Objective: The present study aimed at comparing the prevalence of major psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and generalized anxiety disorder between performance-enhancing drug users and nonuser bodybuilders. Moreover, the prevalence of major psychiatric disorders in bodybuilders was also reported.
Method: In this study, 453 athletes were recruited from Bushehr bodybuilding gyms from February to May 2015. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the participants’ information, including demographic characteristics, sports’ status and performance-enhancing drug use. According to the condition of performance-enhancing drug use, the participants were divided into current users, non-current users, and nonusers. The psychiatric status of the participants was evaluated using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia. We also asked about the acute psychotic disturbances after using performance-enhancing drugs, alcohol use, and history of aggressive behavior in bodybuilders. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests.
Results: Prevalence of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety disorder, and the overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the bodybuilders was 19.7%, 3.8%, 1.5%, 16.6%, and 26.7%, respectively. After using performance-enhancing drugs, 33% of the bodybuilders had experienced acute psychological disturbances. There were no significant differences between current, non-current, and nonuser bodybuilding athletes in the measured psychiatric disorders.
Conclusion: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders was not significantly different in performance-enhancing drug users and nonusers. Thus, it can be concluded that performance-enhancing drugs do not increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in bodybuilders.

Objective: Craving for substance abuse is a usual and complicated problem in patients, with opioid addiction who are in opioid detoxifying process. Craving has been added as one of the diagnostic criteria of substance use disorders in DSM-5. The present trial aimed at comparing the effects of celecoxib versus ibuprofen in reducing pain and decreasing the desire to use opiates in patients undergoing opiate detoxification (n = 32).
Method: A total of 32 patients (both inpatients and outpatients), who were undergoing opiate detoxification procedure and met the inclusion criteria entered this 4- week study. Participants who suffered from pain due to opiate withdrawal were randomized into 2 groups: Group 1 received celecoxib 200 milligrams once per day and group 2 received
ibuprofen 400 milligrams 4 times per day. Self-reported Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and 0-10 numeric pain scale were used at baseline and at the end of the study to evaluate changes in opiate craving and pain, respectively. Data analysis was done by SPSS-21 statistical software.
Results: In this study, 16 patients received celecoxib 200 milligrams once daily, and 16 received ibuprofen 400
milligrams 4 times daily. After 4 weeks of treatment with both ibuprofen and celecoxib, the results revealed that
celecoxib and ibuprofen equally reduced the pain symptoms. After 4 weeks of treatment, with either ibuprofen or celecoxib, significant improvement was observed in decreasing the craving in the celecoxib group, but not in the ibuprofen group.
Conclusion: The study revealed a significant difference between the celecoxib and ibuprofen group in reducing craving in patients with opiate craving after 4 weeks of treatment. However there were no significant differences between these two groups in reducing pain.

Background: The aim of this study was investigation the association of motor skills and imitation ability with early social communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Method: Twenty children with ASD aged 3-5 years (M=4.05, SD=0.55) were tested with Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2), the Motor Imitation Scale (MIS) and, the Early Social Communication Scales (ESCS).
Results: There was significant and strong correlation between TGMD total score and imitation total score(r =.776; p <0.001).However, the relationship between MIS subscales and TGMD-2 locomotor subtest scores was not significant (P>0.05). A significant correlation was found between MIS and TGMD total scores with ESCS subscales except social interaction and responding to behavioral requests subscales.
Conclusion: The results support previous studies that indicated both imitation ability and motor function have association with some early social communication skills. However, these results showed the needs for clinicians to target imitation and motor skills in early intervention programs in ASD.

Background: Food choice is a process through which people think, feel, and eat food. It is not only influence individuals' health and well-being, families and communities, but also has effect on regional, national, and global levels. This qualitative study was carried out to explore perceptions and lived experiences of Tehranian adults on psychological, social and cultural determinants of food choice.
Methods: In this qualitative design, 33 adults aged 30-64 years old were recruited from various districts of Tehran, Capital of Iran to make us capable of exploring how people make decision about food choice in practice and shape their perception, attitude and eating practices An individual in-depth semi-structured interview guide included major questions with follow-up probes was used to explore participants’ current and past eating habits from childhood to adulthood, dietary change at different life courses and effective psychological state on food selection in different seasons.
Findings: This study revealed that food choice in the studied adults (30-64 years old) is widely influenced by psychological, social and cultural determinants which can be categorized into five main themes: Cultural context and patterns, Social Structure and Norms, Information Resources and Media, Household and Family structure, Nutrition transition.
Conclusions: The findings clarify the importance of social and cultural contexts which influence the food choice of adults in metropolis like Tehran. Many of these concepts contextualize from the childhood and with the development of individuals. These findings could serve as guidance to design socio-culturally appropriate strategies and improve dietary behaviors of Iranians.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess socio-demographic and psychiatric characteristics of 40-65 years old suicide attempters referred to an emergency department within four hours of making their attempt.
Method: We assessed a total of 93 suicide attempters (M_age=46.59 years) referred to an emergency department. Patients completed questionnaires covering socio-demographic data, personality traits, mood, and impulsivity; experts rated patients’ psychiatric status.
Results: Experts rated 85 (92.4%) of the suicide attempters as having a psychiatric disorder. Based on self-ratings and compared to normative data, 42 (46.6%) were psychopathologically ill. Suicide attempts were not related to impulsive personality traits, mood disorders, socio-demographic patterns or gender (gender-ratio: 1:1.58;f:m).
Conclusions: The pattern of results suggests that further unknown factors were involved in pushing people to attempt suicide.

