192-202.
31. Millman ZB, Roemer C, Vargas T, Schiffman J, Mittal VA, Gold JM. Neuropsychological Performance Among Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis vs Putatively Low-Risk Peers With Other Psychopathology: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(5):999-1010.
32. De Herdt A, Wampers M, Vancampfort D, De Hert M, Vanhees L, Demunter H, et al. Neurocognition in clinical high risk young adults who did or did not convert to a first schizophrenic psychosis: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2013;149(1-3):48-55.
33. Polari A, Yuen HP, Amminger P, Berger G, Chen E, deHaan L, et al. Prediction of clinical outcomes beyond psychosis in the ultra-high risk for psychosis population. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2021;15(3):642-51.
34.De Bock R, Mackintosh AJ, Maier F, Borgwardt S, Riecher-Rössler A, Andreou C. EEG microstates as biomarker for psychosis in ultra-high-risk patients. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):300.
35. Fujioka M, Kirihara K, Koshiyama D, Tada M, Nagai T, Usui K, et al. Mismatch Negativity Predicts Remission and Neurocognitive Function in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:770.
36. Smigielski L, Stämpfli P, Wotruba D, Buechler R, Sommer S, Gerstenberg M, et al. White matter microstructure and the clinical risk for psychosis: A diffusion tensor imaging study of individuals with basic symptoms and at ultra-high risk. Neuroimage Clin. 2022;35:103067.
37. Hamilton HK, Boos AK, Mathalon DH. Electroencephalography and Event-Related Potential Biomarkers in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;88(4):294-303.
38. Devrim-Üçok M, Keskin-Ergen HY, Üçok A. Visual P3 abnormalities in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2023;122:110678.
39. Tang Y, Wang J, Zhang T, Xu L, Qian Z, Cui H, et al. P300 as an index of transition to psychosis and of remission: Data from a clinical high risk for psychosis study and review of literature. Schizophr Res. 2020;226:74-83.
40. Dunleavy C, Elsworthy RJ, Upthegrove R, Wood SJ, Aldred S. Inflammation in first-episode psychosis: The contribution of inflammatory biomarkers to the emergence of negative symptoms, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022;146(1):6-20.
41. Fonseca-Pedrero E, Ortuño-Sierra J, Inchausti F, Rodríguez-Testal JF, Debbané M. Beyond Clinical High-Risk State for Psychosis: The Network Structure of Multidimensional Psychosis Liability in Adolescents. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:967.
42. Lee SJ, Kim KR, Lee SY, An SK. Impaired Social and Role Function in Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis and First-Episode Schizophrenia: Its Relations with Negative Symptoms. Psychiatry Investig. 2017;14(5):539-45.
43. Glenthøj LB, Fagerlund B, Hjorthøj C, Jepsen JRM, Bak N, Kristensen TD, et al. Social cognition in patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis: What is the relation to social skills and functioning? Schizophr Res Cogn. 2016;5:21-7.
2. Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi A, Karimi R, Hooshyari Z. An Explanatory Model to Predict Pediatric Psychosis Spectrum Based on Parent Psychiatric Profile and Children and Adolescents Comorbid Disorders as a Mediator Construct. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(2):229-37.
3. Karabulut S. Factors Associated with Psychotic and Depressive Symptoms in Methamphetamine Users. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(1):1-10.
4. Bourgin J, Tebeka S, Mallet J, Mazer N, Dubertret C, Le Strat Y. Prevalence and correlates of psychotic-like experiences in the general population. Schizophr Res. 2020;215:371-7.
5. Mohammadi MR, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A, Mostafavi SA, Kamali K, Rahgozar M, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Survey of Iranian Children and Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019;14(1):1-15.
6. Sheikhi Koohsar J, Faeghi F, Rafaiee R, Niroumand Sarvandani M, Masjoodi S, Kalalian Moghaddam H. Metabolite Alternations in the Dopamine Circuit Associated with Methamphetamine-Related Psychotic Symptoms: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(1):91-8.
