Difficulties in Accepting the Past as a Mediator between Perfectionism and Symptoms of Depression among University Students in Yazd
,
Abstract
Objective: The Existential Model of Perfectionism and Depressive Symptoms (EMPDS) assumes that difficulties in accepting the past explains why socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) is linked to depressive symptoms. Prior research on EMPDS relies on homogeneous samples and cross-sectional designs, limiting our understanding of EMPDS. More importantly, SPP may be affected by different cultural norms, and no study to date has examined this model in Iran. This study aimed to test EMPDS in Iran using a moderated mediation framework, a heterogeneous sample, and a longitudinal design with two waves.
Method: This study used a two-wave longitudinal design in a diverse sample of unmarried undergraduate and graduate Iranian students (N = 251; 117 men and 134 women) studying at universities in Yazd province. We collected the data in February and March 2023. The analysis was moderated mediation analysis. In the first wave, a link to the survey was distributed, which included demographic questions, the SPP scale, and baseline measure of depressive symptoms. One month later, participants who had completed wave 1 were recontacted to complete the Difficulties in Accepting the Past questionnaire and depressive symptoms scale.
Results: SPP predicted depressive symptoms through difficulties in accepting the past (b = 0.64, SE = 0.09, 95% CI = [0.46; 0.83]), and depressive symptoms were also linked to past acceptance (b = 0.35, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = [0.25; 0.45]). A bootstrapping analysis confirmed a significant mediation effect (b = 0.72, 95% CI = [0.27; 2.53]). However, the interaction between SPP and acceptance of the past was not significant (b = -0.007, SE = 0.006, 95% CI = [-0.017; 0.007]).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that psychotherapists treating clients with SPP should consider interventions facilitating meaning-making and acceptance of the past. The study also highlights the importance of accounting for cultural influences when applying EMPDS.
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2. McCurdy BH, Scozzafava MD, Bradley T, Matlow R, Weems CF, Carrion VG. Impact of anxiety and depression on academic achievement among underserved school children: evidence of suppressor effects. Curr Psychol. 2022:1-9.
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7. Ormel J, Hollon SD, Kessler RC, Cuijpers P, Monroe SM. More treatment but no less depression: The treatment-prevalence paradox. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;91:102111.
8. Odermatt J, Sarlon J, Schaefer N, Ulrich S, Ridder M, Schneider E, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy reduces suicidality and all-cause mortality in refractory depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of neurostimulation studies. Neurosci Appl. 2025;4:105520.
9. Greenberg P, Chitnis A, Louie D, Suthoff E, Chen SY, Maitland J, et al. The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2019). Adv Ther. 2023;40(10):4460-79.
10. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Simes M, Berman R, Koenigsberg SH, et al. The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018). Pharmacoeconomics. 2021;39(6):653-65.
11. Alshaya DS. Genetic and epigenetic factors associated with depression: An updated overview. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(8):103311.
12. Cui L, Li S, Wang S, Wu X, Liu Y, Yu W, et al. Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):30.
13. Pano O, Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Sayón-Orea C, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Martinez JA, Sanchez-Villegas A. Healthy diet, depression and quality of life: A narrative review of biological mechanisms and primary prevention opportunities. World J Psychiatry. 2021;11(11):997-1016.
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19. Mercan N, Bulut M, Yüksel Ç. Investigation of the relatedness of cognitive distortions with emotional expression, anxiety, and depression. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(3):2176-85.
20. Kube T, Schwarting R, Rozenkrantz L, Glombiewski JA, Rief W. Distorted Cognitive Processes in Major Depression: A Predictive Processing Perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;87(5):388-98.
21. Santor DA, Zuroff DC. Depressive symptoms: effects of negative affectivity and failing to accept the past. J Pers Assess. 1994;63(2):294-312.
22. Haas BW, Abney DH, Eriksson K, Potter J, Gosling SD. Person-culture personality fit: Dispositional traits and cultural context explain country-level personality profile conformity. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2023;14(3):275-85.
23. Bentahila L, Fontaine R, Pennequin V. Universality and cultural diversity in moral reasoning and judgment. Front Psychol. 2021;12:764360.
24. Smith MM, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Flett GL, Hall PA, Lee-Baggley DL. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Testing a moderated mediation model in community adults using a one-month two-wave longitudinal design. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;157:109826.