Objective: Spiritual psychotherapy has been conceptualized in the context of love and belief as principles of existence. Spiritual psychotherapy can provide an opportunity to design programs to treat conduct disorder. The aim of this study was to introduce the Spiritual Psychotherapy Package for Adolescents with Conduct Disorder and execute it as a pilot study.
Method: The intervention is a manual-guided program conducted over 14 group sessions, using the perspectives of object relations and attachment approach. It was executed for a group of eight adolescent boys with conduct disorder (mean age:  17.01 years) at Tehran reformatory. The Aggression Questionnaire and the Attachment to God Inventory were completed pre- and post-intervention.
Results: There were no significant differences in outcome measures from pre- to post- intervention. Cohen's dav was applied to estimate the measure of the effect size in this study. Cohen's dav measures of avoidance and anxious attachment to God showed acceptable effect sizes. However, Cohen's dav measure of verbal aggression indicated a small effect size.
Conclusion: We found evidence indicating acceptability of spiritual psychotherapy among adolescents with conduct disorder in attachment to God.

Objective: The effects of human brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) Val66Met (G>A) and the human Catechol-O-methylTransferase (COMT) Val158Met (G>A) polymorphisms on Schizophrenia (SCZ) risk were evaluated.
Methods: This case control study included 92 SCZ patients and 92 healthy controls (HCs). Genotyping of both variants were conducted using Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR).
Results: The findings showed that BDNF Val66Met (G>A) variant increased the risk of SCZ (OR=2.008 95%CI=1.008-4.00, P=0.047, GA vs. GG, OR=3.876 95%CI=1.001-14.925, P=0.049. AA vs. GG, OR=2.272. 95%CI=1.204-4.347, P=0.011, GA+AA vs. GG, OR=2.22 95%CI=1.29-3.82. P=0.005, A vs. G). COMT Val158Met (G>A) polymorphism was not associated with the risk/protective of SCZ.
Conclusion: The results proposed that BDNF Val66Met (G>A) polymorphism may increase the risk of SCZ development and did not support an association between COMT Val158Met (G>A) variant and risk/protective of SCZ. Further studies and different ethnicities are recommended to confirm the findings.

Introduction: Anxiety disorders and depression during childhood and adolescence are among highly prevalent serious mental health problems, which lead to reduced performance in children and can also negatively affect on children’s emotional and social long-term development.
Methods: This study is a controlled clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of the "Friends for Life" cognitive-behavioral program in reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression in children. In this study, 248 male students aged 10 were screened using the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety (RCMA) and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) in terms of mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety and depression. Of the subjects, 40 students met the inclusion criteria.
The demographic questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS) were filled out by parents. The children in the experimental group received the "Friends for Life" cognitive-behavioral training program for eight 1-hour weekly sessions. RCMA, CDI, SDQ, and DASS were filled out again in both groups at the end of the sessions and 3 months later.
Results: Children’s depression and manifest anxiety scores before intervention were not significantly different in the two groups; however, their changes immediately after intervention and during 3 months of follow-up were significant (p<0.001). Moreover, hyperactivity (p=0.039), peer problems (p=0.011) and parental depression (p=0.015) scores significantly changed in both groups over time.
Conclusions: Implementation of "Friends for Life" program is effective in prevention and treatment of the symptoms of anxiety and depression in children.

Objective: Comorbidity with depression is a critical issue in dealing with diabetes type 2. Any intervention for diabetes treatment must consider the psychological dimensions associated with it. The aim of the present study is to assess the effectiveness of group cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on depression and quality of life of women with diabetes type 2.
Method: The sample included 30 diabetic women comorbid with depression who were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups. The subjects received 10 sessions of group cognitive behavioral therapy and filled out Beck s Depression Inventory (BDI) and Quality of Life Scales befor and after the intervention.
Results: Using MANCOVA shows that the intervention in the experimental group decreased the depression symptoms (F=72.17, p<0.001) and improved quality of life(F=8.82, p<0.05) in the compared to the control group. The results were statistically significant at p<0/05.
Conclusion : The findings suggest that applying cognitive behavior therapy could help in decreasing the psychological symptoms related to diabetes type 2 and subsequently increase the patients’ quality of life.