7. Fallah Zadeh MA, Amini H, Sharifi V, Tehranidoost M, Noroozian M. Investigation of Neurocognitive Deficits, Quality of Life, and Functional Performance in Ultra-High-Risk Individuals Compared to Familial High-Risk Individuals for Schizophrenia. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(4):420-8.
8. McGorry PD, Mei C. Ultra-high-risk paradigm: lessons learnt and new directions. Evid Based Ment Health. 2018;21(4):131-3.
9. Mei C, van der Gaag M, Nelson B, Smit F, Yuen HP, Berger M, et al. Preventive interventions for individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: An updated and extended meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;86:102005.
10. Hedges EP, See C, Si S, McGuire P, Dickson H, Kempton MJ. Meta-analysis of longitudinal neurocognitive performance in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Psychol Med. 2022;52(11):2009-16.
11. Catalan A, McCutcheon RA, Aymerich C, Pedruzo B, Radua J, Rodríguez V, et al. The magnitude and variability of neurocognitive performance in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2024;14(1):15.
12. Andreou C, Eickhoff S, Heide M, de Bock R, Obleser J, Borgwardt S. Predictors of transition in patients with clinical high risk for psychosis: an umbrella review. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):286.
13. Schmidt A, Cappucciati M, Radua J, Rutigliano G, Rocchetti M, Dell'Osso L, et al. Improving Prognostic Accuracy in Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Systematic Review of Predictive Models and Meta-analytical Sequential Testing Simulation. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43(2):375-88.
14. Jalbrzikowski M, Hayes RA, Wood SJ, Nordholm D, Zhou JH, Fusar-Poli P, Uhlhaas PJ, Takahashi T, Sugranyes G, Kwak YB, Mathalon DH. Association of structural magnetic resonance imaging measures with psychosis onset in individuals at clinical high risk for developing psychosis: an ENIGMA working group mega-analysis. JAMA psychiatry. 2021 Jul 1;78(7):753-66.
15. Merritt K, Luque Laguna P, Irfan A, David AS. Longitudinal Structural MRI Findings in Individuals at Genetic and Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:620401.
16. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. Bmj. 2017;358:j4008.
17. Ekin M, Akdal G, Bora E. Antisaccade error rates in first-episode psychosis, ultra-high risk for psychosis and unaffected relatives of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2024;266:41-9.
18. Cai B, Zhu Y, Liu D, Li Y, Bueber M, Yang X, et al. Use of the Chinese version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery to assess cognitive functioning in individuals with high risk for psychosis, first-episode schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2024;45:101016.
19. Pedruzo B, Aymerich C, Pacho M, Herrero J, Laborda M, Bordenave M, et al. Longitudinal change in neurocognitive functioning in children and adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;33(10):3377-87.
20. Catalan A, Radua J, McCutcheon R, Aymerich C, Pedruzo B, González-Torres M, et al. Examining the variability of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):198.
21. Catalan A, Salazar de Pablo G, Aymerich C, Damiani S, Sordi V, Radua J, et al. Neurocognitive Functioning in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(8):859-67.
22. Zheng W, Zhang QE, Cai DB, Ng CH, Ungvari GS, Ning YP, et al. Neurocognitive dysfunction in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis: A meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;103:38-45.
23. Hauser M, Zhang JP, Sheridan EM, Burdick KE, Mogil R, Kane JM, et al. Neuropsychological Test Performance to Enhance Identification of Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis and to Be Most Promising for Predictive Algorithms for Conversion to Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(1):e28-e40.
24. van Donkersgoed RJ, Wunderink L, Nieboer R, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GH. Social Cognition in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141075.
25. Lee TY, Hong SB, Shin NY, Kwon JS. Social cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2015;164(1-3):28-34.
26. Bora E, Lin A, Wood SJ, Yung AR, McGorry PD, Pantelis C. Cognitive deficits in youth with familial and clinical high risk to psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130(1):1-15.