25. Sherry DL, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Mushquash A, Flett GL. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Tests of incremental validity, gender differences, and moderated mediation. Pers Individ Dif. 2015;76:104-10.
26. Flett GL, Hewitt PL, Nepon T, Sherry SB, Smith M. The destructiveness and public health significance of socially prescribed perfectionism: A review, analysis, and conceptual extension. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;93:102130.
27. Keshtiari N, Kuhlmann M. The effects of culture and gender on the recognition of emotional speech: Evidence from Persian speakers living in a collectivist society. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language. 2016;4(2):71-86.
28. Rezaei Golezani H, Bakhshipour A, Haghighi M, Hekmati I, Abdollahpour Ranjbar H. Exploring Deviation from Time Perspective in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Comparative Analysis in the Clinical Context. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(4):380-7.
29. Graham AR, Sherry SB, Stewart SH, Sherry DL, McGrath DS, Fossum KM, et al. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: A short-term, four-wave longitudinal study. J Couns Psychol. 2010;57(4):423.
30. Smith MM, Sherry SB, Ray CM, Lee-Baggley D, Hewitt PL, Flett GL. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Tests of unique contributions and mediating mechanisms in a sample of depressed individuals. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 2020;38(1):112-26.
31. Hayes AF, Montoya AK, Rockwood NJ. The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal. 2017;25(1):76-81.
32. Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF. Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions. Multivariate Behav Res. 2007;42(1):185-227.
33. Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach: Guilford publications; 2017.
34. Spector PE. Do not cross me: Optimizing the use of cross-sectional designs. J Bus Psychol. 2019;34(2):125-37.
35. Bhattacharjee A. Bayesian Approaches in Oncology Using R and OpenBUGS: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2020.
36. Maier C, Thatcher JB, Grover V, Dwivedi YK. Cross-sectional research: A critical perspective, use cases, and recommendations for IS research. Elsevier; 2023. p. 102625.
37. Cheong J, Mackinnon DP, Khoo ST. Investigation of Mediational Processes Using Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Modeling. Struct Equ Modeling. 2003;10(2):238.
38. Selig JP, Preacher KJ. Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research. Res Hum Dev. 2009;6(2-3):144-64.
39. Memon MA, Ting H, Cheah J-H, Thurasamy R, Chuah F, Cham TH. Sample size for survey research: Review and recommendations. Journal of applied structural equation modeling. 2020;4(2):i-xx.
40. Baeza-Delgado C, Cerdá Alberich L, Carot-Sierra JM, Veiga-Canuto D, Martínez de Las Heras B, Raza B, et al. A practical solution to estimate the sample size required for clinical prediction models generated from observational research on data. Eur Radiol Exp. 2022;6(1):22.
41. Zhai X, Tong HHY, Lam CK, Xing A, Sha Y, Luo G, et al. Association and causal mediation between marital status and depression in seven countries. Nat Hum Behav. 2024;8(12):2392-405.
42. Sibarani RA, Larosa NAP, Tarani NPM, Kautsar A. Analysis of The Influence of Socio-Economic Status and Demographics on Depression Symptoms in Marriage. Journal of Family Sciences. 2024:34-47.
43. Kim H, Cho J, Isehunwa O, Noh J, Noh Y, Oh SS, et al. Marriage as a social tie in the relation of depressive symptoms attributable to air pollution exposure among the elderly. J Affect Disord. 2020;272:125-31.
44. Choi E, Jung SY. Marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms among Korean couples with young children: Dyadic autoregressive cross‐lagged modeling. Family Relations. 2021;70(5):1384-98.
45. Wei M, Qin Y, Niu X, Niu S, Mu F, Yang L, et al. Marriage and postpartum major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;182:83-91.
46. Zhang S, Cui H, Fu M, Zhang B, Liu N, Guo J. Marriage matching patterns associated with depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: A nationally representative age-period-cohort modeling study. J Affect Disord. 2024;351:341-8.
47. Hewitt PL, Flett GL. Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;60(3):456-70.
48. Hewitt PL, Flett GL, Turnbull-Donovan W, Mikail SF. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties in psychiatric samples. Psychological Assessment: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;3(3):464.
49. Besharat MA. Development and validation of Tehran multidimensional perfectionism scale. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2011;30:79-83.
50. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385-401.
