Sociocultural Factors Influencing Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Scoping Review
,
Abstract
Objective: Grief is a response to significant loss that may become prolonged and develop into prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Sociocultural factors can influence this process. This scoping review examined studies on sociocultural determinants of PGD.
Method: Databases searched included PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and ProQuest. Studies published between January 2012 and December 2025 were screened in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines and analyzed descriptively.
Results: From 877 identified papers, 19 met the inclusion criteria. Four key sociocultural factors emerged: religious beliefs, mourning customs, cultural beliefs, and social support. Religious beliefs functioned as both risk and protective factors depending on the context and coping style. Mourning customs promoted healing when upheld and intensified grief when disrupted; moreover, in some contexts, rituals may also maintain grief. Cultural beliefs shaped grief expression and understanding, sometimes conflicting with diagnostic criteria. Social support, especially when culturally congruent, moderated grief outcomes, while social withdrawal or isolation also emerged as an important predictor of prolonged grief (PG) symptoms.
Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of culturally sensitive interventions in PGD. Understanding these sociocultural dynamics is essential for developing culturally tailored prevention and treatment strategies for PGD.
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2. Rosner R, Comtesse H, Vogel A, Doering BK. Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder. J Affect Disord. 2021;287:301–7.
3. Shear MK. Clinical practice. Complicated grief. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(2):153–60.
4. Killikelly C, Smith KV, Zhou N, Prigerson HG, O'Connor MF, Kokou-Kpolou CK, et al. Prolonged grief disorder. Lancet. 2025;405(10489):1621–32.
5. Prigerson HG, Boelen PA, Xu J, Smith KV, Maciejewski PK. Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(1):96–106.
6. Eisma MC. Prolonged grief disorder in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR: Challenges and controversies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2023;57(7):944–51.
7. Killikelly C, Maercker A. Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: the primacy of clinical utility and international applicability. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(Suppl 6):1476441.
8. American Psychiatric Association D, American Psychiatric Association D. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5: American psychiatric association Washington, DC; 2013.
9. World Health Organization. Mental health in emergencies [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2026 May 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-in-emergencies
10. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision. 2000.
11. Szuhany KL, Malgaroli M, Miron CD, Simon NM. Prolonged Grief Disorder: Course, Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2021;19(2):161–72.
12. Buur C, Zachariae R, Komischke-Konnerup KB, Marello MM, Schierff LH, O'Connor M. Risk factors for prolonged grief symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2024;107:102375.
13. Doering BK, Barke A, Vogel A, Comtesse H, Rosner R. Predictors of Prolonged Grief Disorder in a German Representative Population Sample: Unexpectedness of Bereavement Contributes to Grief Severity and Prolonged Grief Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:853698.
14. Hilberdink CE, Ghainder K, Dubanchet A, Hinton D, Djelantik A, Hall BJ, et al. Bereavement issues and prolonged grief disorder: A global perspective. Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2023;10:e32.
15. Renner A, Schmidt V, Kersting A. Migratory grief: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1303847.
16. Lee SA, Gibbons JA, Bottomley JS. Spirituality Influences Emotion Regulation During Grief Talk: The Moderating Role of Prolonged Grief Symptomatology. J Relig Health. 2022;61(6):4923–33.
17. Hinton DE, Peou S, Joshi S, Nickerson A, Simon NM. Normal grief and complicated bereavement among traumatized Cambodian refugees: cultural context and the central role of dreams of the dead. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2013;37(3):427–64.
18. Ward RL, Marshall I, Hernandez PM, Jenkins PR. Death Customs: Cross-Cultural Issues of Grief and Bereavement. Contemporary Issues in Human Services: Routledge; 2025. p. 236–50.
19. Zisook S, Pies R, Iglewicz A. Grief, depression, and the DSM-5. J Psychiatr Pract. 2013;19(5):386–96.
20. Neimeyer RA, Burke LA. Loss, grief, and spiritual struggle: The quest for meaning in bereavement. Religion, Brain & Behavior. 2015;5(2):131–8.
21. Schaal S, Elbert T, Neuner F. Prolonged grief disorder and depression in widows due to the Rwandan genocide. Omega (Westport). 2009;59(3):203–19.
22. Park CL, Halifax RJ. Religion and spirituality in adjusting to bereavement. In: Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: grief as burden, grief as gift. 1st ed. Routledge; 2021.
23. Dik BJ, Daniels D, Alayan AJ. Religion, spirituality, and the workplace: a review and critique. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2024;11(1):279–305.
24. Oman D, Lukoff D. Mental health, religion, and spirituality. Why religion and spirituality matter for public health: Evidence, implications, and resources. 2018:225–43.
