The Relationship between the Structures of Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (PID-5) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)
,
Abstract
Objective: The Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PID-5), is a trait-based measure of pathological personality designed to assess Criterion B of an alternative diagnostic system for personality disorders (PDs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relations among the PID-5 and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF); a commonly used self-report instrument with a hierarchical structure.
Method: We examined the joint structure of the PID-5 scales along with levels of the MMPI-2-RF hierarchy to understand whether conceptually expected structures tend to be loaded with each other. Data were collected from 536 participants from the general population of Iran.
Results: Findings of Pearson’s correlation analyses exhibited the generally expected patterns between the two mentioned measures on most scales, with some divergences. Similarly, although applying a set of joint exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) exhibited some factor loadings for PID-5 facets within the hierarchical framework of MMPI-2-RF scales that were different to what was theoretically expected, both measures were generally loaded in a conceptually expected way, indicating that they have a similar dimensional structure.
Conclusion: Our findings provide support for adequate convergence of maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology structures, as well as for utilizing MMPI-2-RF to measure personality psychopathology from a dimensional perspective. The implications of these results are discussed by the authors.
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7. Samuel DB. Comparing personality disorder models: FFM and DSM-IV. 2008.
8. Krueger R, Eaton N, Derringer J, Markon K, Watson D, Skodol A. Personality in DSM-5: Helping Delineate Personality Disorder Content and Framing the Metastructure. J Pers Assess. 2011;93:325-31.
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10. Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Anderson J, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. Assessing DSM-5 Section II Personality Disorders Using the MMPI-2-RF in an Iranian Community Sample. Assessment. 2022;29(4):782-805.
11. Sellbom M, Anderson JL, Bagby RM. Assessing DSM-5 section III personality traits and disorders with the MMPI-2-RF. Assessment. 2013;20(6):709-22.
12. Krueger RF, Derringer J, Markon KE, Watson D, Skodol AE. Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1879-90.
13. Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form: Manual for administration, scoring and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 2008.
14. Skodol AE, Bender DS, Oldham JM, Clark LA, Morey LC, Verheul R, et al. Proposed changes in personality and personality disorder assessment and diagnosis for DSM-5 Part II: Clinical application. Personal Disord. 2011;2(1):23-40.
15. Skodol AE, Clark LA, Bender DS, Krueger RF, Morey LC, Verheul R, et al. Proposed changes in personality and personality disorder assessment and diagnosis for DSM-5 Part I: Description and rationale. Personal Disord. 2011;2(1):4-22.
16. Krueger RF, Markon KE. The role of the DSM-5 personality trait model in moving toward a quantitative and empirically based approach to classifying personality and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:477-501.
17. De Fruyt F, De Clercq B, De Bolle M, Wille B, Markon K, Krueger RF. General and maladaptive traits in a five-factor framework for DSM-5 in a university student sample. Assessment. 2013;20(3):295-307.
18. Watson D, Stasik SM, Ro E, Clark LA. Integrating normal and pathological personality: relating the DSM-5 trait-dimensional model to general traits of personality. Assessment. 2013;20(3):312-26.
19. Tackett JL, Silberschmidt AL, Krueger RF, Sponheim SR. A dimensional model of personality disorder: Incorporating DSM Cluster A characteristics. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008;117(2):454-9.
20. Somma A, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Fossati A. The replicability of the personality inventory for DSM-5 domain scale factor structure in U.S. and non-U.S. samples: A quantitative review of the published literature. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(7):861-77.
21. Ashton MC, Lee K, de Vries RE, Hendrickse J, Born MP. The maladaptive personality traits of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in relation to the HEXACO personality factors and schizotypy/dissociation. J Pers Disord. 2012;26(5):641-59.
22. Lee K, Ashton MC. Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behav Res. 2004;39(2):329-58.
23. Livesley W, Jackson D. Manual for the dimensional assessment of personality pathology—basic questionnaire. Port Huron, MI: Sigma; 2009.
24. Gutiérrez F, Ruiz J, Peri JM, Gárriz M, Vall G, Cavero M. Toward an Integrated Model of Pathological Personality Traits: Common Hierarchical Structure of the PID-5 and the DAPP-BQ. J Pers Disord. 2020;34:25-39.
25. Finn JA, Arbisi PA, Erbes CR, Polusny MA, Thuras P. The MMPI-2 Restructured Form Personality Psychopathology Five Scales: bridging DSM-5 Section 2 personality disorders and DSM-5 Section 3 personality trait dimensions. J Pers Assess. 2014;96(2):173-84.
26. Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Anderson LJ, Boland KJ, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. The Continuity between DSM-5 Criterion-based and Trait-based Models for Personality Disorders in an Iranian Community Sample. Curr Psychol. 2021.
27. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 1992;1(3):98-101.
28. Watson D, Clark LA. Personality traits as an organizing framework for personality pathology. Pers Ment Health. 2020;14(1):51-75.
29. Millon,T, Grossman S, Millon C, Meagher S, Ramnath R. Personality Disorders in Modern life. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2004.
30. Eggum ND, Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL, Valiente C, Edwards A, Kupfer AS, et al. Predictors of withdrawal: possible precursors of avoidant personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol. 2009;21(3):815-38.
31. Al-Dajani N, Gralnick TM, Bagby RM. A Psychometric Review of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): Current Status and Future Directions. J Pers Assess. 2016;98(1):62-81.
32. Hopwood CJ, Wright AG, Krueger RF, Schade N, Markon KE, Morey LC. DSM-5 pathological personality traits and the personality assessment inventory. Assessment. 2013;20(3):269-85.
33. Kernberg OF. Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies. New Haven, (CT): Yale University Press; 1993.
34. Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SB. Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton; 1976.
35. Wright AG, Thomas KM, Hopwood CJ, Markon KE, Pincus AL, Krueger RF. The hierarchical structure of DSM-5 pathological personality traits. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(4):951-7.
36. Anello K, Lannin DG, Hermann AD. The values of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. Pers Individ Differ. 2019;150:109478.
37. Stoeber J. Multidimensional perfectionism and the DSM-5 personality traits. Pers Individ Differ. 2014;64:115-20.
38. Ben-Porath YS. Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press; 2012.
39. McNulty JL, Overstreet SR. Viewing the MMPI-2-RF structure through the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) lens. J Pers Assess. 2014;96(2):151-7.
40. Anderson JL, Sellbom M, Bagby RM, Quilty LC, Veltri CO, Markon KE, et al. On the convergence between PSY-5 domains and PID-5 domains and facets: implications for assessment of DSM-5 personality traits. Assessment. 2013;20(3):286-94.
41. Anderson JL, Ghamkhar Fard Z, Mirabzadeh A, Pourshahbaz A, Shakiba S. Predicting DSM-5 Section III personality disorders using MMPI-2-RF in an Iranian non-clinical sample. J Psychopathol. 2022;28:3-14.
42. Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. Utility of MMPI-2-RF in Differentiating Criterion B of DSM–5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders on an Iranian Clinical Sample. Int J Indian Psychol. 2022;10(1).
2. Lenzenweger MF, Lane MC, Loranger AW, Kessler RC. DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(6):553-64.
3. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2017.
4. Gerson J, Stanley B. Suicidal and self-injurious behavior in personality disorder: controversies and treatment directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2002;4(1):30-8.
5. Levy KN, Johnson BN. Personality disorders In: Norcross JC, VandenBos GR, Freedheim DK, editors. APA handbook of clinical psychology: Psychopathology and health (Vol 4). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2016. p. 173-207.
6. Magallón-Neri EM, Canalda G, De la Fuente JE, Forns M, García R, González E, et al. The influence of personality disorders on the use of mental health services in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(5):509-15.
7. Samuel DB. Comparing personality disorder models: FFM and DSM-IV. 2008.
8. Krueger R, Eaton N, Derringer J, Markon K, Watson D, Skodol A. Personality in DSM-5: Helping Delineate Personality Disorder Content and Framing the Metastructure. J Pers Assess. 2011;93:325-31.
9. Anderson JL, Sellbom M, Ayearst L, Quilty LC, Chmielewski M, Bagby RM. Associations between DSM-5 section III personality traits and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scales in a psychiatric patient sample. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(3):801-15.
10. Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Anderson J, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. Assessing DSM-5 Section II Personality Disorders Using the MMPI-2-RF in an Iranian Community Sample. Assessment. 2022;29(4):782-805.
11. Sellbom M, Anderson JL, Bagby RM. Assessing DSM-5 section III personality traits and disorders with the MMPI-2-RF. Assessment. 2013;20(6):709-22.
12. Krueger RF, Derringer J, Markon KE, Watson D, Skodol AE. Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1879-90.
13. Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form: Manual for administration, scoring and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 2008.
14. Skodol AE, Bender DS, Oldham JM, Clark LA, Morey LC, Verheul R, et al. Proposed changes in personality and personality disorder assessment and diagnosis for DSM-5 Part II: Clinical application. Personal Disord. 2011;2(1):23-40.
15. Skodol AE, Clark LA, Bender DS, Krueger RF, Morey LC, Verheul R, et al. Proposed changes in personality and personality disorder assessment and diagnosis for DSM-5 Part I: Description and rationale. Personal Disord. 2011;2(1):4-22.
16. Krueger RF, Markon KE. The role of the DSM-5 personality trait model in moving toward a quantitative and empirically based approach to classifying personality and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:477-501.