51. Sharif Nia H, Rahmatpour P, Sivarajan Froelicher E, Pahlevan Sharif S, Kaveh O, Rezazadeh Fazeli A, et al. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Among the Iranian Public People During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021;9:728904.
52. Najibi SH, Rezapour Y, Chubforoush Zadeh A. Structural equation modelling of attitude toward life, acceptance of the past, self-efficacy, and self-actualization in the elderly. Master’s Thesis. Ardakan University. 2017; 93-107.
53. Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. 2021.
54. Revelle W. psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. R package version. 2020;2(5).
55. Tingley D, Yamamoto T, Hirose K, Keele L, Imai K. Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis. J Stat Softw. 2014;59:1-38.
56. Wickham H. Data analysis. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis: Springer; 2016. p. 189-201.
57. Gunzler D, Chen T, Wu P, Zhang H. Introduction to mediation analysis with structural equation modeling. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2013;25(6):390-4.
58. Addis DR. Mental time travel? A neurocognitive model of event simulation. Rev Philos Psychol. 2020;11(2):233-59.
59. Oyserman D. Pathways to success through identity-based motivation: OUP Us; 2015.
60. Crone K. Personal identity, transformative experiences, and the future self. Phenomenol Cogn Sci. 2021;20(2):299-310.
61. Hewitt PL, Flett GL, Mikail SF. Perfectionism: A relational approach to conceptualization, assessment, and treatment: Guilford Publications; 2017.
62. Markus HR, Kitayama S. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. College student development and academic life: Routledge; 2014. p. 264-93.
63. Ramzan N, Amjad N. Cross cultural variation in emotion regulation: A systematic review. Annals of King Edward Medical University. 2017;23(1).
64. Perera MJ, Chang EC. Ethnic variations between Asian and European Americans in interpersonal sources of socially prescribed perfectionism: It’s not just about parents! Asian Am J Psychol. 2015;6(1):31.
65. Curran T, Hill AP. Young people's perceptions of their parents' expectations and criticism are increasing over time: Implications for perfectionism. Psychol Bull. 2022;148(1-2):107-28.
2. McCurdy BH, Scozzafava MD, Bradley T, Matlow R, Weems CF, Carrion VG. Impact of anxiety and depression on academic achievement among underserved school children: evidence of suppressor effects. Curr Psychol. 2022:1-9.
3. de Oliveira C, Saka M, Bone L, Jacobs R. The Role of Mental Health on Workplace Productivity: A Critical Review of the Literature. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2023;21(2):167-93.
4. Guerrero-Muñoz D, Salazar D, Constain V, Perez A, Pineda-Cañar CA, García-Perdomo HA. Association between Family Functionality and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Korean J Fam Med. 2021;42(2):172-80.
5. Kern DM, Canuso CM, Daly E, Johnson JC, Fu DJ, Doherty T, et al. Suicide-specific mortality among patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, major depressive disorder with prior suicidal ideation or suicide attempts, or major depressive disorder alone. Brain Behav. 2023;13(8):e3171.
6. Kim H, Jung JH, Han K, Jeon HJ. Risk of suicide and all-cause death in patients with mental disorders: a nationwide cohort study. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30(7):2831-9.
7. Ormel J, Hollon SD, Kessler RC, Cuijpers P, Monroe SM. More treatment but no less depression: The treatment-prevalence paradox. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;91:102111.
8. Odermatt J, Sarlon J, Schaefer N, Ulrich S, Ridder M, Schneider E, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy reduces suicidality and all-cause mortality in refractory depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of neurostimulation studies. Neurosci Appl. 2025;4:105520.
9. Greenberg P, Chitnis A, Louie D, Suthoff E, Chen SY, Maitland J, et al. The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2019). Adv Ther. 2023;40(10):4460-79.
10. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Simes M, Berman R, Koenigsberg SH, et al. The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018). Pharmacoeconomics. 2021;39(6):653-65.
11. Alshaya DS. Genetic and epigenetic factors associated with depression: An updated overview. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(8):103311.
12. Cui L, Li S, Wang S, Wu X, Liu Y, Yu W, et al. Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):30.
13. Pano O, Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Sayón-Orea C, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Martinez JA, Sanchez-Villegas A. Healthy diet, depression and quality of life: A narrative review of biological mechanisms and primary prevention opportunities. World J Psychiatry. 2021;11(11):997-1016.
