Stigma Barriers of Mental Health in Iran: A Qualitative Study by Stakeholders of Mental Health
,
Abstract
Background: Many people who accesses mental health services usually do not seek treatment to avoid the consequences of stigma and label of mental illness. Determining each of these aspects related to stigma reduction barriers seems necessarily.
Objective: A qualitative study was undertaken to investigate stigma reduction barriers toward mental disorders in Iran.
Methodology: The present study used content analysis and was carried out from 2013 to 2015. All stakeholders have been chosen by purposive sampling technique. All data obtained through 16 individual interviews, 2 focus groups and 6 written narratives. The data were collected, coded and analyzed accordingly.
Results: The major themes were: The universality of stigma, Beliefs, Attitudes and lack of awareness, Mental health providers and other specialists, Cultural barriers, Structures and policy makers, Insufficient financial resources.
Conclusion: It is necessarily to identify the barriers of stigma reduction programs in Iran to increase the quality of life of mental patients. In the present study due to the presence of mental health stakeholders the main barriers have been obtained.
Corrigan PW, Druss BG, Perlick DA. The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2014; 15: 37-70.
Mak WW, Cheung FM, Wong SY, Tang WK, Lau JT, Woo J, et al. Stigma towards people with psychiatric disorders. Hong Kong Med J 2015; 21 Suppl 2: 9-12.
Gary FA. Stigma: Barrier to mental health care among ethnic minorities. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2005; 26: 979-999.
Pingani L, Forghieri M, Ferrari S, Ben-Zeev D, Artoni P, Mazzi F, et al. Stigma and discrimination toward mental illness: translation and validation of the Italian version of the attribution questionnaire-27 (AQ-27-I). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47: 993-999.
Clement S, Schauman O, Graham T, Maggioni F, Evans-Lacko S, Bezborodovs N, et al. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological medicine 2015; 45: 11-27.
Wahl O, Aroesty‐Cohen E. Attitudes of mental health professionals about mental illness: A review of the recent literature. Journal of Community Psychology 2010; 38: 49-62.
Corrigan PW, Rowan D, Green A, Lundin R, River P, Uphoff-Wasowski K, et al. Challenging two mental illness stigmas: Personal responsibility and dangerousness. Schizophr Bull 2002; 28: 293-309.
Dinos S, Stevens S, Serfaty M, Weich S, King M. Stigma: the feelings and experiences of 46 people with mental illness. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184:176-181.
Ighodaro A, Stefanovics E, Makanjuola V, Rosenheck R. An assessment of attitudes towards people with mental illness among medical students and physicians in Ibadan, Nigeria. Academic Psychiatry 2015; 39: 280-285.
Yadav T, Arya K, Kataria D, Balhara YP. Impact of psychiatric education and training on attitude of medical students towards mentally ill: A comparative analysis. Ind Psychiatry J 2012; 21: 22-31.
Vogel DL, Wade NG, Hackler AH. Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2007; 54: 40-50.
Taghva A, Farsi Z, Javanmard Y, Atashi A, Hajebi A, Noorbala AA. Strategies to reduce the stigma toward people with mental disorders in Iran: stakeholders’ perspectives. BMC psychiatry 2017; 17: 17.
Bolden L, Wicks MN. Length of stay, admission types, psychiatric diagnoses, and the implications of stigma in African Americans in the nationwide inpatient sample. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2005; 26:1043-1059.
Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM, Yang SJ, Shin HY, Yoon JS. Association between attitude toward medication and neurocognitive function in schizophrenia. Clinical neuropharmacology 2006; 29: 197-205.
Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychol 2004; 59: 614-625.
Sartorius N. Stigma and mental health. Lancet 2007; 370: 810-811.
Corrigan P. On the stigma of mental illness. American Psychological Association; 2005.
Phelan JC, Bromet EJ, Link BG. Psychiatric illness and family stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998; 24: 115-126.
Sadighi G, Khodaei MR, Fadai F, Mirabzadeh A, Sadighi A. Self Stigma among People with Bipolar-I Disorder in Iran. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 2015; 13: 28-32.
