Validity and Reliability Assessment of the Complete Persian Version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto Questionnaire in an Iranian Population
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the complete Persian version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) in an Iranian population.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the TEMPS-A was first translated to Persian by a bilingual expert and was then back-translated to English by another expert and compared with the original version. The face validity and content validity of the Persian version of the questionnaire were confirmed following assessment by several psychiatrists. The Persian version of the questionnaire was then administered among 30 personnel of Imam Hossein Hospital to be completed. The same questionnaire was administered again among the same personnel after a 2-week interval to assess its reliability.
Results: The Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to be 0.911, indicating excellent reliability of the Persian version of the TEMPS-A. None of the questions required correction or omission. Some questions did not have a good correlation with the general scale but the correlation of the majority of them with the general scale was good. A significant difference was found in the mean scores of the questions (P<0.001), and the mean total score was 1.73.
Conclusion: The present results showed excellent reliability of the complete Persian version of the TEMPS-A (> 0.9). Future studies are required to scrutinize the subscales of this questionnaire.
1. Akiskal HS, Akiskal KK. TEMPS: Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):1-2.
2. Luciano M, Steardo L, Jr., Sampogna G, Caivano V, Ciampi C, Del Vecchio V, et al. Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(1).
3. Fico G, Caivano V, Zinno F, Carfagno M, Steardo LJ, Sampogna G, et al. Affective Temperaments and Clinical Course of Bipolar Disorder: An Exploratory Study of Differences among Patients with and without a History of Violent Suicide Attempts. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(7).
4. Bete T, Misgana T, Nigussie K, Aliye K, Abdeta T, Wedaje D, et al. Depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and associated factors among adults, in the Eastern part of Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24(1):17.
5. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1700-12.
6. Gharraee B, Zahedi Tajrishi K, Sheybani F, Tahmasbi N, Mirzaei M, Farahani H, et al. Prevalence of major depressive disorder in the general population of Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:151.
7. Greenberg P, Chitnis A, Louie D, Suthoff E, Chen SY, Maitland J, et al. The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2019). Adv Ther. 2023;40(10):4460-79.
8. Menefee DS, Ledoux T, Johnston CA. The Importance of Emotional Regulation in Mental Health. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022;16(1):28-31.
9. Rettew DC, McKee L. Temperament and its role in developmental psychopathology. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2005;13(1):14-27.
10. Bartosik NK, Frankowski R, Kobierecki M, Deska K, Twarowski A, Bąk B, et al. The association between affective temperaments and depressive symptoms in a population of medical university students, Poland. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1077940.
11. Karam EG, Saab D, Jabbour S, Karam GE, Hantouche E, Angst J. The role of affective temperaments in bipolar disorder: The solid role of the cyclothymic, the contentious role of the hyperthymic, and the neglected role of the irritable temperaments. Eur Psychiatry. 2023;66(1):e37.
12. Pang NTP, James S, Giloi N, Rahim S, Omar A, Jeffree MS, et al. Relationships between Psychopathology, Psychological Process Variables, and Sociodemographic Variables and Comparison of Quarantined and Non-Quarantined Groups of Malaysian University Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18).
13. Białczyk K, Kłopocki J, Kryś J, Jaskulski M, Lewandowska A, Szafkowski R, et al. A Feasibility Study of the Usefulness of the TEMPS-A Scale in Assessing Affective Temperament in Athletes. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(2).
14. Dembińska-Krajewska D, Rybakowski J. The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A)--an important tool to study affective temperaments. Psychiatr Pol. 2014;48(2):261-76.
15. Najmi B. Correlation between personality traits of parents and type of behavioral disorders in children. Journal of fundamentals of mental health. 2010;12(46):33-522.
16. Rybakowski JK, Dembinska D, Kliwicki S, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HH. TEMPS-A and long-term lithium response: positive correlation with hyperthymic temperament. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(2):187-9.
17. Giupponi G, Innamorati M, Rogante E, Sarubbi S, Erbuto D, Maniscalco I, et al. The Characteristics of Mood Polarity, Temperament, and Suicide Risk in Adult ADHD. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8).