14. De Risio L, Pettorruso M, Collevecchio R, Collacchi B, Boffa M, Santorelli M, et al. Staying connected: An umbrella review of meta-analyses on the push-and-pull of social connection in depression. J Affect Disord. 2024;345:358-68.
15. Remes O, Mendes JF, Templeton P. Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature. Brain Sci. 2021;11(12):1633.
16. Bering JM. The existential theory of mind. Rev Gen Psychol. 2002;6(1):3-24.
17. Shvo M, Klassen TQ, McIlraith SA, editors. Towards the role of theory of mind in explanation. International Workshop on Explainable, Transparent Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems; 2020: Springer.
18. Razeghian Jahromi L, Tlais MA, Kamar H, Jalali A. Comparison of Theory of Mind between Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Stimulant-Induced Depressive Disorder. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(1):21-9.
19. Mercan N, Bulut M, Yüksel Ç. Investigation of the relatedness of cognitive distortions with emotional expression, anxiety, and depression. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(3):2176-85.
20. Kube T, Schwarting R, Rozenkrantz L, Glombiewski JA, Rief W. Distorted Cognitive Processes in Major Depression: A Predictive Processing Perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;87(5):388-98.
21. Santor DA, Zuroff DC. Depressive symptoms: effects of negative affectivity and failing to accept the past. J Pers Assess. 1994;63(2):294-312.
22. Haas BW, Abney DH, Eriksson K, Potter J, Gosling SD. Person-culture personality fit: Dispositional traits and cultural context explain country-level personality profile conformity. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2023;14(3):275-85.
23. Bentahila L, Fontaine R, Pennequin V. Universality and cultural diversity in moral reasoning and judgment. Front Psychol. 2021;12:764360.
24. Smith MM, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Flett GL, Hall PA, Lee-Baggley DL. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Testing a moderated mediation model in community adults using a one-month two-wave longitudinal design. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;157:109826.
25. Sherry DL, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Mushquash A, Flett GL. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Tests of incremental validity, gender differences, and moderated mediation. Pers Individ Dif. 2015;76:104-10.
26. Flett GL, Hewitt PL, Nepon T, Sherry SB, Smith M. The destructiveness and public health significance of socially prescribed perfectionism: A review, analysis, and conceptual extension. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;93:102130.
27. Keshtiari N, Kuhlmann M. The effects of culture and gender on the recognition of emotional speech: Evidence from Persian speakers living in a collectivist society. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language. 2016;4(2):71-86.
28. Rezaei Golezani H, Bakhshipour A, Haghighi M, Hekmati I, Abdollahpour Ranjbar H. Exploring Deviation from Time Perspective in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Comparative Analysis in the Clinical Context. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(4):380-7.
29. Graham AR, Sherry SB, Stewart SH, Sherry DL, McGrath DS, Fossum KM, et al. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: A short-term, four-wave longitudinal study. J Couns Psychol. 2010;57(4):423.
30. Smith MM, Sherry SB, Ray CM, Lee-Baggley D, Hewitt PL, Flett GL. The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Tests of unique contributions and mediating mechanisms in a sample of depressed individuals. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 2020;38(1):112-26.
31. Hayes AF, Montoya AK, Rockwood NJ. The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal. 2017;25(1):76-81.
32. Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF. Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions. Multivariate Behav Res. 2007;42(1):185-227.
33. Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach: Guilford publications; 2017.
34. Spector PE. Do not cross me: Optimizing the use of cross-sectional designs. J Bus Psychol. 2019;34(2):125-37.
35. Bhattacharjee A. Bayesian Approaches in Oncology Using R and OpenBUGS: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2020.
36. Maier C, Thatcher JB, Grover V, Dwivedi YK. Cross-sectional research: A critical perspective, use cases, and recommendations for IS research. Elsevier; 2023. p. 102625.
37. Cheong J, Mackinnon DP, Khoo ST. Investigation of Mediational Processes Using Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Modeling. Struct Equ Modeling. 2003;10(2):238.
38. Selig JP, Preacher KJ. Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research. Res Hum Dev. 2009;6(2-3):144-64.
39. Memon MA, Ting H, Cheah J-H, Thurasamy R, Chuah F, Cham TH. Sample size for survey research: Review and recommendations. Journal of applied structural equation modeling. 2020;4(2):i-xx.