25. Martins H, Romeiro J, Casaleiro T, Vieira M, Caldeira S. Insights on spirituality and bereavement: A systematic review of qualitative studies. J Clin Nurs. 2024;33(5):1593–603.
26. Delgado H, Goergen J, Tyler J, Windham H. A Loss by Suicide: The Relationship Between Meaning-Making, Post-Traumatic Growth, and Complicated Grief. Omega (Westport). 2025;92(2):955–72.
27. Milman E, Neimeyer RA, Fitzpatrick M, MacKinnon CJ, Muis KR, Cohen SR. Prolonged grief and the disruption of meaning: Establishing a mediation model. J Couns Psychol. 2019;66(6):714–25.
28. Silverman GS, Baroiller A, Hemer SR. Culture and grief: Ethnographic perspectives on ritual, relationships and remembering. Death Stud. 2021;45(1):1–8.
29. Stroebe M, Schut H, Stroebe W. Health outcomes of bereavement. Lancet. 2007;370(9603):1960–73.
30. van der Houwen K, Stroebe M, Schut H, Stroebe W, van den Bout J. Mediating processes in bereavement: the role of rumination, threatening grief interpretations, and deliberate grief avoidance. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(9):1669–76.
31. Sullivan C, Infurna FJ. The multidimensional nature of social support and engagement in contributing to adjustment following spousal loss. Aging Ment Health. 2020;24(6):857–69.
32. Rogalla KB. Anticipatory Grief, Proactive Coping, Social Support, and Growth: Exploring Positive Experiences of Preparing for Loss. Omega (Westport). 2020;81(1):107–29.
33. Stelzer EM, Zhou N, Maercker A, O'Connor MF, Killikelly C. Prolonged Grief Disorder and the Cultural Crisis. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2982.
34. Moore BS, da Silva JP, Farias M. Diagnosing Prolonged Grief Disorder: Cultural Challenges to the DSM-5-TR Criteria. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2025;49(4):1504–16.
35. Arksey H, O'malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International journal of social research methodology. 2005;8(1):19–32.
36. Ma H, Zhao S, Long M, Diao Y, Liu M, Feng Z, et al. The relationship between culture-related grief beliefs, prolonged grief disorder and suicide ideation among Shidu parents in rural China. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023;30(1):54–63.
37. Xiu D, Maercker A, Killikelly C, Yang Y, Jia X. Grieving Parents' Meaning-Making Narration in Relation to Value Orientations: A Cross-Cultural Study. Transcult Psychiatry. 2023;60(6):905–16.
38. Cacciatore J, Thieleman K, Fretts R, Jackson LB. What is good grief support? Exploring the actors and actions in social support after traumatic grief. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0252324.
39. Killikelly C, Ramp M, Maercker A. Prolonged grief disorder in refugees from Syria: qualitative analysis of culturally relevant symptoms and implications for ICD-11. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2021;24(1):62–79.
40. Djelantik A, Aryani P, Boelen PA, Lesmana CBJ, Kleber RJ. Prolonged grief disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression following traffic accidents among bereaved Balinese family members: Prevalence, latent classes and cultural correlates. J Affect Disord. 2021;292:773–81.
41. Kokou-Kpolou CK, Moukouta CS, Sani L, McIntee SE, Cénat JM, Awesso A, et al. A Mixed Methods Approach of End-of-Life Care, Social Rites, and Bereavement Outcomes: A Transnational Perspective. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2020;44(4):501–23.
42. Thacker NE, Gibbons MM. Complicated grief in rural Appalachia: Using feminist theory to reconcile grief. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2019;41(4):297–311.
43. Pan H. Response to spousal death according to faith in traditional Chinese culture among older Chinese: Moderation by occupation. Health Soc Care Community. 2019;27(5):1224–31.
44. Brunsdon AR. Nostalgia as a pastoral–hermeneutical key for healing complicated grief in an Afro-Christian context. Verbum et Ecclesia. 2019;40(1):1–9.
45. Christian KM, Aoun SM, Breen LJ. How religious and spiritual beliefs explain prolonged grief disorder symptoms. Death Stud. 2019;43(5):316–23.
46. Sawyer JS, Brewster ME. Assessing posttraumatic growth, complicated grief, and psychological distress in bereaved atheists and believers. Death Studies. 2019;43(4):224-234. PubMed PMID: 29509067.
47. Boulware DL, Bui NH. Bereaved African American adults: The role of social support, religious coping, and continuing bonds. Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2016;21(3):192–202.
48. Sas C, Coman A. Designing personal grief rituals: An analysis of symbolic objects and actions. Death Stud. 2016;40(9):558–69.