18. Nakato Y, Inoue T, Nakagawa S, Kitaichi Y, Kameyama R, Wakatsuki Y, et al. Confirmation of the factorial structure of the Japanese short version of the TEMPS-A in psychiatric patients and general adults. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:2173-9.
19. Jiménez E, Bonnín CDM, Solé B, Sánchez-Moreno J, Reinares M, Torrent C, et al. Spanish validation of the Barcelona TEMPS-A questionnaire in patients with bipolar disorder and general population. J Affect Disord. 2019;249:199-207.
20. Lin K, Chen L, Chen K, Ouyang H, Akiskal H, Xu G. Validation of a short Chinese (45-item) TEMPS-A in a non-clinical chinese population. Neuropsychiatry. 2018;8(1):47-54.
21. Erfurth A, Gerlach AL, Hellweg I, Boenigk I, Michael N, Akiskal HS. Studies on a German (Münster) version of the temperament auto-questionnaire TEMPS-A: construction and validation of the briefTEMPS-M. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):53-69.
22. Blöink R, Brieger P, Akiskal HS, Marneros A. Factorial structure and internal consistency of the German TEMPS-A scale: validation against the NEO-FFI questionnaire. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):77-83.
23. Woodruff E, Genaro LT, Landeira-Fernandez J, Cheniaux E, Laks J, Jean-Louis G, et al. Validation of the Brazilian brief version of the temperament auto-questionnaire TEMPS-A: the brief TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro. J Affect Disord. 2011;134(1-3):65-76.
24. Karam EG, Mneimneh Z, Salamoun M, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Psychometric properties of the Lebanese-Arabic TEMPS-A: a national epidemiologic study. J Affect Disord. 2005;87(2-3):169-83.
25. Vahip S, Kesebir S, Alkan M, Yazici O, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Affective temperaments in clinically-well subjects in Turkey: initial psychometric data on the TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):113-25.
26. Martinova H, Ganev I, Milanova V, Voynov L, Kalaydjiev A, Vaseva V, et al. Standardization and approbation of the Bulgarian version of the TEMPS-A for temperament evaluation. An example of “delinquent temperament” assessment. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 2016;30(3):562-73.
27. Rózsa S, Rihmer Z, Gonda X, Szili I, Rihmer A, Ko N, et al. A study of affective temperaments in Hungary: internal consistency and concurrent validity of the TEMPS-A against the TCI and NEO-PI-R. J Affect Disord. 2008;106(1-2):45-53.
28. Pugh ZH, Choo S, Leshin JC, Lindquist KA, Nam CS. Emotion depends on context, culture and their interaction: evidence from effective connectivity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2022;17(2):206-17.
29. Engelmann JB, Pogosyan M. Emotion perception across cultures: the role of cognitive mechanisms. Front Psychol. 2013;4:118.
30. Khalili N, Panjalizadeh ME, Jahani Y. Validation of the brief Persian version of the Affective Temperament Auto-Questionnaire TEMPS-A. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology. 2018;24(1):92-107.
31. Nabizadehchianeh G, Kazemitabar M, Walker DI, Wind S. Psychometric properties of the short version of temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego—Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A): Persian version. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2023;12:100501.
32. Bazargan M, Dehghani A, Ramezani MA, Ramezani A. Prevalence of depression among Iranian children and adolescents: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(10):e1584.
33. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J Am Coll Dent. 2014;81(3):14-8.
34. Tsang S, Royse CF, Terkawi AS. Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine. Saudi J Anaesth. 2017;11(Suppl 1):S80-s9.
35. Choi S, Yu H, Yoon J, Jang Y, Lee D, Park YS, et al. Korean Validation of the Short Version of the TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire) in Patients with Mood Disorders. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(1).
36. Yuan C, Huang J, Gao K, Wu Z, Chen J, Wang Y, et al. Validation of the Chinese Version of the Short TEMPS-A and its application in patients with mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2015;170:178-84.
37. Kochman FJ, Hantouche EG, Ferrari P, Lancrenon S, Bayart D, Akiskal HS. Cyclothymic temperament as a prospective predictor of bipolarity and suicidality in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):181-9.
