Predicting Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Subtypes Using Cognitive Factors
,
Abstract
Objective: Recent studies have emphasized the important role of cognitive beliefs in etiology and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD has different subtypes, but the specific role of cognitive beliefs in OCD symptomatology is not clear. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the cognitive factors proposed by Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group (OCCWG) could specifically predict subtypes of OCD.
Method: The question was investigated in a sample of 208 university students (mean age = 21, SD = 1.6). The target population was selected by cluster sampling. All participants completed two questionnaires including Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) and Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.
Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that “responsibility/ threat over estimation” was a significant predictor of obsessive and compulsive behaviors and predicted washing, checking, obsessing, hoarding, and neutralizing subtypes of OCD. Furthermore, “perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty” was the most significant predictor of ordering and hoarding while “importance/ control of thought” predicted ordering only.
Conclusion: This study found evidence in support of Salkovskis’ cognitive theory about the central role of inflated responsibility beliefs in developing different subtypes of OCD. Besides, the results revealed those other cognitive beliefs had less important role in the development of OCD symptoms.
1. Abramowitz JS, Khandker M, Nelson CA, Deacon BJ, Rygwall R. The role of cognitive factors in the pathogenesis of obsessive–compulsive symptoms: A prospective study. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44: 1361-1374.
2. Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet 2009; 374: 491-499.
3. Abramowitz JS, Deacon BJ, Olatunji BO, Wheaton MG, Berman NC, Losardo D, et al. Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychol Assess 2010; 22: 180-198.
4. Clark DA, Rhyno S. Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts in Nonclinical Individuals: Implications for Clinical Disorders. In: Clark DA, editor. Intrusive Thoughts in Clinical Disorders. Theory, Research and Treatment, Edition New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2005. p. 1–29.
5. Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory--Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behav Res Ther 2005; 43: 1527-1542.
6. Abramowitz JS, Nelson CA, Rygwall R, Khandker M. The cognitive mediation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a longitudinal study. J Anxiety Disord 2007; 21: 91-104.
7. Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39: 987-1006.
8. Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory: Part I. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41: 863-878.
9. Taylor S, Abramowitz JS, McKay D, Calamari JE, Sookman D, Kyrios M, et al. Do dysfunctional beliefs play a role in all types of obsessive-compulsive disorder? J Anxiety Disord 2006; 20: 85-97.
10. Abramowitz JS, McKay D, Taylor SE. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Subtypes and spectrum conditions. New York: Elsevier; 2008.
11. Lee HJ, Kwon SM. Two different types of obsession: autogenous obsessions and reactive obsessions. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41: 11-29.
12. Sookman D, Pinard G. Uncertainty in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment, and treatment 2002: 63-89.
13. Julien D, O’Connor KP, Aardema F, Todorov C. The specificity of belief domains in obsessive–compulsive symptom subtypes. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 41:1205-16.
14. Cougle JR, Lee HJ, Salkovskis PM. Are responsibility beliefs inflated in non-checking OCD patients? J Anxiety Disord 2007; 21: 153-159.
15. Albert U, Barcaccia B, Aguglia A, Barbaro F, De Cori D, Brunatto C, Bogetto F, Maina G. Obsessive beliefs in first-degree relatives of probands with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Is the cognitive vulnerability in relatives specific to OCD? Personality and Individual Differences. 2015; 87:141-146.
16. Myers SG, Fisher PL , Wells A. Belief domains of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44) and their specific relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22: 475-484.
17. Hood HK, Antony MM. Treatment of Perfectionism-Related Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. In: eds. Clinical Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. City: Springer; 2016. p. 85-97.
18. Tolin DF, Woods CM , Abramowitz JS. Relationship between obsessive beliefs and obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Cognit Ther Res 2003; 27: 657-669.
19. Woods CM, Tolin DF , Abramowitz JS. Dimensionality of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire (OBQ). J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2004; 26: 113-125.
20. Jones MK , Menzies RG. Danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT): preliminary findings with three obsessive-compulsive washers. Behav Res Ther 1997; 35: 955-960.
21. Coles ME, Heimberg RG, Frost RO, Steketee G. Not just right experiences and obsessive-compulsive features: experimental and self-monitoring perspectives. Behav Res Ther 2005; 43: 153-167.
22. Palermou B, Efstathiou G , Kalantzi-Azizi A. [The responsibility schema in obsessive compulsive checking and washing]. Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki 2009; 20: 239-244.
23. Tolin DF, Abramowitz JS, Brigidi BD, Foa EB. Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2003; 17: 233-242.
24. Frost RO, Novara C, Rhéaume J. Perfectionism in obsessive compulsive disorder. Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment, and treatment. 2002: 91-105.
25. Steketee G, Frost RO, Kyrios M. Cognitive aspects of compulsive hoarding. Cognit Ther Res 2003; 27: 463-479.
26. Coles ME, Frost RO, Heimberg RG, Steketee G. Hoarding behaviors in a large college sample. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41: 179-194.
27. Adams TG. Multiple Pathways to and from Responsibility Interpretations and the Development of Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms. J Exp Psychopathol 2012; 3: 807-824.
28. Hartl TL, Frost RO, Allen GJ, Deckersbach T, Steketee G, Duffany SR, Savage CR. Actual and perceived memory deficits in individuals with compulsive hoarding. Depression and anxiety. 2004; 20(2):59-69.
29. Oglesby ME, Medley AN, Norr AM, Capron DW, Korte KJ, Schmidt NB. Intolerance of uncertainty as a vulnerability factor for hoarding behaviors. Journal of affective disorders. 2013; 145(2):227-31.
30. Kaviani S, Eskandari H , Ebrahimi Ghavam S. The Relationship between Scrupulosity, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Its Related Cognitive Styles. Practice in Clinical Psychology 2015; 3: 47-60.
31. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2006.
32. Shams G, Sadeghi M. Advances in cognitive field in OCD. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2006; 8:71-85.
33. Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G, et al. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess 2002; 14: 485-496.
34. Mohammadi A, Zamani R , Fata L. Validation of the Persian version of the obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised in a student sample. 2008; 11: 66-78.
35. Tolin DF, Brady RE , Hannan S. Obsessional beliefs and symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder in a clinical sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2008; 30: 31-42.
36. Wu KD, Carter SA. Further investigation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire: factor structure and specificity of relations with OCD symptoms. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22: 824-836.
37. Foa EB, Sacks MB, Tolin DF, Prezworski A, Amir N. Inflated perception of responsibility for harm in OCD patients with and without checking compulsions: a replication and extension. J Anxiety Disord 2002; 16: 443-453.
38. Salkovskis PM, Wroe AL, Gledhill A, Morrison N, Forrester E, Richards C, et al. Responsibility attitudes and interpretations are characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38: 347-372.
39. Simos G. Cognitive behavioral therapy: A guide for the practicing clinician. New York Brunner – Routedge; 2002.
40. Gentes EL, Ruscio AM. A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31: 923-933.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 2 (2016) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Beliefs Cognition Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