27. Bora E, Pantelis C. Theory of mind impairments in first-episode psychosis, individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2013;144(1-3):31-6.
28. Valli I, Tognin S, Fusar-Poli P, Mechelli A. Episodic memory dysfunction in individuals at high-risk of psychosis: a systematic review of neuropsychological and neurofunctional studies. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(4):443-58.
29. Fusar-Poli P, Deste G, Smieskova R, Barlati S, Yung AR, Howes O, et al. Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(6):562-71.
30. Thompson AD, Bartholomeusz C, Yung AR. Social cognition deficits and the 'ultra high risk' for psychosis population: a review of literature. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011;5(3):192-202.
31. Millman ZB, Roemer C, Vargas T, Schiffman J, Mittal VA, Gold JM. Neuropsychological Performance Among Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis vs Putatively Low-Risk Peers With Other Psychopathology: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(5):999-1010.
32. De Herdt A, Wampers M, Vancampfort D, De Hert M, Vanhees L, Demunter H, et al. Neurocognition in clinical high risk young adults who did or did not convert to a first schizophrenic psychosis: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2013;149(1-3):48-55.
33. Polari A, Yuen HP, Amminger P, Berger G, Chen E, deHaan L, et al. Prediction of clinical outcomes beyond psychosis in the ultra-high risk for psychosis population. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2021;15(3):642-51.
34.De Bock R, Mackintosh AJ, Maier F, Borgwardt S, Riecher-Rössler A, Andreou C. EEG microstates as biomarker for psychosis in ultra-high-risk patients. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):300.
35. Fujioka M, Kirihara K, Koshiyama D, Tada M, Nagai T, Usui K, et al. Mismatch Negativity Predicts Remission and Neurocognitive Function in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:770.
36. Smigielski L, Stämpfli P, Wotruba D, Buechler R, Sommer S, Gerstenberg M, et al. White matter microstructure and the clinical risk for psychosis: A diffusion tensor imaging study of individuals with basic symptoms and at ultra-high risk. Neuroimage Clin. 2022;35:103067.
37. Hamilton HK, Boos AK, Mathalon DH. Electroencephalography and Event-Related Potential Biomarkers in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;88(4):294-303.
38. Devrim-Üçok M, Keskin-Ergen HY, Üçok A. Visual P3 abnormalities in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2023;122:110678.
39. Tang Y, Wang J, Zhang T, Xu L, Qian Z, Cui H, et al. P300 as an index of transition to psychosis and of remission: Data from a clinical high risk for psychosis study and review of literature. Schizophr Res. 2020;226:74-83.
40. Dunleavy C, Elsworthy RJ, Upthegrove R, Wood SJ, Aldred S. Inflammation in first-episode psychosis: The contribution of inflammatory biomarkers to the emergence of negative symptoms, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022;146(1):6-20.
41. Fonseca-Pedrero E, Ortuño-Sierra J, Inchausti F, Rodríguez-Testal JF, Debbané M. Beyond Clinical High-Risk State for Psychosis: The Network Structure of Multidimensional Psychosis Liability in Adolescents. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:967.
42. Lee SJ, Kim KR, Lee SY, An SK. Impaired Social and Role Function in Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis and First-Episode Schizophrenia: Its Relations with Negative Symptoms. Psychiatry Investig. 2017;14(5):539-45.
43. Glenthøj LB, Fagerlund B, Hjorthøj C, Jepsen JRM, Bak N, Kristensen TD, et al. Social cognition in patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis: What is the relation to social skills and functioning? Schizophr Res Cogn. 2016;5:21-7.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 20 No 1 (2025) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v20i1.17405 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Early Detection Neurocognitive Predictors Psychosis Ultra-High Risk. | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Asadiof F, Zamanpour M, Fawzi Al-Hussainy A, Abd Al-Hassan Shalal A, Ubaid M, Aluquaily Z, Hashemian SH. Neurocognitive Deficits in Individuals at Ultra-High-Risk for Psychosis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;20(1):111-125.