38. Toda H, Inoue T, Tsunoda T, Nakai Y, Tanichi M, Tanaka T, et al. The structural equation analysis of childhood abuse, adult stressful life events, and temperaments in major depressive disorders and their influence on refractoriness. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2079-90.
39. Morishita C, Kameyama R, Toda H, Masuya J, Ichiki M, Kusumi I, et al. Utility of TEMPS-A in differentiation between major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232459.
40. Toda H, Inoue T, Tanichi M, Saito T, Nakagawa S, Masuya J, et al. Affective temperaments play an important role in the relationship between child abuse and the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2018;262:13-9.
41. Takeshima M, Oka T. Comparative analysis of affective temperament in patients with difficult-to-treat and easy-to-treat major depression and bipolar disorder: Possible application in clinical settings. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;66:71-8.
42. Evans L, Akiskal HS, Keck PE, Jr., McElroy SL, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, et al. Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):153-68.
43. Vázquez GH, Gonda X, Lolich M, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal Risk and Affective Temperaments, Evaluated with the TEMPS-A Scale: A Systematic Review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2018;26(1):8-18.
44. Goto S, Terao T, Hoaki N, Wang Y. Cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments may predict bipolarity in major depressive disorder: a supportive evidence for bipolar II1/2 and IV. J Affect Disord. 2011;129(1-3):34-8.
45. Solmi M, Zaninotto L, Toffanin T, Veronese N, Lin K, Stubbs B, et al. A comparative meta-analysis of TEMPS scores across mood disorder patients, their first-degree relatives, healthy controls, and other psychiatric disorders. J Affect Disord. 2016;196:32-46.
46. Mendlowicz MV, Akiskal HS, Kelsoe JR, Rapaport MH, Jean-Louis G, Gillin JC. Temperament in the clinical differentiation of depressed bipolar and unipolar major depressive patients. J Affect Disord. 2005;84(2-3):219-23.
47. Matsumoto S, Akiyama T, Tsuda H, Miyake Y, Kawamura Y, Noda T, et al. Reliability and validity of TEMPS-A in a Japanese non-clinical population: application to unipolar and bipolar depressives. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):85-92.
48. Mazzarini L, Pacchiarotti I, Colom F, Sani G, Kotzalidis GD, Rosa AR, et al. Predominant polarity and temperament in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2009;119(1-3):28-33.
2. Luciano M, Steardo L, Jr., Sampogna G, Caivano V, Ciampi C, Del Vecchio V, et al. Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(1).
3. Fico G, Caivano V, Zinno F, Carfagno M, Steardo LJ, Sampogna G, et al. Affective Temperaments and Clinical Course of Bipolar Disorder: An Exploratory Study of Differences among Patients with and without a History of Violent Suicide Attempts. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(7).
4. Bete T, Misgana T, Nigussie K, Aliye K, Abdeta T, Wedaje D, et al. Depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and associated factors among adults, in the Eastern part of Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24(1):17.
5. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1700-12.
6. Gharraee B, Zahedi Tajrishi K, Sheybani F, Tahmasbi N, Mirzaei M, Farahani H, et al. Prevalence of major depressive disorder in the general population of Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019;33:151.
7. Greenberg P, Chitnis A, Louie D, Suthoff E, Chen SY, Maitland J, et al. The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2019). Adv Ther. 2023;40(10):4460-79.
8. Menefee DS, Ledoux T, Johnston CA. The Importance of Emotional Regulation in Mental Health. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022;16(1):28-31.
9. Rettew DC, McKee L. Temperament and its role in developmental psychopathology. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2005;13(1):14-27.
10. Bartosik NK, Frankowski R, Kobierecki M, Deska K, Twarowski A, Bąk B, et al. The association between affective temperaments and depressive symptoms in a population of medical university students, Poland. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1077940.
11. Karam EG, Saab D, Jabbour S, Karam GE, Hantouche E, Angst J. The role of affective temperaments in bipolar disorder: The solid role of the cyclothymic, the contentious role of the hyperthymic, and the neglected role of the irritable temperaments. Eur Psychiatry. 2023;66(1):e37.