49. Ghesquiere A. "I was just trying to stick it out until I realized that I couldn't": a phenomenological investigation of support seeking among older adults with complicated grief. Omega (Westport). 2013;68(1):1–22.
50. Reime MA, O'Connor M, Hystad SW, Dyregrov K. Perceived social support and symptoms of prolonged grief after a drug-related death. Death Stud. 2025;49(8):988–97.
51. Reime MA, O'Connor M, Hystad SW, Dyregrov K. Perceived social support and symptoms of prolonged grief after a drug-related death. Death Stud. 2025;49(8):988–97.
52. Sarkar S, Gupta P, Sahu A, Anwar N, Sharan P. A qualitative phenomenological exploration of prolonged grief in New Delhi, India. Transcult Psychiatry. 2023;60(6):929–41.
53. Zhou N, Zhao Y, Smith KV, Killikelly C, Stelzer E, Maercker A, et al. Existential isolation and prolonged grief in bereaved people: The moderating role of culture. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023;30(4):862–72.
54. Neimeyer RA, Ng C. Grief therapy as meaning reconstruction: From symptoms to significance. The Routledge International Handbook of Postmodern Therapies: Routledge; 2025. p. 570–82.
55. Smid GE. A framework of meaning attribution following loss. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1776563.
56. He L, Tang S, Yu W, Xu W, Xie Q, Wang J. The prevalence, comorbidity and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved Chinese adults. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219(2):347–52.
57. Feldman DB, Fischer IC, Gressis RA. Does religious belief matter for grief and death anxiety? Experimental philosophy meets psychology of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2016;55(3):531–9.
58. Comtesse H, Smid GE, Rummel AM, Spreeuwenberg P, Lundorff M, Dückers MLA. Cross-national analysis of the prevalence of prolonged grief disorder. J Affect Disord. 2024;350:359–65.
59. Beyers J. Religion and culture: Revisiting a close relative. HTS: Theological Studies. 2017;73(1):1–9.
60. Chi X. Facing Death: The Death Care Role of Classical Confucian Ethics for Living. Religions. 2025;16(11):1396.
61. Kirmayer LJ. The place of the social in psychiatry: from structural determinants to the ecology of mind. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2025;60(4):771–83.
62. Killikelly C, Maercker A. The Cultural Supplement: A New Method for Assessing Culturally Relevant Prolonged Grief Disorder Symptoms. Clin Psychol Eur. 2023;5(1):e7655.
63. Treml J, Linde K, Brähler E, Kersting A. Prolonged grief disorder in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR: differences in prevalence and diagnostic criteria. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1266132.
64. Stroebe M, Schut H. The dual process model of coping with bereavement: a decade on. Omega (Westport). 2010;61(4):273–89.
2. Rosner R, Comtesse H, Vogel A, Doering BK. Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder. J Affect Disord. 2021;287:301–7.
3. Shear MK. Clinical practice. Complicated grief. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(2):153–60.
4. Killikelly C, Smith KV, Zhou N, Prigerson HG, O'Connor MF, Kokou-Kpolou CK, et al. Prolonged grief disorder. Lancet. 2025;405(10489):1621–32.
5. Prigerson HG, Boelen PA, Xu J, Smith KV, Maciejewski PK. Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(1):96–106.
6. Eisma MC. Prolonged grief disorder in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR: Challenges and controversies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2023;57(7):944–51.
7. Killikelly C, Maercker A. Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: the primacy of clinical utility and international applicability. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(Suppl 6):1476441.
8. American Psychiatric Association D, American Psychiatric Association D. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5: American psychiatric association Washington, DC; 2013.
9. World Health Organization. Mental health in emergencies [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2026 May 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-in-emergencies
10. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision. 2000.
11. Szuhany KL, Malgaroli M, Miron CD, Simon NM. Prolonged Grief Disorder: Course, Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2021;19(2):161–72.
12. Buur C, Zachariae R, Komischke-Konnerup KB, Marello MM, Schierff LH, O'Connor M. Risk factors for prolonged grief symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2024;107:102375.
13. Doering BK, Barke A, Vogel A, Comtesse H, Rosner R. Predictors of Prolonged Grief Disorder in a German Representative Population Sample: Unexpectedness of Bereavement Contributes to Grief Severity and Prolonged Grief Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:853698.
14. Hilberdink CE, Ghainder K, Dubanchet A, Hinton D, Djelantik A, Hall BJ, et al. Bereavement issues and prolonged grief disorder: A global perspective. Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2023;10:e32.