17. De Fruyt F, De Clercq B, De Bolle M, Wille B, Markon K, Krueger RF. General and maladaptive traits in a five-factor framework for DSM-5 in a university student sample. Assessment. 2013;20(3):295-307.
18. Watson D, Stasik SM, Ro E, Clark LA. Integrating normal and pathological personality: relating the DSM-5 trait-dimensional model to general traits of personality. Assessment. 2013;20(3):312-26.
19. Tackett JL, Silberschmidt AL, Krueger RF, Sponheim SR. A dimensional model of personality disorder: Incorporating DSM Cluster A characteristics. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008;117(2):454-9.
20. Somma A, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Fossati A. The replicability of the personality inventory for DSM-5 domain scale factor structure in U.S. and non-U.S. samples: A quantitative review of the published literature. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(7):861-77.
21. Ashton MC, Lee K, de Vries RE, Hendrickse J, Born MP. The maladaptive personality traits of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in relation to the HEXACO personality factors and schizotypy/dissociation. J Pers Disord. 2012;26(5):641-59.
22. Lee K, Ashton MC. Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behav Res. 2004;39(2):329-58.
23. Livesley W, Jackson D. Manual for the dimensional assessment of personality pathology—basic questionnaire. Port Huron, MI: Sigma; 2009.
24. Gutiérrez F, Ruiz J, Peri JM, Gárriz M, Vall G, Cavero M. Toward an Integrated Model of Pathological Personality Traits: Common Hierarchical Structure of the PID-5 and the DAPP-BQ. J Pers Disord. 2020;34:25-39.
25. Finn JA, Arbisi PA, Erbes CR, Polusny MA, Thuras P. The MMPI-2 Restructured Form Personality Psychopathology Five Scales: bridging DSM-5 Section 2 personality disorders and DSM-5 Section 3 personality trait dimensions. J Pers Assess. 2014;96(2):173-84.
26. Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Anderson LJ, Boland KJ, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. The Continuity between DSM-5 Criterion-based and Trait-based Models for Personality Disorders in an Iranian Community Sample. Curr Psychol. 2021.
27. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 1992;1(3):98-101.
28. Watson D, Clark LA. Personality traits as an organizing framework for personality pathology. Pers Ment Health. 2020;14(1):51-75.
29. Millon,T, Grossman S, Millon C, Meagher S, Ramnath R. Personality Disorders in Modern life. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2004.
30. Eggum ND, Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL, Valiente C, Edwards A, Kupfer AS, et al. Predictors of withdrawal: possible precursors of avoidant personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol. 2009;21(3):815-38.
31. Al-Dajani N, Gralnick TM, Bagby RM. A Psychometric Review of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): Current Status and Future Directions. J Pers Assess. 2016;98(1):62-81.
32. Hopwood CJ, Wright AG, Krueger RF, Schade N, Markon KE, Morey LC. DSM-5 pathological personality traits and the personality assessment inventory. Assessment. 2013;20(3):269-85.
33. Kernberg OF. Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies. New Haven, (CT): Yale University Press; 1993.
34. Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SB. Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton; 1976.
35. Wright AG, Thomas KM, Hopwood CJ, Markon KE, Pincus AL, Krueger RF. The hierarchical structure of DSM-5 pathological personality traits. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(4):951-7.
36. Anello K, Lannin DG, Hermann AD. The values of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. Pers Individ Differ. 2019;150:109478.
37. Stoeber J. Multidimensional perfectionism and the DSM-5 personality traits. Pers Individ Differ. 2014;64:115-20.
38. Ben-Porath YS. Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press; 2012.
39. McNulty JL, Overstreet SR. Viewing the MMPI-2-RF structure through the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) lens. J Pers Assess. 2014;96(2):151-7.
40. Anderson JL, Sellbom M, Bagby RM, Quilty LC, Veltri CO, Markon KE, et al. On the convergence between PSY-5 domains and PID-5 domains and facets: implications for assessment of DSM-5 personality traits. Assessment. 2013;20(3):286-94.
41. Anderson JL, Ghamkhar Fard Z, Mirabzadeh A, Pourshahbaz A, Shakiba S. Predicting DSM-5 Section III personality disorders using MMPI-2-RF in an Iranian non-clinical sample. J Psychopathol. 2022;28:3-14.
42. Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. Utility of MMPI-2-RF in Differentiating Criterion B of DSM–5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders on an Iranian Clinical Sample. Int J Indian Psychol. 2022;10(1).
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| Issue | Vol 18 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v18i3.13006 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Equation Modeling MMPI Psychometrics Personality Disorders Personality Inventory | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ghamkhar Fard Z, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A, Pourshahbaz A. The Relationship between the Structures of Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (PID-5) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(3):294-310.