12. Pang NTP, James S, Giloi N, Rahim S, Omar A, Jeffree MS, et al. Relationships between Psychopathology, Psychological Process Variables, and Sociodemographic Variables and Comparison of Quarantined and Non-Quarantined Groups of Malaysian University Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18).
13. Białczyk K, Kłopocki J, Kryś J, Jaskulski M, Lewandowska A, Szafkowski R, et al. A Feasibility Study of the Usefulness of the TEMPS-A Scale in Assessing Affective Temperament in Athletes. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(2).
14. Dembińska-Krajewska D, Rybakowski J. The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A)--an important tool to study affective temperaments. Psychiatr Pol. 2014;48(2):261-76.
15. Najmi B. Correlation between personality traits of parents and type of behavioral disorders in children. Journal of fundamentals of mental health. 2010;12(46):33-522.
16. Rybakowski JK, Dembinska D, Kliwicki S, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HH. TEMPS-A and long-term lithium response: positive correlation with hyperthymic temperament. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(2):187-9.
17. Giupponi G, Innamorati M, Rogante E, Sarubbi S, Erbuto D, Maniscalco I, et al. The Characteristics of Mood Polarity, Temperament, and Suicide Risk in Adult ADHD. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8).
18. Nakato Y, Inoue T, Nakagawa S, Kitaichi Y, Kameyama R, Wakatsuki Y, et al. Confirmation of the factorial structure of the Japanese short version of the TEMPS-A in psychiatric patients and general adults. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:2173-9.
19. Jiménez E, Bonnín CDM, Solé B, Sánchez-Moreno J, Reinares M, Torrent C, et al. Spanish validation of the Barcelona TEMPS-A questionnaire in patients with bipolar disorder and general population. J Affect Disord. 2019;249:199-207.
20. Lin K, Chen L, Chen K, Ouyang H, Akiskal H, Xu G. Validation of a short Chinese (45-item) TEMPS-A in a non-clinical chinese population. Neuropsychiatry. 2018;8(1):47-54.
21. Erfurth A, Gerlach AL, Hellweg I, Boenigk I, Michael N, Akiskal HS. Studies on a German (Münster) version of the temperament auto-questionnaire TEMPS-A: construction and validation of the briefTEMPS-M. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):53-69.
22. Blöink R, Brieger P, Akiskal HS, Marneros A. Factorial structure and internal consistency of the German TEMPS-A scale: validation against the NEO-FFI questionnaire. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):77-83.
23. Woodruff E, Genaro LT, Landeira-Fernandez J, Cheniaux E, Laks J, Jean-Louis G, et al. Validation of the Brazilian brief version of the temperament auto-questionnaire TEMPS-A: the brief TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro. J Affect Disord. 2011;134(1-3):65-76.
24. Karam EG, Mneimneh Z, Salamoun M, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Psychometric properties of the Lebanese-Arabic TEMPS-A: a national epidemiologic study. J Affect Disord. 2005;87(2-3):169-83.
25. Vahip S, Kesebir S, Alkan M, Yazici O, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Affective temperaments in clinically-well subjects in Turkey: initial psychometric data on the TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):113-25.
26. Martinova H, Ganev I, Milanova V, Voynov L, Kalaydjiev A, Vaseva V, et al. Standardization and approbation of the Bulgarian version of the TEMPS-A for temperament evaluation. An example of “delinquent temperament” assessment. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 2016;30(3):562-73.
27. Rózsa S, Rihmer Z, Gonda X, Szili I, Rihmer A, Ko N, et al. A study of affective temperaments in Hungary: internal consistency and concurrent validity of the TEMPS-A against the TCI and NEO-PI-R. J Affect Disord. 2008;106(1-2):45-53.
28. Pugh ZH, Choo S, Leshin JC, Lindquist KA, Nam CS. Emotion depends on context, culture and their interaction: evidence from effective connectivity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2022;17(2):206-17.
29. Engelmann JB, Pogosyan M. Emotion perception across cultures: the role of cognitive mechanisms. Front Psychol. 2013;4:118.