15. Renner A, Schmidt V, Kersting A. Migratory grief: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1303847.
16. Lee SA, Gibbons JA, Bottomley JS. Spirituality Influences Emotion Regulation During Grief Talk: The Moderating Role of Prolonged Grief Symptomatology. J Relig Health. 2022;61(6):4923–33.
17. Hinton DE, Peou S, Joshi S, Nickerson A, Simon NM. Normal grief and complicated bereavement among traumatized Cambodian refugees: cultural context and the central role of dreams of the dead. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2013;37(3):427–64.
18. Ward RL, Marshall I, Hernandez PM, Jenkins PR. Death Customs: Cross-Cultural Issues of Grief and Bereavement. Contemporary Issues in Human Services: Routledge; 2025. p. 236–50.
19. Zisook S, Pies R, Iglewicz A. Grief, depression, and the DSM-5. J Psychiatr Pract. 2013;19(5):386–96.
20. Neimeyer RA, Burke LA. Loss, grief, and spiritual struggle: The quest for meaning in bereavement. Religion, Brain & Behavior. 2015;5(2):131–8.
21. Schaal S, Elbert T, Neuner F. Prolonged grief disorder and depression in widows due to the Rwandan genocide. Omega (Westport). 2009;59(3):203–19.
22. Park CL, Halifax RJ. Religion and spirituality in adjusting to bereavement. In: Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: grief as burden, grief as gift. 1st ed. Routledge; 2021.
23. Dik BJ, Daniels D, Alayan AJ. Religion, spirituality, and the workplace: a review and critique. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2024;11(1):279–305.
24. Oman D, Lukoff D. Mental health, religion, and spirituality. Why religion and spirituality matter for public health: Evidence, implications, and resources. 2018:225–43.
25. Martins H, Romeiro J, Casaleiro T, Vieira M, Caldeira S. Insights on spirituality and bereavement: A systematic review of qualitative studies. J Clin Nurs. 2024;33(5):1593–603.
26. Delgado H, Goergen J, Tyler J, Windham H. A Loss by Suicide: The Relationship Between Meaning-Making, Post-Traumatic Growth, and Complicated Grief. Omega (Westport). 2025;92(2):955–72.
27. Milman E, Neimeyer RA, Fitzpatrick M, MacKinnon CJ, Muis KR, Cohen SR. Prolonged grief and the disruption of meaning: Establishing a mediation model. J Couns Psychol. 2019;66(6):714–25.
28. Silverman GS, Baroiller A, Hemer SR. Culture and grief: Ethnographic perspectives on ritual, relationships and remembering. Death Stud. 2021;45(1):1–8.
29. Stroebe M, Schut H, Stroebe W. Health outcomes of bereavement. Lancet. 2007;370(9603):1960–73.
30. van der Houwen K, Stroebe M, Schut H, Stroebe W, van den Bout J. Mediating processes in bereavement: the role of rumination, threatening grief interpretations, and deliberate grief avoidance. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(9):1669–76.
31. Sullivan C, Infurna FJ. The multidimensional nature of social support and engagement in contributing to adjustment following spousal loss. Aging Ment Health. 2020;24(6):857–69.
32. Rogalla KB. Anticipatory Grief, Proactive Coping, Social Support, and Growth: Exploring Positive Experiences of Preparing for Loss. Omega (Westport). 2020;81(1):107–29.
33. Stelzer EM, Zhou N, Maercker A, O'Connor MF, Killikelly C. Prolonged Grief Disorder and the Cultural Crisis. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2982.
34. Moore BS, da Silva JP, Farias M. Diagnosing Prolonged Grief Disorder: Cultural Challenges to the DSM-5-TR Criteria. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2025;49(4):1504–16.
35. Arksey H, O'malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International journal of social research methodology. 2005;8(1):19–32.
36. Ma H, Zhao S, Long M, Diao Y, Liu M, Feng Z, et al. The relationship between culture-related grief beliefs, prolonged grief disorder and suicide ideation among Shidu parents in rural China. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023;30(1):54–63.
37. Xiu D, Maercker A, Killikelly C, Yang Y, Jia X. Grieving Parents' Meaning-Making Narration in Relation to Value Orientations: A Cross-Cultural Study. Transcult Psychiatry. 2023;60(6):905–16.
38. Cacciatore J, Thieleman K, Fretts R, Jackson LB. What is good grief support? Exploring the actors and actions in social support after traumatic grief. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0252324.
39. Killikelly C, Ramp M, Maercker A. Prolonged grief disorder in refugees from Syria: qualitative analysis of culturally relevant symptoms and implications for ICD-11. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2021;24(1):62–79.