Alonso J, Buron A, Bruffaerts R, He Y, Posada‐Villa J, Lepine JP, et al. Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2008; 118: 305-314.
Sayarifard A, Ghadirian L, Mohit A, Eftekhar M, Badpa M, Rajabi F. Assessing mental health literacy: What medical sciences students’ know about depression. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 2015; 29: 161.
Croghan TW, Tomlin M, Pescosolido BA, Schnittker J, Martin J, Lubell K, et al. American attitudes toward and willingness to use psychiatric medications. J Nerv Ment Dis 2003; 191: 166-174.
Griffiths KM, Christensen H, Jorm AF. Mental health literacy as a function of remoteness of residence: an Australian national study. BMC Public Health 2009; 92.
Kleim B, Vauth R, Adam G, Stieglitz RD, Hayward P, Corrigan P. Perceived stigma predicts low self-efficacy and poor coping in schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Health 2008; 17: 482-491.
Link BG, Cullen FT, Struening E, Shrout PE, Dohrenwend BP. A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review 1989; 1: 400-423.
Richardson LA. Seeking and obtaining mental health services: What do parents expect?. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2001; 15: 223-231.
Thorens G, Gex-Fabry M, Zullino DF, Eytan A. Attitudes toward psychopharmacology among hospitalized patients from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds. BMC psychiatry 2008; 8: 55.
Akighir A. Traditional and modern psychiatry: a survey of opinions and beliefs amongst people in plateau state, Nigeria. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1982; 28: 203-209.
Alem A, Jacobsson L, Hanlon C. Community‐based mental health care in Africa: mental health workers’ views. World Psychiatry 2008; 1: 54-57.
Sadeghi M, Kaviani K, Rezai R. [Stigma of Mental Disorder Among Families of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder And Schizophrenia (Persian)]. Advances In Cognitive Science 2003; 5: 16-25.
Shah-Veysi B, Shoja-Shefti S, Fadaei F, Dolatshahi B. [Comparison of Mental Illness Stigmatization in Families of Schizophernic and Major Depressive Disorder Patients without Psychotic Features (Persian)]. Journal of Rehabilitation 2007; 8: 21-27.
Fiorillo A, Luciano M, Vecchio V, Sampogna G, Obradors‐Tarragó C, Maj M. Priorities for mental health research in Europe: A survey among national stakeholders' associations within the ROAMER project. World Psychiatry 2013; 12: 165-170.
Mueller J, Callanan MM, Greenwood K. Communications to children about mental illness and their role in stigma development: an integrative review. J Ment Health 2016; 25: 62-70.
Hanafiah AN, Van Bortel T. A qualitative exploration of the perspectives of mental health professionals on stigma and discrimination of mental illness in Malaysia. Int J Ment Health Syst 2015; 9: 10.
Aviram RB, Brodsky BS, Stanley B. Borderline personality disorder, stigma, and treatment implications Harv Rev Psychiatry 2006; 14: 249-256.
Ay P, Save D, Fidanoglu O. Does stigma concerning mental disorders differ through medical education?. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2006; 41: 63-67.
Naeem F, Ayub M, Javed Z, Irfan M, Haral F, Kingdon D. Stigma and psychiatric illness. A survey of attitude of medical students and doctors in Lahore, Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2006; 18: 46-49.
Tavakoli S, Kaviani H, Sharifi V, Sadeghi M, Fotouhi A. [Examining Cognitive, Emotional And Behavioral Components Of Public Stigma Towards Persons With Mental Illness (Persian)]. Advances In Cognitive Science 2006; 8: 31-43.
Alonso J, Buron A, Rojas-Farreras S, De Graaf R, Haro JM, De Girolamo G, et al. Perceived stigma among individuals with common mental disorders. J Affect Disord 2009; 118: 180-186.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 3 (2017) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Stigma Reduction Mental Disorders Mental Health Qualitative Research Stigma Barriers | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