30. Khalili N, Panjalizadeh ME, Jahani Y. Validation of the brief Persian version of the Affective Temperament Auto-Questionnaire TEMPS-A. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology. 2018;24(1):92-107.
31. Nabizadehchianeh G, Kazemitabar M, Walker DI, Wind S. Psychometric properties of the short version of temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego—Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A): Persian version. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2023;12:100501.
32. Bazargan M, Dehghani A, Ramezani MA, Ramezani A. Prevalence of depression among Iranian children and adolescents: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(10):e1584.
33. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J Am Coll Dent. 2014;81(3):14-8.
34. Tsang S, Royse CF, Terkawi AS. Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine. Saudi J Anaesth. 2017;11(Suppl 1):S80-s9.
35. Choi S, Yu H, Yoon J, Jang Y, Lee D, Park YS, et al. Korean Validation of the Short Version of the TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire) in Patients with Mood Disorders. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(1).
36. Yuan C, Huang J, Gao K, Wu Z, Chen J, Wang Y, et al. Validation of the Chinese Version of the Short TEMPS-A and its application in patients with mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2015;170:178-84.
37. Kochman FJ, Hantouche EG, Ferrari P, Lancrenon S, Bayart D, Akiskal HS. Cyclothymic temperament as a prospective predictor of bipolarity and suicidality in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):181-9.
38. Toda H, Inoue T, Tsunoda T, Nakai Y, Tanichi M, Tanaka T, et al. The structural equation analysis of childhood abuse, adult stressful life events, and temperaments in major depressive disorders and their influence on refractoriness. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2079-90.
39. Morishita C, Kameyama R, Toda H, Masuya J, Ichiki M, Kusumi I, et al. Utility of TEMPS-A in differentiation between major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232459.
40. Toda H, Inoue T, Tanichi M, Saito T, Nakagawa S, Masuya J, et al. Affective temperaments play an important role in the relationship between child abuse and the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2018;262:13-9.
41. Takeshima M, Oka T. Comparative analysis of affective temperament in patients with difficult-to-treat and easy-to-treat major depression and bipolar disorder: Possible application in clinical settings. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;66:71-8.
42. Evans L, Akiskal HS, Keck PE, Jr., McElroy SL, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, et al. Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):153-68.
43. Vázquez GH, Gonda X, Lolich M, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal Risk and Affective Temperaments, Evaluated with the TEMPS-A Scale: A Systematic Review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2018;26(1):8-18.
44. Goto S, Terao T, Hoaki N, Wang Y. Cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments may predict bipolarity in major depressive disorder: a supportive evidence for bipolar II1/2 and IV. J Affect Disord. 2011;129(1-3):34-8.
45. Solmi M, Zaninotto L, Toffanin T, Veronese N, Lin K, Stubbs B, et al. A comparative meta-analysis of TEMPS scores across mood disorder patients, their first-degree relatives, healthy controls, and other psychiatric disorders. J Affect Disord. 2016;196:32-46.
46. Mendlowicz MV, Akiskal HS, Kelsoe JR, Rapaport MH, Jean-Louis G, Gillin JC. Temperament in the clinical differentiation of depressed bipolar and unipolar major depressive patients. J Affect Disord. 2005;84(2-3):219-23.
47. Matsumoto S, Akiyama T, Tsuda H, Miyake Y, Kawamura Y, Noda T, et al. Reliability and validity of TEMPS-A in a Japanese non-clinical population: application to unipolar and bipolar depressives. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1-2):85-92.
48. Mazzarini L, Pacchiarotti I, Colom F, Sani G, Kotzalidis GD, Rosa AR, et al. Predominant polarity and temperament in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2009;119(1-3):28-33.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 3 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v19i3.15807 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Validity; Reliability; Temperament Evaluation of Memphis Pisa Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Vaziri Harami R, Samimi Ardestani SM, Sadr SS, Dehghani S. Validity and Reliability Assessment of the Complete Persian Version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto Questionnaire in an Iranian Population. Iran J Psychiatry. 2024;19(3):315-326.