40. Djelantik A, Aryani P, Boelen PA, Lesmana CBJ, Kleber RJ. Prolonged grief disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression following traffic accidents among bereaved Balinese family members: Prevalence, latent classes and cultural correlates. J Affect Disord. 2021;292:773–81.
41. Kokou-Kpolou CK, Moukouta CS, Sani L, McIntee SE, Cénat JM, Awesso A, et al. A Mixed Methods Approach of End-of-Life Care, Social Rites, and Bereavement Outcomes: A Transnational Perspective. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2020;44(4):501–23.
42. Thacker NE, Gibbons MM. Complicated grief in rural Appalachia: Using feminist theory to reconcile grief. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2019;41(4):297–311.
43. Pan H. Response to spousal death according to faith in traditional Chinese culture among older Chinese: Moderation by occupation. Health Soc Care Community. 2019;27(5):1224–31.
44. Brunsdon AR. Nostalgia as a pastoral–hermeneutical key for healing complicated grief in an Afro-Christian context. Verbum et Ecclesia. 2019;40(1):1–9.
45. Christian KM, Aoun SM, Breen LJ. How religious and spiritual beliefs explain prolonged grief disorder symptoms. Death Stud. 2019;43(5):316–23.
46. Sawyer JS, Brewster ME. Assessing posttraumatic growth, complicated grief, and psychological distress in bereaved atheists and believers. Death Studies. 2019;43(4):224-234. PubMed PMID: 29509067.
47. Boulware DL, Bui NH. Bereaved African American adults: The role of social support, religious coping, and continuing bonds. Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2016;21(3):192–202.
48. Sas C, Coman A. Designing personal grief rituals: An analysis of symbolic objects and actions. Death Stud. 2016;40(9):558–69.
49. Ghesquiere A. "I was just trying to stick it out until I realized that I couldn't": a phenomenological investigation of support seeking among older adults with complicated grief. Omega (Westport). 2013;68(1):1–22.
50. Reime MA, O'Connor M, Hystad SW, Dyregrov K. Perceived social support and symptoms of prolonged grief after a drug-related death. Death Stud. 2025;49(8):988–97.
51. Reime MA, O'Connor M, Hystad SW, Dyregrov K. Perceived social support and symptoms of prolonged grief after a drug-related death. Death Stud. 2025;49(8):988–97.
52. Sarkar S, Gupta P, Sahu A, Anwar N, Sharan P. A qualitative phenomenological exploration of prolonged grief in New Delhi, India. Transcult Psychiatry. 2023;60(6):929–41.
53. Zhou N, Zhao Y, Smith KV, Killikelly C, Stelzer E, Maercker A, et al. Existential isolation and prolonged grief in bereaved people: The moderating role of culture. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023;30(4):862–72.
54. Neimeyer RA, Ng C. Grief therapy as meaning reconstruction: From symptoms to significance. The Routledge International Handbook of Postmodern Therapies: Routledge; 2025. p. 570–82.
55. Smid GE. A framework of meaning attribution following loss. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1776563.
56. He L, Tang S, Yu W, Xu W, Xie Q, Wang J. The prevalence, comorbidity and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved Chinese adults. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219(2):347–52.
57. Feldman DB, Fischer IC, Gressis RA. Does religious belief matter for grief and death anxiety? Experimental philosophy meets psychology of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2016;55(3):531–9.
58. Comtesse H, Smid GE, Rummel AM, Spreeuwenberg P, Lundorff M, Dückers MLA. Cross-national analysis of the prevalence of prolonged grief disorder. J Affect Disord. 2024;350:359–65.
59. Beyers J. Religion and culture: Revisiting a close relative. HTS: Theological Studies. 2017;73(1):1–9.
60. Chi X. Facing Death: The Death Care Role of Classical Confucian Ethics for Living. Religions. 2025;16(11):1396.
61. Kirmayer LJ. The place of the social in psychiatry: from structural determinants to the ecology of mind. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2025;60(4):771–83.
62. Killikelly C, Maercker A. The Cultural Supplement: A New Method for Assessing Culturally Relevant Prolonged Grief Disorder Symptoms. Clin Psychol Eur. 2023;5(1):e7655.
63. Treml J, Linde K, Brähler E, Kersting A. Prolonged grief disorder in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR: differences in prevalence and diagnostic criteria. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1266132.
64. Stroebe M, Schut H. The dual process model of coping with bereavement: a decade on. Omega (Westport). 2010;61(4):273–89.
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| Bereavement Culture Prolonged Grief Disorder Religion Social Support | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ensan N, Zarani F, Ayatollahi H, Panaghi L. Sociocultural Factors Influencing Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Scoping Review. Iran J Psychiatry. 2026;:1-18.