40. Baeza-Delgado C, Cerdá Alberich L, Carot-Sierra JM, Veiga-Canuto D, Martínez de Las Heras B, Raza B, et al. A practical solution to estimate the sample size required for clinical prediction models generated from observational research on data. Eur Radiol Exp. 2022;6(1):22.
41. Zhai X, Tong HHY, Lam CK, Xing A, Sha Y, Luo G, et al. Association and causal mediation between marital status and depression in seven countries. Nat Hum Behav. 2024;8(12):2392-405.
42. Sibarani RA, Larosa NAP, Tarani NPM, Kautsar A. Analysis of The Influence of Socio-Economic Status and Demographics on Depression Symptoms in Marriage. Journal of Family Sciences. 2024:34-47.
43. Kim H, Cho J, Isehunwa O, Noh J, Noh Y, Oh SS, et al. Marriage as a social tie in the relation of depressive symptoms attributable to air pollution exposure among the elderly. J Affect Disord. 2020;272:125-31.
44. Choi E, Jung SY. Marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms among Korean couples with young children: Dyadic autoregressive cross‐lagged modeling. Family Relations. 2021;70(5):1384-98.
45. Wei M, Qin Y, Niu X, Niu S, Mu F, Yang L, et al. Marriage and postpartum major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;182:83-91.
46. Zhang S, Cui H, Fu M, Zhang B, Liu N, Guo J. Marriage matching patterns associated with depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: A nationally representative age-period-cohort modeling study. J Affect Disord. 2024;351:341-8.
47. Hewitt PL, Flett GL. Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;60(3):456-70.
48. Hewitt PL, Flett GL, Turnbull-Donovan W, Mikail SF. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties in psychiatric samples. Psychological Assessment: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;3(3):464.
49. Besharat MA. Development and validation of Tehran multidimensional perfectionism scale. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2011;30:79-83.
50. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385-401.
51. Sharif Nia H, Rahmatpour P, Sivarajan Froelicher E, Pahlevan Sharif S, Kaveh O, Rezazadeh Fazeli A, et al. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Among the Iranian Public People During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021;9:728904.
52. Najibi SH, Rezapour Y, Chubforoush Zadeh A. Structural equation modelling of attitude toward life, acceptance of the past, self-efficacy, and self-actualization in the elderly. Master’s Thesis. Ardakan University. 2017; 93-107.
53. Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. 2021.
54. Revelle W. psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. R package version. 2020;2(5).
55. Tingley D, Yamamoto T, Hirose K, Keele L, Imai K. Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis. J Stat Softw. 2014;59:1-38.
56. Wickham H. Data analysis. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis: Springer; 2016. p. 189-201.
57. Gunzler D, Chen T, Wu P, Zhang H. Introduction to mediation analysis with structural equation modeling. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2013;25(6):390-4.
58. Addis DR. Mental time travel? A neurocognitive model of event simulation. Rev Philos Psychol. 2020;11(2):233-59.
59. Oyserman D. Pathways to success through identity-based motivation: OUP Us; 2015.
60. Crone K. Personal identity, transformative experiences, and the future self. Phenomenol Cogn Sci. 2021;20(2):299-310.
61. Hewitt PL, Flett GL, Mikail SF. Perfectionism: A relational approach to conceptualization, assessment, and treatment: Guilford Publications; 2017.
62. Markus HR, Kitayama S. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. College student development and academic life: Routledge; 2014. p. 264-93.
63. Ramzan N, Amjad N. Cross cultural variation in emotion regulation: A systematic review. Annals of King Edward Medical University. 2017;23(1).
64. Perera MJ, Chang EC. Ethnic variations between Asian and European Americans in interpersonal sources of socially prescribed perfectionism: It’s not just about parents! Asian Am J Psychol. 2015;6(1):31.
65. Curran T, Hill AP. Young people's perceptions of their parents' expectations and criticism are increasing over time: Implications for perfectionism. Psychol Bull. 2022;148(1-2):107-28.
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Culture Depression Mediation Analysis Personality Perfectionism | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Zare M, Poshtmashhadi M, Poursharifi H. Difficulties in Accepting the Past as a Mediator between Perfectionism and Symptoms of Depression among University Students in Yazd. Iran J Psychiatry. 2025;:1-13.
