Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Mothers of Children withADHD Compared to the Control Group
,
Abstract
Objective: Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder is a common psychiatric disorder with an early onset. Investigation reveals that mothers of children with ADHD higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptomatology than do mothers of comparison children. The aim of the present study was to compare anxiety and depressive symptoms in the mothers with ADHD children with control group .
Method: Fifty mothers of the ADHD children aged between 6 to 12 whom diagnosed on the basis of interviews held with psychiatrist in the first referral to sheikh Child Psychiatry Clinic. The control group consisted of mothers of fifty children without any psychiatric disorder. The selected mothers were evaluated with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory interviewed for the basic Psychiatric disorder,. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square statistical tests.
Results: Our data showed the 20% and 10% of mothers had mild and moderate depression. In control group, mild and moderate depression was reported 6/7% and 3/3%, respectively. The differences between depression and trait anxiety in mothers of ADHD children and control group were significant. There was a correlation between intensity of the trait and state anxiety and the depression in mothers with intensity of ADHD in their children but the relation was not significant .
Conclusion: The present study suggests that the Intensity of depression and trait anxiety in mothers of ADHD children are more than the control group .
Martin A, Volkmar FR, Lewis M. Lewis's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry:A Comprehensive Text book, 1th ed . Philadelphia :Lippinicott Williams & Wilkins 2002:45-70.
Martin A, Volkmar FR, Lewis M. Lewis's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry:A Comprehensive Text book, 3th ed . Philadelphia :Lippinicott Williams & Wilkins,Wolters Klawer business 2007:430-454.
Wiener JM. Text book of child and adolescent psychiatry ,3th ed. American Psychiatry publishing 1991: 389-411.
Sadock BJ , Sadock VA . Kaplan& Sadock : Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry,8 th ed. Lippinicott Williams & Wilkins 2005 :3183- 3198.
Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 9 th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2003 :1223-1232.
Harrison C, Sofronoff K . ADHD and parental psychological distress: Role of demographics, child behavioral characteristics and parental cognitions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002 ; 41: 703-711.
Whaley S E, Pinto A, Sigman M. Characterizing interactions between anxious mothers and their children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999; 67: 826-836.
Wilhelm K, Boyce P, Brownhill S. The relationship between interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety disorders, and major depression. J Affec Disord 2004; 79: 33-41.
Johnston C . Parent characteristics and parent-child interactions in families of nonproblem children and ADHD children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996; 24: 85-104.
Segenreich D, Fortes D , Coutinho G, Pastura G, Mattos P . Anxiety and depression in parents of a Brazilian non-clinical sample of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) students. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009;42:465- 469.
Durukan I, Erdem M, Tufan AE, Congologlu A, Yorbik O, Turkbay T. Depression and anxiety levels and coping strategies used by mothers of children with ADHD: a preliminary study. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2008 ;9:217- 223.
Barkley RA, Anastopoulos AD, Guevermont DC, Fletcher KE. Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Mother- adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts, and maternal psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol1992 ; 20: 263-288.
Barkley RA, Fischer M , Edelbrock C, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: III. Mother-Child interactions, family conflicts and maternal psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 ; 32: 233-255.
Campbell SB, Pierce EW, March CL, Ewing LJ. non-copmliant behavior,overactivity,and family stress as predictors of negative maternal control with preschool children. Dev Psychopathol 1991; 3: 175-190.
Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Beck Depression Inventory manual. NewYork: Psychological Corporation; 1987.
Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev1988; 8: 77-100.
Spielberger CD, Sydeman SJ . State- Trait anxiety inventory and state-trait anger expression inventory. In: Maruish ME, eds. The use of psychological tests for treatment planning and outcome assessment . Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc;1994.
Ambrosini PJ. Historical development and present status of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children (K-SADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39: 49-58.
Danforth JS, Barkley RA, Stokes TF. Observations of parent- Child interactions with hyperactive children: Re- search and Clinical implications. Clin psychol Rev 1991; 11: 703- 727.
Klein RG, Mannuzza S. Long-term out come of hyper- active children : A review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 30: 383-387.
Mohammadi MR. An epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in Iran. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2005; 1 :16.
Ghanizadeh A, Mohammadi MR, Moini R. Comorbidity of Psychiatric disorders and parental psychiatric disorders in a sample of Iranian children with ADHD. J Atten disord 2008 ; 12: 149-155.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 3 (2009) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anxiety Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity Depression Mothers | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
